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Mammalian herbivory in post-fire chaparral impacts herbaceous composition but not N and C cycling

Journal of plant Ecology 2021年第2期14卷 213-228页

作者： Lindsey Hendricks-Franco Scott L.Stephens wayne p.sousa Department of Integrative Biology University of CaliforniaBerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA Division of Ecosystem Science Department of Environmental SciencePolicyand ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA

Aims Classical theory predicts that herbivores impact herb assemblages and soil nitrogen(N)cycling through selective plant consumption and the deposition of N-rich waste,with effects dependent upon ecosystem N *** are predicted to accelerate N cycling when N availability is high and decelerate cycling when availability is ***,experimental tests of these theories in natural systems are limited and have yielded contradictory ***’s widespread chaparral shrublands provide a tractable system in which to test these *** are prone to periodic crown fire,which temporarily removes living shrub cover,deposits mineral N on soils and allows diverse herbaceous assemblages to dominate the landscape for 3–5 *** is also increasingly vulnerable to herbaceous invasion;mammalian herbivory may limit the establishment of non-native herbs in the shrub *** We implemented a 2-year herbivore-exclosure experiment(Hopland,CA)to assess the impact of mammalian herbivory during early post-fire chaparral succession,both on herbaceous plant assemblages and soil N and C *** predicted that,in high-N post-fire conditions,mammalian herbivory would not demonstrate a strong preference for N-fixing herbs,would accelerate N cycling and would reduce the abundance of non-native *** Findings Excluding mammalian herbivores increased herb standing biomass by 54%,but changed neither the relative abundance of N-fixing ***-N-fixing herbs nor any measure of N or C *** impacts on nutrient cycling may not be significant over the 2-year time scale of the experiment and physical effects of herbivore activity could have counteracted the influence of plant litter and animal dung/urine *** herbivores concentrated their feeding on typical non-native herbs,slightly decreasing their relative abundance;however,mammalian herbivory was not sufficient to stem the invasion of chaparral by invasive herbs

关键词： herbivory fire plant invasion chaparral N cycling

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Heterogeneity of mature oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第5期20卷 1336-1349页

作者： Chao Weng Adam M.R.Groh Moein Yaqubi Qiao-Ling Cui Jo Anne Stratton G.R.wayne Moore Jack p.Antel Neuroimmunology Unit Montreal Neurological Institute-HospitalDepartment of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada Department of Neurology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina

Mature oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths that are crucial for the insulation of axons and efficient signal transmission in the central nervous *** evidence has challenged the classical view of the functionally static mature oligodendrocyte and revealed a gamut of dynamic functions such as the ability to modulate neuronal circuitry and provide metabolic support to *** the recognition of potential heterogeneity in mature oligodendrocyte function,a comprehensive summary of mature oligodendrocyte diversity is *** delve into early 20th-century studies by Robertson and Río-Hortega that laid the foundation for the modern identification of regional and morphological heterogeneity in mature ***,recent morphologic and functional studies call into question the long-assumed homogeneity of mature oligodendrocyte function through the identification of distinct subtypes with varying myelination ***,modern molecular investigations,employing techniques such as single cell/nucleus RNA sequencing,consistently unveil at least six mature oligodendrocyte subpopulations in the human central nervous system that are highly transcriptomically diverse and vary with central nervous system *** and disease related mature oligodendrocyte variation denotes the impact of pathological conditions such as multiple sclerosis,Alzheimer's disease,and psychiatric ***,caution is warranted when subclassifying mature oligodendrocytes because of the simplification needed to make conclusions about cell identity from temporally confined *** studies leveraging advanced techniques like spatial transcriptomics and single-cell proteomics promise a more nuanced understanding of mature oligodendrocyte *** research avenues that precisely evaluate mature oligodendrocyte heterogeneity with care to understand the mitigating influence of species,sex,central nervous system region,age,and disease,

关键词： aging central nervous system diseases electron microscopy heterogeneity immunohistochemistry myelin sheath natural history neuroglia oligodendroglia single-cell gene expression analysis

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A hierarchical path-segmentation movement ecology framework

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Ecological processes 2022年第1期11卷 787-801页

作者： wayne M.Getz Department of Environmental Sciences University of CaliforniaBerkeley 94708CAUSA School of Mathematical Sciences University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa

This paper lays out a hierarchical,appropriate-complexity framework for conceptualizing movement-path segments at different spatiotemporal scales in a way that facilitates comparative analyses and bridges behavior and mathematical *** then outlines a process for generating a multimode,multiscale stochastic simulation model that can be used to test animal movement hypotheses and make predictions of movement responses to management and global *** methods for analyzing movement data begin by generating step-length(SL)and turning-angle(TA)distributions from relocation time-series data,some of which are linked to ecological,landscape,and environmental *** frequency at which these data are collected may vary from sub-seconds to several *** kinds of questions that may be asked of these data,however,are very much scale *** hierarchical path-segmentation(HpS)framework presented here clarifies how the scale at which SL and TA data are collected relates to other sub-and super-diel *** arise because the information contained in SL and TA time series are often not directly relatable to the physiological,ecological,and sociological factors that drive the structure of movement paths at longer *** difficulties are overcome by anchoring the classification of movement types around the concept of fixed-period(24 h)diel activity routines and providing a bridge between behavioral/ecological and stochastic-walk concepts(means,variances,correlations,individual-state and local environmental covariates).This bridge is achieved through the generation of relatively short segments conceived as characteristic sequences of fundamental movement *** short segments are then used to characterize longer canonical-activity-mode segments that emerge through movement at behaviorally relevant sub-diel *** thus provides a novel system for integrating sub-minute movement sequences into canonical activity modes(CAMs)that,i

关键词： Hierarchical path segmentation(HpS) Fundamental movement elements(FuMEs) Canonical activity modes(CAMs) Diel activity routines(DARs) Life-history movement phases(LiMpS) Multi-CAM metaFuME Markov(M-cubed)models Biased correlated random walk models

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Dothiorella vidmadera, a novel species from grapevines in Australia and notes on Spencermartinsia

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Fungal Diversity 2013年第4期61卷 209-219页

作者： wayne M.pitt Jose RamonÚrbez-Torres Florent p.Trouillas National Wine and Grape Industry Centre School of Agricultural and Wine SciencesCharles Sturt UniversityLocked Bag 588Wagga WaggaNSW 2678Australia pacific Agri-Food Research Centre 4200 Highway 97Box 5000SummerlandBC V0H1Z0Canada Department of plant pathology University of CaliforniaDavisCA 95616USA

Strains of a coelomycete isolated from grapevine cankers in southeastern Australia and identified as Dothiorella iberica in previous studies are redescribed in this study as a novel species based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region(ITS1-5.8S-ITS2),and partial sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-αandβ-tubulin *** vidmadera *** most closely related to ***,*** and ***,but differs in morphological characters and DNA *** four species are known to be associated with Botryosphaeria dieback of ***,an unidentified ascomycete isolated from dead wood of grapevines in Western Australia is ***,strains were most closely related to Spencermartinsia viticola,and bore conidia with morphological characters and dimensions consistent with published ***,ascospores were shorter and narrower than previously reported and lacked the terminal apiculi that typify the genus.

关键词： Botryosphaeriaceae Grapevine trunk diseases Grapevine canker Multigene phylogeny Taxonomy

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Regulating regulatory T cells to achieve transplant tolerance

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Hepatobiliary & pancreatic Diseases International 2007年第4期6卷 348-357页

作者： wayne W. Hancock Division of Transplantation Immunology Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineJoseph StokesJr.Research Institute and Biesecker Pediatric Liver Center Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA

BACKGROUND:Regulatory T cells(Tregs) play crucial roles in both induction and maintenance of tolerance. This active immune regulation may contribute not only to the control of immune responses to self-antigens and thereby prevent autoimmune diseases,but also the control of responses to non-self molecules in adaptive immunity. Numerous experimental and clinical studies indicate that manipulating the balance between regulatory and responder T cells is an effective strategy to control immune responsiveness after transplantation. DATA SOURCES:Literature search was conducted using pubMed on the related subjects. part of the material was based on the most recent work in the authors’ laboratory. RESULTS:We propose some new strategies to achieve transplant tolerance in rodent animals via manipulating Treg function,including using histone deacetylase(HDAC) inhibitor to regulate Foxp3 transcription and enhance Treg suppression,induction of Treg-sparing apoptosis via Nur77,and identification of the co-inhibitory molecule herpes virus entry mediator(HVEM) as an effector molecule for Treg function. CONCLUSION:Regulation of Treg function will definitely provide us very promising tools to achieve clinical tolerance in the future.

关键词： regulatory T cells transplant tolerance HDAC inhibitor apoptosis Nur77 co-stimulation

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A fully-customized dataflow engine for 3D earthquake simulation with a complex topography

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2022年第5期65卷 65-80页

作者： Bingwei CHEN Haohuan FU wayne LUK Guangwen YANG Department of Computer Science and Technology Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology Tsinghua University National Supercomputer Center in Wuxi Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling Department of Earth System ScienceTsinghua University Department of Computing Imperial College London

With HpC(high performance computing) evolving into the exascale era, improvements in computing performance and power efficiency have become increasingly more important. Based on our previous work on enabling earthquake simulations on a large scale on Sunway Taihu Light, we further explore other possibilities to improve the application through a fully-customized hardware design on reconfigurable FpGA(field programmable gate array) devices. We investigate the feasibility and the potential benefits of a complete fixed-point design. We first perform a coarse-resolution-based simulation to analyze the representation range and precision needed to capture both the total energy and the energy distribution of variables over space and time. We then derive a complete fixed-point design that identifies the suitable bitwidth for major categories of variables and dynamically represents the range through a dynamic scaling scheme. Finally, we use the optimized fixed-point design to run a case of the Wenchuan earthquake to demonstrate the potential of supporting large-scale scientific simulations on FpGA devices. The results demonstrate that an 18-bit fixed-point design already provides an almost identical description of the seismic events in the Wenchuan scenario down to a single-precision floating-point version and provides sustainable performance equivalent to 13.1 Intel Xeon Gold 6154 18-core CpUs or 2.10 Sunway 260-core processors, with performance per watt(power efficiency) improved by 15.3 and 3.72 times compared with the Intel Xeon Gold 6154 18-core CpUs and the Sunway 260-core processors, respectively.

关键词： reconfigurable computing earthquake simulation FpGA hardware-software co-design architecture exploration

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Current updates on laboratory techniques for the diagnosis of male reproductive failure

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2016年第3期18卷 392-401,I0008页

作者： Suresh C Sikka wayne JG Hellstrom Department of Urology Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA.

The incidence of male reproductive failure leading to infertility, whether due to delayed parenthood, environmental issues, genetic factors, drugs, etc., is increasing throughout the world. The diagnosis and prognosis of male subfertility have become a challenge. While the basic semen assessment has been performed for many years, a number of studies question the value of the traditional semen characteristics. This is partly due to inadequate methods and standardization, limited knowledge of technical requirements for quality assurance, and an incomplete understanding of what clinical information a semen assessment can provide. Laboratories currently performing semen and endocrine assessment show great variability. The World Health Organization （WHO） manual for the evaluation of semen has been the core of andrology and fertility evaluation that has helped in further development of this field over many years. These include the physical appearance of the ejaculate, assessments of sperm count, motility, vitality, morphology, and functional aspects of the sperm and semen sample. These tests also include male endocrine profile, biochemical evaluation of the semen, detection of antisperm antibodies in serum, the use of computer-aided sperm analysis （CASA）, sperm DNA integrity, and its damage due to oxidative stress. Assisted reproductive techniques （e.g., IVF, ICSI） have shown great success but are too expensive. Further development in this field with newer techniques and extensive training/instructions can improve accuracy and reduce variability, thus maintaining the quality and standards of such an evaluation. There is an urgent need to have standardized training centers and increased awareness in this area of men＇s health for reproductive success.

关键词： male infertility quality control management reproductive failure semen evaluation World Health Organization manual

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Type-Aware Question Answering over Knowledge Base with Attention-Based Tree-Structured Neural Networks

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Journal of Computer Science & Technology 2017年第4期32卷 805-813页

作者： Jun Yin wayne Xin Zhao Xiao-Ming Li School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Peking University Beijing 100871 China School of Information Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China Guangdong Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and processing Guangzhou 510006 China

Question answering (QA) over knowledge base (KB) aims to provide a structured answer from a knowledge base to a natural language question. In this task, a key step is how to represent and understand the natural language query. In this paper, we propose to use tree-structured neural networks constructed based on the constituency tree to model natural language queries. We identify an interesting observation in the constituency tree: different constituents have their own semantic characteristics and might be suitable to solve different subtasks in a QA system. Based on this point, we incorporate the type information as an auxiliary supervision signal to improve the QA performance. We call our approach type-aware QA. We jointly characterize both the answer and its answer type in a unified neural network model with the attention mechanism. Instead of simply using the root representation, we represent the query by combining the representations of different constituents using task-specific attention weights. Extensive experiments on public datasets have demonstrated the effectiveness of our proposed model. More specially, the learned attention weights are quite useful in understanding the query. The produced representations for intermediate nodes can be used for analyzing the effectiveness of components in a QA system.

关键词： question answering deep neural network knowledge base

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Generating timeline summaries with social media attention

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Frontiers of Computer Science 2016年第4期10卷 702-716页

作者： wayne Xin ZHAO Ji-Rong WEN Xiaoming LI School of Information Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Management and Analysis Methods Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science Peking University Beijing 100871 China Beijing Key Laboratory on Integration and Analysis of Large-scale Stream Data Beijing 100144 China

Timeline generation is an important research task which can help users to have a quick understanding of the overall evolution of one given topic. previous methods simply split the time span into fixed, equal time intervals without studying the role of the evolutionary patterns of the underlying topic in timeline generation. In addition, few of these methods take users＇ collective interests into considerations to generate timelines. We consider utilizing social media attention to address these two problems due to the facts： 1） social media is an important pool of real users＇ collective interests; 2） the information cascades generated in it might be good indicators for boundaries of topic phases. Employing Twitter as a basis, we propose to incorporate topic phases and user＇s collective interests which are learnt from social media into a unified timeline generation algorithm. We construct both one informativeness-oriented and three interestingness-oriented evaluation sets over five topics. We demonstrate that it is very effective to generate both informative and interesting timelines. In addition, our idea naturally leads to a novel presen- tation of timelines, i.e., phase based timelines, which can potentially improve user experience.

关键词： timeline social media attention phase users'collective interests

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SKY BLUE,RED HEAVENS,AND ORANGE OVER ANCIENT MESOpOTAMIA

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Journal of Ancient Civilizations 2020年第2期35卷 135-146,267页

作者： wayne Horowitz The Hebrew University of Jemsalem

As a child,my classmates and I almost always painted the sky blue in kindergarten and elementary school,and the idea of"blue skies"has become synonymous with happy times now,and good tidings *** how did Ancient Mesopotamians think about the color of the sky,and its daylight and nighttime phenomena?Based on the cuneiform evidence,we first examine ancient concepts of blue and red in the heavens,and finish with evidence indicating the planet,Mars,was seen as the color"fire・red,''that is to say the color of the crayon today labeled"orange."

关键词： planet orange BLUE

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