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<i>Ustilaginoidea virens</i>Infection of Rice in Arkansas: Toxicity of False Smut Galls, Their Extracts and the Ustiloxin Fraction

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第21期5卷 3166-3176页

作者： Hamed K. Abbas wayne thomas shier Rick D. Cartwright Gabe L. Sciumbato United States Department of Agriculture Agriculture Research Service Biological Control of Pests Research Unit Stoneville USA Department of Medicinal Chemistry College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis USA University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service Little Rock USA Delta Research and Extension Center Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES) Stoneville USA

Cool, wet conditions in the southern US during the maturing stages of rice in 1998 contributed to outbreaks of false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens. Water extracts of false smut galls in Asia have been reported to contain ustiloxin toxins, cyclic peptide antibiotics that interfered with microtubule function and caused “lupinosis”-like lesions in mice. Cell-free extracts from false smut galls on rice grown in Arkansas were fractionated by a published procedure for the purification of ustiloxins. The ustiloxin fraction was phytotoxic to Lemnapausicostata (duckweed) at ≥19 μg/ml, but the host plant, rice, was much less susceptible, exhibiting phytotoxic effects in germinating seeds at ≥1000 μg/ml. The aqueous extract of rice false smut galls showed no cytotoxicity to mammalian cell cultures at 200 μg/ml, but the ustiloxin fractionwas cytotoxic at 10 - 100 μg/ml. However, rice false smut galls were not toxic when fed to mice at 10% of chow, but caused feed refusal at higher concentrations. We conclude that for 1) the U. virens which causes false smut in southern USA differs from Asian isolates in that does not produce detectable ustiloxins;and 2) false smut affects the appearance, but not the food safety of rice in the United States.

关键词： Phytotoxicity Cytotoxicity Mouse Toxicity Ustiloxins Chlamydospores

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Effect of Increased Nitrogen Application Rates and Environment on Protein, Oil, Fatty Acids, and Minerals in Sesame (<i>Sesamum indicum</i>) Seed Grown under Mississippi Delta Conditions

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2018年第9期9卷 1115-1135页

作者： Nacer Bellaloui Hamed K. Abbas M. wayne Ebelhar Alemu Mengistu Michael J. Mulvaney Cesare Accinelli W. thomas shier USDA Agricultural Research Service Crop Genetics Research Unit Stoneville MS USA USDA Agricultural Research Service Biological Control of Pests Research Unit Stoneville MS USA Delta Research and Extension Center Mississippi State University Starkville MS USA USDA Agricultural Research Service Crop Genetics Research Unit Jackson TN USA Agronomy Department West Florida Research and Education Center University of Florida Gainesville FL USA Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna Bologna Italy Department of Medicinal Chemistry College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA

Information on the effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and environment on sesame seed composition and nutrition is scarce. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rates on sesame seed yield, protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral nutrition. A two-year (2014, 2015) field experiment was conducted. Nitrogen fertilizer (urea ammonium nitrate) solution (UAN, 32% N) was applied by side dressing to four sesame varieties (S-34, S-35, S-38, S-39) at rates of 44.7, 67.2, 89.6 and 112.0 kg·ha-1. Rate of 44.7 kg·ha-1 was used as control since this rate is traditionally recommended in the region. Increasing nitrogen application rates resulted in higher protein and oleic acid contents in two varieties in 2014, and in all varieties in 2015. Increased protein and oleic acid were accompanied by lower total oil and linoleic acid. Increased nitrogen application also resulted in higher seed N, S, B, Cu, Fe, and Zn in 2014 in S-34 and S-35, but either a decline or no clear change was observed in seed levels of these nutrients in S-38 and S-39. In 2015, increased nitrogen application resulted in significantly higher seed N in all varieties, and higher S, B, Cu, Fe, and Zn in some varieties. A significant positive correlation was observed between nitrogen application rate and yield, and with seed levels of protein, oleic, acid, N, B, Cu, Fe, and Zn. A significant negative correlation was observed between nitrogen application rate and seed oil and linoleic acid. Thus, increased nitrogen fertilizer application resulted in higher seed protein, oleic acid, and some mineral nutrients, but lower oil and linoleic acid. However, this effect depended on variety and environmental conditions. Because higher protein and oleic acid are desirable traits for sesame seed nutritional value and oil stability, regional breeders should select sesame varieties for efficient fertilizer response.

关键词： Sesame Varieties Nitrogen Application Seed Protein and Oil Seed Fatty Acids Seed Mineral Nutrition

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Effect of Planting Density, Irrigation Regimes, and Maize Hybrids with Varying Ear Size on Yield, and Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination Levels

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2012年第10期3卷 1341-1354页

作者： Hamed K. Abbas Henry J. Mascagni Jr. H. Arnold Bruns W. thomas shier Department of Medicinal Chemistry College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis USA 5Department of Plant Pathology & Crop Physiology Louisiana State University AgCenter Baton Rouge USA. United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Biological Control of Pests Research Unit Stoneville USA United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Crop Production Systems Research Unit Stoneville USA Northeast Research Center Louisiana State University AgCenter St. Joseph USA

Corn (maize, Zea mays L.) hybrids expressing the flexibility trait in ear size (number of kernels per ear) are marketed for ability to give higher yields under adverse conditions. Altered kernel number is associated with altered number of silk, a major route for infection of kernels by aflatoxin-producing fungi such as Aspergillus flavus. The effect of plant density and irrigation level on yield and accumulation of aflatoxins and fumonisins in harvested grain was compared in a fixed-ear hybrid (Pioneer 33K81), a semi-flexible ear hybrid (Pioneer 3223) and a flexible ear hybrid (Golden Acres 8460) over a range of seeding densities (49,400, 61,750, 74,700, 86,450, and 98,800 seeds·ha–1) in non-irrigated, moderately-irrigated (6.4 cm soil water deficit) and well-irrigated plots (3.8 cm soil water deficit), during three years with variable rainfall. Irrigation increased yields in all hybrids, but in the absence of irrigation, yields were highest with the semi-flexible ear trait hybrid. In general, the hybrid with the flexible ear trait had lower optimal seeding densities than the other hybrids for each soil water regime. In general, kernel number was least affected by seeding density in the hybrid with fixed-ear trait compared to the semi- and flexible ear hybrids. The lowest levels of aflatoxin and of fumonisin contamination in harvested grain were associated with the flexible ear trait at all rainfall and irrigation levels, but there was no evidence that reducing stress by lowering seeding density reduced mycotoxin contamination. Inoculation with A. flavus resulted in much higher levels of aflatoxin and significantly higher levels of fumonisin contamination in grain of all hybrids under most conditions of rainfall and irrigation, suggesting that factors that promote A. flavus infection can affect production of both mycotoxins.

关键词： Aflatoxin Fumonisin Mycotoxin Corn Maize Environmental Manipulation Irrigation Flexible Kernel Number Trait

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