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Towards robust neural networks via a global and monotonically decreasing robustness training strategy

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Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2023年第10期24卷 1375-1389页

作者： Zhen LIANG Taoran WU Wanwei liu Bai XUE wenjing YANG Ji WANG Zhengbin PANG Institute for Quantum Information&State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing National University of Defense TechnologyChangsha 410073China State Key Laboratory of Computer Science Institute of Software Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China School of Computer Science and Technology University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China College of Computer Science and Technology National University of Defense TechnologyChangsha 410073China Key Laboratory of Software Engineering for Complex Systems National University of Defense TechnologyChangsha 410073China

Robustness of deep neural networks(DNNs)has caused great concerns in the academic and industrial communities,especially in safety-critical domains.Instead of verifying whether the robustness property holds or not in certain neural networks,this paper focuses on training robust neural networks with respect to given perturbations.State-of-the-art training methods,interval bound propagation(IBP)and CROWN-IBP,perform well with respect to small perturbations,but their performance declines significantly in large perturbation cases,which is termed“drawdown risk”in this paper.Specifically,drawdown risk refers to the phenomenon that IBPfamily training methods cannot provide expected robust neural networks in larger perturbation cases,as in smaller perturbation cases.To alleviate the unexpected drawdown risk,we propose a global and monotonically decreasing robustness training strategy that takes multiple perturbations into account during each training epoch(global robustness training),and the corresponding robustness losses are combined with monotonically decreasing weights(monotonically decreasing robustness training).With experimental demonstrations,our presented strategy maintains performance on small perturbations and the drawdown risk on large perturbations is alleviated to a great extent.It is also noteworthy that our training method achieves higher model accuracy than the original training methods,which means that our presented training strategy gives more balanced consideration to robustness and accuracy.

关键词： Robust neural networks Training method Drawdown risk Global robustness training Monotonically decreasing robustness

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军事信息系统情境计算需求一致性验证研究

系统工程与电子技术 2024年第1期46卷 190-195页

作者：刘美凤杨文静国防科技大学信息通信学院湖北武汉430010

情境计算是目前军事信息系统发展的重要部分,情境计算的需求涉及领域广泛、架构复杂。针对军事信息系统中情境计算需求论证需求不一致问题,采用本体推理方法发现并消除需求中的冲突和矛盾,构建了情境计算需求本体模型;提出了情境计算需... 详细信息

情境计算是目前军事信息系统发展的重要部分,情境计算的需求涉及领域广泛、架构复杂。针对军事信息系统中情境计算需求论证需求不一致问题,采用本体推理方法发现并消除需求中的冲突和矛盾,构建了情境计算需求本体模型;提出了情境计算需求一致性验证内容框架,针对不一致的情况提出推理验证方法;最后以一个典型的军事信息系统情境计算系统为例,进行需求的本体构建和本体推理,实现了需求的一致性验证。通过本体推理的方法进行需求一致性验证结果直观、修改方便,对于军事信息系统中情境计算的需求分析具有重要作用。

关键词：情境计算需求一致性验证

Fluorination reaction of UO3 and electrochemical preparation of UO2

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2022年第7期33卷 3435-3438页

作者： Rugeng liu Yangyang Meng wenjing Ji Wei Han Mei Li Yang Sun Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology Ministry of Education College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University

In this work, a technique was proposed to prepare UOfrom UOby the two processes of fluorination reaction of UOwith NHHFand electrochemical reduction of UOfor the recycle uranium. The feasibility of fluorination reaction was firstly confirmed using thermodynamic calculation; then, the products were analyzed using XRD, Raman and fluorescence to be UOF. The fluorination mechanism was inferred to be UO(s) + NHHF→(NH)UOF→ NH(UO)F→ UOF. The redox behavior of UOon W electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry, which indicated that UOwas reduced to UOvia a two-step single electron transfer with diffusion-controlled. The diffusion coefficient of UOwas calculated to be 6.22 × 10cm/s. The disproportionation reaction of UO~+ was observed, and the relationship between the disproportionation reaction and scan rate was discussed.Moreover, the electrochemical fabrication of UOwas conducted by electrolysis at-0.8 V, and the product was analyzed by XRD, SEM and EDS to be UO. ICP-AES results showed that the extraction efficiency of UOcould reach 98.53%.

关键词： UO 3 Fluorination reaction NH 4 HF 2 Electrochemical formation UO 2

Two NIS1-like proteins from apple canker pathogen(Valsa mali)play distinct roles in plant recognition and pathogen virulence

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Stress Biology 2022年第1期2卷 606-620页

作者： Jiajun Nie wenjing Zhou Yonghui Lin Zhaoyang liu Zhiyuan Yin Lili Huang State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F University3 Taicheng RoadYangling 712100ShaanxiChina College of Plant Protection China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China

Conserved effectors produced by phytopathogens play critical roles in plant-microbe interactions.NIS1-like proteins represent a newly identified family of effectors distributed in multiple fungal species.However,their biological functions in a majority of pathogenic fungi remain largely elusive and require further investigation.In this study,we characterized two NIS1-like proteins VmNIS1 and VmNIS2 from Valsa mali,the causal agent of apple Valsa canker.Both of these two proteins were predicted to be secreted.Using agroinfiltration,we found that VmNIS1 induced intense cell death,whereas VmNIS2 suppressed INF1 elicitin-triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana.Treatment of N.benthamiana with VmNIS1 recombinant protein produced by Escherichia coli activated a series of immune responses and enhanced plant disease resistance against Phytophthora capsici.In contrast,VmNIS2 suppressed plant immune responses and promoted P.capsici infection when transiently expressed in N.benthamiana.Both VmNIS1 and VmNIS2 were shown to be highly induced at late stage of V.mali infection.By individually knocking out of these two genes in V.mali,however,only VmNIS2 was shown to be required for pathogen virulence as well as tolerance to oxidative stress.Notably,we further showed that C-terminal extension of VmNIS1 was essential for plant recognition and VmNIS2 may escape plant detection via sequence truncation.Our data collectively indicate that VmNIS1 and VmNIS2 play distinct roles in plant recognition and pathogen virulence,which provided new insights into the function of NIS1-like proteins in plant-microbe interactions.

关键词： Valsa mali Effector protein Cell death Plant immunity Virulence

Transcriptomic analysis of spinal cord regeneration after injury in Cynops orientalis

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第12期18卷 2743-2750页

作者： Di Wang Man Zhao Xiao Tang Man Gao Wenjing Liu Minghui Xiang Jian Ruan Jie Chen Bin Long Jun Li College of Life Sciences Anhui Normal UniversityWuhuAnhui ProvinceChina College of Animal Science and Technology Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine The Second People’s HospitalWuhuWuhuAnhui ProvinceChina

Cynops orientalis(C.orientalis)has a pronounced ability to regenerate its spinal cord after injury.Thus,exploring the molecular mechanism of this process could provide new approaches for promoting mammalian spinal cord regeneration.In this study,we established a model of spinal cord thoracic transection injury in C.orientalis,which is an endemic species in China.We performed RNA sequencing of the contused axolotl spinal cord at two early time points after spinal cord injury–during the very acute stage(4 days)and the subacute stage(7 days)–and identified differentially expressed genes;additionally,we performed Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses,at each time point.Transcriptome sequencing showed that 13,059 genes were differentially expressed during C.orientalis spinal cord regeneration compared with uninjured animals,among which 4273 were continuously downregulated and 1564 were continuously up-regulated.Down-regulated genes were most enriched in the Gene Ontology term“multicellular organismal process”and in the ribosome pathway at 10 days following spinal cord injury.We found that multiple genes associated with energy metabolism were down-regulated and multiple genes associated with the lysosome were up-regulated after spinal cord injury,indicating the importance of low metabolic activity during wound healing.Immune response-associated pathways were activated during the early acute phase(4 days),while the expression of extracellular matrix proteins such as glycosaminoglycan and collagen,as well as tight junction proteins,was lower at 10 days post-spinal cord injury than 4 days post-spinal cord injury.However,compared with 4 days post-injury,at 10 days post-injury neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions were no longer down-regulated,up-regulated differentially expressed genes were enriched in pathways associated with cancer and the cell cycle,and SHH,VIM,and Sox2 were prominently up-regulated.Immunofluorescence staining showed that glial fibrillary acidic protein was up-reg

关键词： Cynops orientalis extracellular matrix glial fibrillary acidic protein metabolism neuron RNA sequence salamander spinal cord injury spinal cord regeneration Transcriptomics

The genetic diversity, individual relatedness and possible mating system of an isolated population of the Cyprinid species Megalobrama pellgrini in upper reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, China

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2019年第3期37卷 1042-1050页

作者： WANG Huanshan WANG Teng LI wenjing liu Huanzhang The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430072China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Megalobrama pellegrini is a cyprinid fish endemic to upper reaches of the Changjiang(Yangtze)River,China,which is also an important economic species in the local area.In recent years,resources of this species have decreased sharply and its conservation has drawn great attention.In the present study,we collected 120 individuals from the Longxi River,a tributary isolated from the main channel of the Changjiang River,where M.pellegrini is still relatively abundant.Using two different molecular markers,mitochondrial cytochrome b(cyt b)gene,and nuclear microsatellite(simple sequence repeat,SSR),we analyzed the genetic diversity of this isolated population.The results show that sequence genetic diversity was low(Hd:0.290 and P i:0.000 77 for cyt b gene),while the SSR genetic diversity was high(Ho:0.824 4±0.147 2,He:0.823 5±0.145 1).Analysis indicated that this population had experienced a bottleneck,with inbreeding and small effective population size(around 50).Based on SSR data,relatedness analyzing revealed that the 120 samples were grouped into 10 completely independent clusters.It was inferred that the mating system of M.pellegrini was polygamy.We suggested that the low genetic diversity could be induced by the overfishing and inbreeding depression.Therefore,we suggested that the urgent conservation measures should be taken to control the overfi shing and give better conditions for the fish to grow and spawn,then to restore population size.

关键词： isolated population genetic diversity individual relatedness mating system conservation

Distribution of chromophytic phytoplankton in the Western Subarctic Gyre of Pacific Ocean revealed by morphological observation and rbc L gene sequences

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2023年第6期41卷 2166-2179页

作者： Tao JIANG Xiaohan QIN Guannan WU Huaxian ZHAO Xiaotao YU Xueyan XIAO Wenjing Liu Qingjing HU Jufa CHEN Nan LI School of Ocean Yantai UniversityYantai 264005China Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries Ministry of AgricultureYellow Sea Fisheries Research InstituteChinese Academy of Fishery SciencesQingdao 266071China Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf Guangxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Intelligent SimulationNanning Normal UniversityNanning 530001China State Key Laboratory of Acoustics Institute of AcousticsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China School of Medicine Yunnan UniversityKunming 650091China College of Ocean and Meteorology Guangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiang 524088China

Western Subarctic Gyre(WSG),which possesses distinctive differences in oceanographic and biogeochemical processes,is situated in the northwest subarctic Pacific.The WSG is characterized by high nutrient and low chlorophyll.We carried out a field investigation in this area in summer 2020 and performed microscopic observation,cytometric counting,and RuBisCO large subunit(rbc L)gene analysis to understand the community structure and spatial distribution of chromophytic phytoplankton better.Microscopic method revealed that total phytoplankton(>10μm,including Bacillariophyta,Dinoflagellata,Ochrophyta,and Chlorophyta)abundances ranged(0.6×10^(3))-(167.4×10^(3))cells/L with an increasing trend from south to north.Dinoflagellates and Pennatae diatoms dominated the phytoplankton assemblages in the southern and northern stations,respectively.Major chromophytic phytoplankton groups derived from rbc L genes included Haptophyta,Ochrophyta,Bacillariophyta,as well as rarely occurring groups,such as Xanthophyta,Cyanobacteria,Dinoflagellata,Rhodophyta,and Cryptophyta.At the phylum level,Haptophyta was the most abundant phylum,accounting for approximately 30.80%of the total obtained operational taxonomic units in all samples.Ochrophyta and Bacillariophyta were the second and third most abundant phylum,and their relative abundance was 20.26% and 19.60%,respectively.Further,redundancy analysis showed that high proportion of diatoms(e.g.,microscopic and rbc L methods)was positively correlated with nutrients(e.g.,dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN),dissolved inorganic phosphorous,and dissolved silicate(DSi))and negatively correlated with temperature and salinity.The proportion of Ochrophyta,Rhodophyta,and Cyanobateria identified by rbc L genes was positively correlated with salinity and temperature and showed negative correlation to nutrients.This work is the first molecular study of phytoplankton accomplished in the WSG,and our results show some discrepancies between morphological observation and rbc L gene sequences,which highlight th

关键词： flow cytometry microscopic counting phytoplankton rbc L Western Subarctic Gyre

Anti-inflammatory sesquiterpene polyol esters from the stem and branch of Tripterygium wilfordii

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Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 2023年第3期21卷 233-240页

作者： HU Yalin XU Tianqi YIN wenjing CHENG Huaiyu ZHANG Xia liu Ying ZHANG Yubo ZHOU Guangxiong Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural ProductsCollege of PharmacyJinan UniversityGuangzhou 511436China Department of Pharmacology School of MedicineGuangdong Clinical Translation Center for Targeted DrugJinan UniversityGuangzhou 511436China

The stem and branch extract of Tripterygium wilfordii(Celastraceae)afforded seven new dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpene polyesters[tripterysines A‒G(1‒7)]and eight known ones(8‒15).The chemical structures of these new compounds were established based on combinational analysis of HR-ESI-MS and NMR techniques.The absolute configurations of tripterysines A‒C(1‒3)and E‒G(5‒7)were determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis and circular dichroism spectra.All the compounds were screened for their inhibitory effect on inflammation through determining their inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines TNF-αand IL-6 in LPS-induced BV2 macrophages.Compound 9 exhibited significant inhibitory activity on NO production with an IC50 value of 8.77μmol·L−1.Moreover,compound 7 showed the strongest inhibitory effect with the secretion of IL-6 at 27.36%.

关键词： Tripterygium wilfordii Sesquiterpene polyester Tripterysine Anti-inflammation

Spatiotemporal variations of nitrate sources and dynamics in a typical agricultural riverine system under monsoon climate

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2020年第7期32卷 98-108页

作者： Hao Jiang Wenjing Liu Jiangyi Zhang Li Zhou Xiaode Zhou Ke Pan Tong Zhao Yuchen Wang Zhifang Xu Institute for Advanced Study Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment Beijing 100044China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China

Nitrogen pollution is a serious environmental issue in the Danjiangkou Reservoir region(DRR),the water source of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China.In this research,seasonal surveys and a bi-weekly time series survey were conducted in the Qihe River Basin,one of the most densely populated agricultural basins in the DRR.Hydrochemical compositions(NO3^-Cl^-),dual isotopes(δD-H2O,δ^18O-H2O,δ^15N-NO3^-,andδ^18O-NO3^-),and a Markov Chain Monte Carlo isotope mixing model were jointly applied to unravel the sources,migrations,and transformations of the nitrate(NO3^-)in the basin.It was revealed that the mixing between different sources was the main process controlling the isotopic compositions of the riverine NO3the upper-middle reaches.In contrast,denitrification occurred in the lower reaches.For the first time,the sources of NO3^-quantified at a basin scale in the DRR.Overall,the river transported 484.2 tons/year of NO3^-N to the reservoir,of which 32.6%,36.4%,28.0%,and 3.0%was from soil organic nitrogen,chemical fertilizer,residential sewage and atmospheric precipitation,respectively.The NO3^-N fluxes of the different sources were regulated by the monsoon climate and anthropogenic activities.For example,high precipitation and intense fertilization resulted in severe nonpoint source pollution.Denitrification thrived in soils and reservoirs in wet seasons.Temperature could regulate the migration,nitrification and denitrification processes.Based on the results,we suggest that the management strategies dealing with nitrogen pollution issue in the DRR should follow the specific spatiotemporal characteristics of NO3migration and transformation mechanisms.

关键词： Nitrate Source Dynamics Isotope MCMC mixing model