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Phenotypic Plasticity in Embryonic Development of Reptiles:Recent Research and Research Opportunities in China

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Asian Herpetological Research 2013年第1期4卷 1-8页

作者： weiguo du Xiang JI Richard SHINE Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal University Biological Sciences University of Sydney

Adaptive developmental plasticity can enable an organism to modify its phenotype rapidly, in response to local （and perhaps, unpredictable） conditions, by altering reaction norms during development. Previous studies on this topic have been dominated by western scientists, employing western study systems and approaches. Recently, the expansion of Chinese ecological research has seen a broadening of studies taxonomically （phylogenetically）. Here, we briefly summarize research that has been conducted on developmental plasticity in Chinese reptiles over the past two decades, and suggest productive directions for future studies in this field. There are exciting research opportunities in this field in China, and we call for increased collaboration between western and eastern scientists to elucidate the role of developmental plasticity in evolutionary responses of organisms to environmental changes. As human activities increase the intensity and frequency of such changes, the need to understand responses of biological systems becomes an increasingly urgent priority.

关键词： developmental plasticity embryonic reptile ecological adaptation environmental change China

Field body temperature and thermal preference of the big-headed turtle Platysternon megacephalum

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Current Zoology 2013年第5期59卷 626-632页

作者： Jianwei SHEN Fanwei MENG Yongpu ZHANG weiguo du Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China Department of Environmental Sciences School of Life Sciences Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 310036 China College of Life and Environmental Sciences Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325027 Zhejiang China

The big-headed turtle Platysternon megacephalum is a stream-dwelling species whose ecology is poorly known. We carried out field and laboratory investigations to determine field body temperatures and thermal preference of this species. In the field, the body temperatures of the turtles conformed to the water temperature, with little diel variation in either summer or au- tumn. Over the diel cycle, the mean body temperatures ranged from 20.8℃ to 22.2℃ in summer and from 19.3℃ to 21.2℃ in autumn; the highest body temperatures ranged from 22.1℃ to 25.0℃ in summer and from 20.6℃ to 23.8℃ in autumn. In the laboratory, the preferred body temperature （Tp） was 25.3℃ Food intake was maximized at 24.0℃, whereas locomotor perfor- mance peaked at 30.0℃. Consequently, Tp was closer to the thermal optimum for food intake than for locomotion. Therefore, this freshwater turtle has relative low field body temperatures corresponding to its thermal environment. In addition, the turtle prefers low temperatures and has a low optimal temperature for food intake [Current Zoology 59 （5）： 626-632, 20＇13].

关键词： Food intake Locomotion Preferred body temperature Thermoregulation Thermal sensitivity

Reduced egg shell permeability affects embryonic development and hatchling traits in Lycodon rufozonatum and Pelodiscus sinensis

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Integrative Zoology 2018年第1期13卷 58-69页

作者： Wenqi TANG Bo ZHAO Ye CHEN weiguo du Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Evolution and Adaptation College of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina

The response of embryos to unpredictable hypoxia is critical for successful embryonic development,yet there remain significant gaps in our understanding of such responses in reptiles with different types of egg *** experimentally generated external regional hypoxia by sealing either the upper half or bottom half of the surface area of eggs in 2 species of reptiles(snake[Lycodon rufozonatum]with parchment egg shell and Chinese softshelled turtle[Pelodiscus sinensis]with rigid egg shell),then monitored the growth pattern of the opaque white patch in turtle eggs(a membrane that attaches the embryo to the egg shell and plays an important role in gas exchange),the embryonic heart rate,the developmental rate and the hatchling traits in turtle and snake eggs in response to external regional *** snake embryos from the hypoxia treatments facultatively increased their heart rate during incubation,and turtle embryos from the upper-half hypoxia treatment enhanced their growth of the opaque white ***,the incubation period and hatching success of embryos were not affected by the hypoxia treatment in these 2 *** regional hypoxia significantly affected embryonic yolk utilization and offspring size in the snake and *** to sham controls,embryos from the upper-half hypoxia treatment used less energy from yolk and,therefore,developed into smaller hatchlings,but embryos from the bottom-half hypoxia treatment did not.

关键词： egg shell embryonic metabolism hatchling heart rate hypoxia reptile

Generalization of predator recognition:Velvet geckos display anti-predator behaviours in response to chemicals from non-dangerous elapid snakes

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Current Zoology 2010年第3期56卷 337-342页

作者： Jonathan K. WEBB weiguo du David PIKE Richard SHINE School of Biological Sciences University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Department of Environmental Sciences School of Life Sciences Hangzhou Normal College 310036 Hangzhou Zhejiang China

Many prey species detect chemical cues from predators and modify their behaviours in ways that reduce their risk ofpredation. Theory predicts that prey should modify their anti-predator responses according to the degree of threat posed by thepredator. That is, prey should show the strongest responses to chemicals of highly dangerous prey, but should ignore or respondweakly to chemicals from non-dangerous predators. However, if anti-predator behaviours are not costly, and predators are rarelyencountered, prey may exhibit generalised antipredator behaviours to dangerous and non-dangerous predators. In Australia, mostelapid snakes eat lizards, and are therefore potentially dangerous to lizard prey. Recently, we found that the nocturnal velvetgecko Oedura lesueurii responds to chemicals from dangerous and non-dangerous elapid snakes, suggesting that it displays generalisedanti-predator behaviours to chemicals from elapid snakes. To explore the generality of this result, we videotaped the behaviourof velvet geckos in the presence of chemical cues from two small elapid snakes that rarely consume geckos: the nocturnalgolden-crowned snake Cacophis squamulosus and the diurnal marsh snake Hemiaspis signata. We also videotaped geckos in trialsinvolving unscented cards (controls) and cologne-scented cards (pungency controls). In trials involving Cacophis and Hemiaspischemicals, 50% and 63% of geckos spent long time periods (> 3 min) freezing whilst pressed flat against the substrate, *** half the geckos tested exhibited anti-predator behaviours (tail waving, tail vibration, running) in response to Cacophis(67%) or Hemiaspis (63%) chemicals. These behaviours were not observed in control or pungency control trials. Our resultssupport the idea that the velvet gecko displays generalised anti-predator responses to chemical cues from elapid *** responses to predator chemicals may be common in prey species that co-occur with multiple, ecologically similar,

关键词： Predation risk Chemical cues Lizard Elapidae Gekkonidae Olfaction Multipredator

Experimental evaluation of reproductive response to climate warming in an oviparous skink

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Integrative Zoology 2013年第2期8卷 175-183页

作者： Hongliang LU Yong WANG Wenqi TANG weiguo du Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution School of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservational Biology Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina

The impact of climate warming on organisms is increasingly being *** experimental evaluation of phenotypically plastic responses to warming is a critical step in understanding the biological effects and adaptive capacity of organisms to future climate *** Scincella modesta live in deeply-shaded habitats and they require low optimal temperatures during embryonic development,which makes them suitable subjects for testing the effects of warming on *** raised adult females and incubated their eggs under different thermal conditions that mimicked potential climate *** reproduction,embryonic development and hatchling traits were monitored to evaluate the reproductive response to *** warming induced females to lay eggs earlier,but it did not affect the developmental stage of embryos at oviposition or the reproductive *** high temperatures experienced by gravid females during warming treatments reduced the incubation period and increased embryonic *** locomotor performance of hatchlings was not affected by the maternal thermal environment,but it was affected by the warming treatment during embryonic *** results suggest that climate warming might have a profound effect on fitness-relevant traits both at embryonic and post-embryonic stages in oviparous lizards.

关键词： global warming phenotypic variation reproductive output Scincella modesta thermal environment

Maternal egg care enhances hatching success and offspring quality in an oviparous skink

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Integrative Zoology 2022年第3期17卷 468-477页

作者： Hongliang LU Jie WANG Chunquan KANG weiguo du Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration School of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of ZoologyBeijingChina

Maternal egg-caring behavior can often be observed in oviparous scincid *** expression of such behavior is predictably affected by the trade-off between its resultant costs and benefits for mothers and/or offspring,which has been investigated in only a few scincid ***,post-ovipositional Plestiodon chinensis females were treated to care for their egg clutches without interference,under simulated predation pressure,or to be *** maternal costs and offspring benefits associated with egg-caring behavior were then evaluated by measuring changes in maternal body condition,egg mortality,and hatchling ***-caring behavior caused post-ovipositional females to participate less in outside-nest activity,eat less food,and show relatively poorer body conditions at egg *** contrast,compared with care-deprived females,egg-caring females gained mass slightly faster,and achieved a similar body condition within a few months of *** that were cared for by their mothers were more likely to hatch and produced larger,faster-running and better-growing hatchlings with higher survival than uncared-for *** exposure to a potential predator had no distinct impact on maternal egg-caring behavior expression and offspring *** results indicated that marked benefits of offspring viability but minor maternal energy costs might play a decisive role in the occurrence of maternal egg-caring behavior in ***.

关键词： benefit-cost tradeoff egg mortality offspring fitness parental care Plestiodon chinensis

Effects of Pesticide Exposure on Embryonic Development and Hatchling Traits of Turtles

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Asian Herpetological Research 2016年第1期7卷 28-33页

作者： Baofeng WU Liang LIANG Liang MA weiguo du Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of Sciences

Deltamethrin is a widespread environmental hormone with endocrine-disrupting properties, but its effect on embryonic development of reptiles is largely unexplored. We investigated the effects of deltamethrin on embryonic development and offspring traits in two turtle species, one with parchment-shelled eggs and the other with rigidshelled eggs. Deltamethrin exposure during egg incubation did not affect hatching success and hatchling body size in either species. However, embryonic exposure to deltamethrin resulted in reduced hatchling locomotor performance in the red-eared slider turtle（Trachemys scripta） with parchment-shelled eggs, but not in the Chinese three-keeled pond turtle（Chinemys reevesii） with rigid-shelled eggs. These results suggest that parchment-shelled eggs are likely more vulnerable to deltamethrin than rigid-shelled eggs.

关键词： Parchment-shelled eggs Rigid-shelled eggs Red-eared slider turtle Trachemys scripta Chinese threekeeled pond turtle Chinemys reevesii Embryo Environmental hormone

Desertification Drives the Shift in Egg Size-Number Trade-Off in an Agamid Lizard

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Asian Herpetological Research 2022年第4期13卷 284-291页

作者： Zhigao ZENG Zhensheng LIU Jinyun WEI Xiaolei ZHANG weiguo du Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 10101China College of Wildlife Resources Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin 150040HeilongjiangChina Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology State Forestry AdministrationHarbin 150040HeilongjiangChina

Desertification is a serious ecological problem leading to significant biodiversity loss,but how desertification drives shifts in life history and fitness of animals remains *** clarify whether habitat desertification causes shifts in life history strategies,we compared ecological factors and reproductive traits of Phrynocephalus przewalskii from three different desertification habitats-fixed dune,semi-fixed dune and mobile dune of a semi-arid region of Inner Mongolia,at the eastern edge of Hobq Desert,*** results showed a significant shift in the egg size-number trade-off of *** in response to desertification,with lizards from the mobile dune habitat producing smaller clutches of larger eggs than lizards from the fixed and semi-fixed dune *** life history shift is likely adaptive and driven by abiotic factors(temperature and precipitation)rather than biotic factors(food availability and lizard population density).Our study demonstrates that habitat desertification drives the shift in egg size-number trade-off in a lizard and highlights the importance of exploring the life history responses of animals to habitat desertification as well as to other traditionally well-studied factors like temperature,especially in the context of future global clima te change.

关键词： desert adaptation egg lifehistory Phrynocephalus przewalskii reptile trade-off

The Seasonal Acclimatisation of Locomotion in a Terrestrial Reptile, Plestiodon chinensis(Scincidae)

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Asian Herpetological Research 2014年第3期5卷 197-203页

作者： Baojun Sun Wenqi Tang Zhigao Zeng weiguo du Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Studies of the seasonal acclimatisation of behavioural and physiological processes usually focus on aquatic or semi-aquatic ectotherms and focus less effort on terrestrial ectotherms that experience more thermally heterogeneous environments. We conducted comparative studies and thermal acclimation experiments on the locomotion of the Chinese skink （Plestiodon chinensis） to test whether seasonal acclimatisation in locomotion exists in these terrestrial ectothermic vertebrates, and whether seasonal acclimatisation is predominantly induced by thermal environments. In natural populations, skinks ran faster during the summer season than during the spring season at high-test temperatures ranging from 27℃ to 36℃ but not at low-test temperatures ranging from 18℃ to 24℃. In contrast, the thermal acclimation experiments showed that the cold-acclimated skinks ran faster than the warm-acclimated skinks at the low- test temperatures but not at high-test temperatures. Therefore, the seasonal acclimatisation occurs to P chinensis, and may be induced by temperature as well as other factors like food availability, as indicated by the seasonal variation in the thermal dependence of locomotion, and the discrepancy between seasonal acclimatisation and thermal acclimation on locomotion.

关键词： Lizard temperature terrestrial ectotherms thermal acclimation