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Overproduction of Alkaloid Phytoalexins in California Poppy Cells Is Associated with the Co-Expression of Biosynthetic and Stress-Protective Enzymes

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Molecular Plant 2010年第5期3卷 927-939页

作者： Sornitza Angelova Marcus Buchheim Doreen Frowitter Angelika Schierhorn werner Roos Kliment-Ohridski-University of Sofia Faculty of Biology Institute of Molecular Biology Sofia Bulgaria Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg institute of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Pharmacology Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology Kurt Mothes Str. 3 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany Max-Planck-Research Group 'Enzymatics of Protein Folding' Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Halle (Saale) Germany

Many plant cells respond to pathogens by the induction of phytoalexin biosynthesis, but the underlying changes of gene expression are often obscured by their close linkage to the complex rearrangements during pathogen defense, especially the hypersensitive cell death. In root-derived cell cultures of Eschscholzia californica, the overproduction of cytotoxic benzophenanthridine alkaloids can be triggered by a minimum of pathogen pressure that does not evoke hypersensitive reactions. Such conditions activate a signal chain that is initiated by a short contact to low concentrations of yeast glycoprotein elicitor and includes a transient acidification of the cytoplasm. In contrast, high elicitor concentrations signal via an increase of jasmonate and trigger hypersensitive cell death, preceded by a drastic decay of translatable mRNAs. The main changes in protein and mRNA patterns caused by either signal path were compared by 2D proteomic separation, MS/MS sequencing and mRNA-in vitro translation. The four proteins showing the highest overexpression were identical between cells that received low or high-elicitor treatment and overlapped with the three proteins most upregulated by artificial pH shifts. They comprised one biosynthetic enzyme （norcoclaurine：SAM 4＇ O-methyl-transferase） plus a unique combination of stress-protective proteins： a heat shock protein （hsp 70）; a peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans isomerase （cyclophilin）; and a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. It appears that overproduction of the benzophenanthri- dine phytoalexins requires the up-regulation of a rate-limiting biosynthetic enzyme plus the coordinated expression of a specific set of protective enzymes and thus is managed like an oxidative stress.

关键词： Benzophenanthridine alkaloid biosynthesis signal transduction stress protection functional proteomics pH signaling.

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SnSi nanocrystals of zinc-blende structure in a Si matrix

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Nano Research 2015年第12期8卷 3905-3911页

作者： Alexander Tonkikht Andrey Klavsyuk Nikolay Zakharov Alexander Saletsky Peter werner Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics Halle(Saale) 06120 Germany Faculty of Physics Moscow State University Moscow 119991 Russian Federation

A zinc-blende （sphalerite） crystallographic structure of SnSi nanocrystals generated by molecular-beam epitaxy is observed by electron microscopy techniques in a Si matrix. Ab initio density-functional modeling reveals a stabilizing effect of the Si matrix, which results in the lowest formation enthalpy of SnSi nanocrystals having the unexpected zinc-blende structure. Such nanocrystals could be applied in Si photonics to function as non-centrosymmetric media for the nonlinear optical process of second harmonic generation.

关键词： epitaxy density functional theory zinc-blende Si-Sn alloy

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Digital holography and its application for microsystems inspection

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Optoelectronics Letters 2008年第1期4卷 72-77页

作者： werner Jüptner Christoph von Kopylow Claas Falldorf BIAS D-28359 BremenKlagenfurter Str.2Germany

A large number of applications in the before mentioned sense is reported in the literature. In this paper a special remark will be given to the application of 3D deformation measurements using only one illumination direction for the recording of the two holograms in the reference and the loaded state, and only one observation direction for the

关键词：微型系统检查数字全息技术全息光学三维变形测量

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Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a subtropical coastal embayment(Moreton Bay, Australia)

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2015年第3期27卷 82-96页

作者： Ronald S.Musenze Ursula werner Alistair Grinham James Udy Zhiguo Yuan Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC) The University of Queensland Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering College of Engineering Design Arts and Technology Makerere University School of Civil Engineering The University of Queensland Healthy Waterways Ltd.

Surface water methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N20） concentrations and fluxes were investigated in two subtropical coastal embayments （Bramble Bay and Deception Bay, which are part of the greater Moreton Bay, Australia）. Measurements were done at 23 stations in seven campaigns covering different seasons during 2010-2012. Water-air fluxes were estimated using the Thin Boundary Layer approach with a combination of wind and currents-based models for the estimation of the gas transfer velocities. The two bays were strong sources of both CH4 and N2O with no significant differences in the degree of saturation of both gases between them during all measurement campaigns. Both CH4 and N2O concentrations had strong temporal but minimal spatial variability in both bays. During the seven seasons, CH4 varied between 500% and 4000% saturation while N2O varied between 128 and 255% in the two bays. Average seasonal CH4 fluxes for the two bays varied between 0.5 ± 0.2 and 6.0 ± 1.5 mg CH4/（m^***） while N20 varied between 0.4 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.6 mg N2O/（m^2-day）. Weighted emissions （t CO2-e） were 63%-90% N2O dominated implying that a reduction in N2O inputs and/or nitrogen availability in the bays may significantly reduce the bays＇ greenhouse gas （GHG） budget. Emissions data for tropical and subtropical systems is still scarce. This work found subtropical bays to be significant aquatic sources of both CH4 and N2O and puts the estimated fluxes into the global context with measurements done from other climatic regions.

关键词： Greenhouse gas emissions Subtropical aquatic systems Bay Methane Nitrous oxide Uncertainty

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Rangelands of Central Asia:challenges and opportunities

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Journal of Arid Land 2016年第1期8卷 93-108页

作者： Alisher MIRZABAEV Mohamed AHMED Jutta werner John PENDER Mounir LOUHAICHI Center for Development Research University of Bonn Monitoring African Food and Agricultural Policies Agricultural Development Economics Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Diversification and Sustainable Intensification of Production Systems Program International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas Farm and Rural Household Well-being Branch Economic Research Service United States Department of Agriculture

Rangelands of Central Asia (referring to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan in this study), the largest contiguous area of grazed land in the world, serve as an important source of livelihood for pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in this region. They also play an important role in absorbing CO2 as a global carbon sink. However, unsustainable management of rangelands has led to their degradation hugely by downgrading their potential agro-ecological, environmental and socio-economical roles. This paper reviewed the rangeland degradation in Central Asia, a topic which so far has received only scant coverage in the international scientific literature. It also provided examples of successful experiences and outlined possible options that land managers can adopt to enhance the sustainable management of these vast degraded rangelands. The experiences and lessons described in this paper may also be relevant for other degraded rangeland areas, especially in the developing countries. The causes of rangeland degradation within the Central Asian region are numerous, complex and inter-related. Therefore, while addressing the factors associated with improper rangeland management may shed some light on the causes of rangeland degradation, the scope of this paper would not be all-encompassing for the major causes of degradation. There is a need to develop and widely apply the viable and locally accepted and adapted packages of technical, institutional and policy options for sustainable rangeland management. Incentivizing the collective action of small-scale pastoralists who group together to facilitate access to remote pastures can reduce the degree of overgrazing within community pastures, such as those near the settlements. We also found that migratory grazing through pooling of resources among small-scale pastoralists can increase household income. After their independence, most Central Asian countries adopted various rangeland tenure

关键词： rangeland degradation flock mobility overgrazing sustainable rangeland management drylands land tenure

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Metabolic regulation of immune responses to cancer

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Cancer Biology & Medicine 2022年第11期19卷 1528-1542页

作者： Jannis WiBfeld Anke werner Xin Yan Nora ten Bosch Guoliang Cui Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology(HI-TRON) Mainz 55131Germany T Cell Metabolism Group(D192) German Cancer Research Center(DKFZ)Heidelberg 69120Germany Faculty of Biosciences Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg 69120Germany

The tumor microenvironment is an ecosystem composed of multiple types of cells, such as tumor cells, immune cells, and cancerassociated fibroblasts. Cancer cells grow faster than non-cancerous cells and consume larger amounts of nutrients. The rapid growth characteristic of cancer cells fundamentally alters nutrient availability in the tumor microenvironment and results in reprogramming of immune cell metabolic pathways. Accumulating evidence suggests that cellular metabolism of nutrients, such as lipids and amino acids, beyond being essential to meet the bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of immune cells, also regulates a broad spectrum of cellular signal transduction, and influences immune cell survival, differentiation, and anti-tumor effector function. The cancer immunometabolism research field is rapidly evolving, and exciting new discoveries are reported in high-profile journals nearly weekly. Therefore, all new findings in this field cannot be summarized within this short review. Instead, this review is intended to provide a brief introduction to this rapidly developing research field, with a focus on the metabolism of two classes of important nutrients-lipids and amino acids-in immune cells. We highlight recent research on the roles of lipids and amino acids in regulating the metabolic fitness and immunological functions of T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells in the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of “editing” metabolic pathways in immune cells to act synergistically with currently available immunotherapies in enhancing anti-tumor immune responses.

关键词： Lipids amino acids cancer anti-tumor immunity T cells NK cells metabolism immunometabolism

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Reversible switching of Kondo resonance in a single-molecule junction

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Nano Research 2022年第2期15卷 1466-1471页

作者： Yuqing Xing Hui Chen Bin Hu Yuhan Ye werner AHofer Hong-Jun Gao Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan 523808China

The control of the Kondo effect is of great interest in single-molecule junction due to its potential applications in spin based ***,we demonstrate that the Kondo effect is reversibly switched on and off in an iron phthalocyanine(FePc)single-molecule junction by using a superconducting Nb *** a scanning tunneling microscope-based Nb-insulator-FePc-Au junction,we achieve a reversible switching between the Kondo dip and inelastic electronic tunneling spectra by simply adjusting the tip-sample distance to tune the tunnel coupling at low *** approaching the tip leads to the picking up of the molecule to the tip apex,which transfers the geometry of the single-molecule junction into a Nb-FePc-insulator-Au *** the molecule forms an effective magnetic impurity embedded into the superconducting ground states of the Nb tip,the out-gap Kondo dip switched to an in-gap Yu-Shiba-Rusinov *** results open up a new route for manipulating the Kondo effect within a single-molecule junction.

关键词： iron phthalocyanine(FePc) scanning tunneling microscope superconducting tip Kondo resonance inelastic electron tunneling Yu-Shiba-Rusinov states

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Forecasting cyberattacks with incomplete,imbalanced,and insignificant data

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Cybersecurity 2018年第1期1卷 263-278页

作者： Ahmet Okutan Gordon werner Shanchieh Jay Yang Katie McConky Computer Engineering Rochester Institute of TechnologyRochesterNYUSA Industrial&Systems Engineering Rochester Institute of TechnologyRochesterNYUSA

Having the ability to forecast cyberattacks before they happen will unquestionably change the landscape of cyber warfare and cyber *** work predicts specific types of attacks on a potential victim network before the actual malicious actions take *** challenge to forecasting cyberattacks is to extract relevant and reliable signals to treat sporadic and seemingly random acts of *** paper builds on multi-faceted machine learning solutions and develops an integrated system to transform large volumes of public data to aggregate signals with imputation that are relevant and predictive of cyber incidents.A comprehensive analysis of the individual parts and the integrated whole demonstrates the effectiveness and trade-offs of the proposed *** 16-months of reported cyber incidents by an anonymized victim organization,the integrated approach achieves up to 87%,90%,and 96% AUC for forecasting endpoint-malware,malicious-destination,and malicious-email attacks,*** assessed month-by-month,the proposed approach shows robustness to perform consistently well,achieving F-Measure between 0.6 and *** framework also enables an examination of which unconventional signals are meaningful for cyberattack forecasting.

关键词： Cyber security Forecasting Unconventional signals

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Influenza Early Warning Model Based on Yunqi Theory

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Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2012年第3期18卷 192-196页

作者：胡雪琴 Gerald Quirchmayr werner Winiwarter 崔蒙 Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Department of Distributed and Multimedia Systems University of Vienna Department of Scientific Computing Institute of Information on TraditionaI Chinese Medicine China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences

Objective：To establish an early warning model to simulate the outbreak of influenza based on weather conditions and Yunqi theory,an ancient calendar theory of Chinese medicine（CM）.Methods：Tianjin, a northeastern city in China,was chosen as the region of research and applied the influenza-like illness attack rate（ILI）%as the baseline and warning line to determine the severity of influenza ***,an influenza early warning model was constructed based on the theory of rough set and support vector machines（RS-SVM）, and the relationship between influenza and meteorology was explored through analyzing the monitoring data. Results：The predictive performance of the model was good,which had achieved 81.8%accuracy when grouping the obtained data into three levels that represent no danger,danger of a light epidemic,and danger of a severe *** test results showed that if the host qi and guest qi were not balanced,this kind of situation was more likely to cause influenza ***：The outbreak of influenza closely relates to temperature, humidity,visibility,and wind speed and is consistent with some part of CM *** result also indicates that there is some reasonable evidence in the Yunqi theory.

关键词： Yunqi theory influenza meteorological factors early warning model

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Drosophila, destroying angels, and deathcaps! Oh my! A review of mycotoxin tolerance in the genus Drosophila

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Frontiers in Biology 2018年第2期13卷 91-102页

作者： Clare H. Scott Chialvo Thomas werner Department of Biologtcal Sciences University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA Department of Biological Sciences Michigan Technological University Houghton Michigan USA

BACKGROUND： Evolutionary novelties, be they morphological or biochemical, fascinate both scientists and non-scientists alike. These types of adaptations can significantly impact the biodiversity of the organisms in which they occur. While much work has been invested in the evolution of novel morphological traits, substantially less is known about the evolution of biochemical adaptations. METHODS： In this review, we present the results of literature searches relating to one such biochemical adaptation： α- amanitin tolerance/resistance in the genus Drosophila. RESULTS： Amatoxins, including α-amanitin, are one of several toxin classes found in Amanita mushrooms. They act by binding to RNA polymerase Ⅱ and inhibiting RNA transcription. Although these toxins are lethal to most eukaryotic organisms, 17 mushroom-feeding Drosophila species are tolerant of natural concentrations of amatoxins and can develop in toxic mushrooms. The use of toxic mushrooms allows these species to avoid infection by parasitic nematodes and lowers competition. Their amatoxin tolerance is not due to mutations that would inhibit α-amanitin from binding to RNA polymerase Ⅱ. Furthermore, the mushroom-feeding flies are able to detoxify the other toxin classes that occur in their mushroom hosts. In addition, resistance has evolved independently in several D. melanogaster strains. Only one of the strains exhibits resistance due to mutations in the target of the toxin. CONCLUSIONS： Given our current understanding of the evolutionary relationships among the mushroom-feeding flies, it appears that amatoxin tolerance evolved multiple times. Furthermore, independent lines of evidence suggest that multiple mechanisms confer α-amanitin tolerance/resistance in Drosophila.

关键词： Drosophila mushroom-feeding biochemical adaptations mushroom toxins cyclopeptides α-amanitin

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