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neurochemistry as a bridge between morphology and behavior： Perspectives on aggression in insects

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Current Zoology 2014年第6期60卷 778-790页

作者： Andrew n. BUBAK Jaime L. GRACE Michael J. watt Kenneth J. REnnER John G. SWALLOW neuroscience Program University of Colorado-Denver Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO 80045 USA Department of Integrative Biology University of Colorado-Denver Denver CO 80217-3364 USA Center for Brain and Behavior Research Basic Biomedical Sciences University of South Dakota Vermillion SD 57069 USA Department of Biology University of South Dakota Vermillion SD 57069 USA

Aggression is a common behavioral trait shared in many animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, the type and intensity of agonistic encounters and displays can vary widely both across and within species, resulting in complicated or subjective interpretations that create difficulties in developing theoretical models that can be widely applied. The need to easily and objectively identify quantifiable behaviors and their associated morphologies becomes especially important when attempting to decipher the neurological mechanisms underlying this complex behavior. Monoamines, neuropeptides, and pheromones have been implicated as important neuromodulators for agonistic displays in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Ad- ditionally, recent breakthroughs in insect research have revealed exciting proximate mechanisms important in aggression that may be broadly relevant, due to the relatively high conservation of these neurochemical systems across animal taxa. In this review, we present the latest research demonstrating the importance of monoamines, neuropeptides, and pheromones as neuromodulators for aggression across a variety of insect species. Additionally, we describe the stalk-eyed fly as a model system for studying aggres- sion, which integrates physiological, morphological, and neurochemical approaches in exploring detailed mechanisms responsible for this common yet complex behavior. We conclude with our perspective on the most promising lines of future research aimed at understanding the proximate and ultimate mechanisms underlying aggressive behaviors .

关键词： Monoamines Aggression Insects Evolutionary physiology Sexual Selection

Assessment strategies and fighting patterns in animal contests： a role for serotonin？

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Current Zoology 2016年第3期62卷 257-263页

作者： Andrew n. BUBAK Alison R. GERKEn Michael J. watt Jamie D, COSTABILE Kenneth J. REnnER John G. SWALLOW Integrative Biology University of Colorado-Denver Denver CO 80217-3364 USA Molecular Genetics and Microbiology University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA Center for Brain and Behavior Research Basic Biomedical Sciences University of South Dakota Vermillion SD 57069 USA Biology Department University of South Dakota Vermillion SD 57069 USA

Accurate assessment of the probability of success in an aggressive confrontation with a conspecific is critical to the survival and fitness of the individuals. Various game theory models have examined these assessment strategies under the assumption that contests should favor the animal with the greater resource-holding potential （RHP）, body size typically being the proxy. Mutual assessment asserts that an individual can assess their own RHP relative to their opponent, allowing the inferior animal the chance to flee before incurring unnecessary costs. The model of self-determined persistence, however, assumes that an individual will fight to a set personal threshold, independ- ent of their opponent＇s RHP. Both models have been repeatedly tested using size as a proxy for RHP, with neither receiving unambiguous support. Here we present both morphological and neuro- physiological data from size-matched and mismatched stalk-eyed fly fights. We discovered differ- ing fighting strategies between winners and losers. Winners readily escalated encounters to higher intensity and physical contact and engaged in less low-intensity, posturing behaviors compared with losers. Although these fighting strategies were largely independent of size, they were associ- ated with elevated levels of 5-HT. Understanding the neurophysiological factors responsible for mediating the motivational state of opponents could help resolve the inconsistencies seen in cur- rent game theory models. Therefore, we contend that current studies using only size as a proxy for RHP may be inadequate in determining the intricacies of fighting ability and that future studies investigating assessment strategies and contest outcome should include neurophysiological data.

关键词： aggression assessment fighting strategies serotonin monoamines resource-holding potential.

Characterization of CdMnTe radiation detectors using current and charge transients

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Journal of Semiconductors 2013年第7期34卷 19-25页

作者： R.Rafiei M.I.Reinhard A.Sarbutt S.Uxa D.Boardman G.C.watt E.Belas K.Kim A.E.Bolotnikov R.B.James Australian nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Lucas HeightsNSW2234Australia School of Electrical Electronic and Computer EngineeringThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWA6009Australia Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Institute of PhysicsCharles UniversityKe Karlovu 5Prague 2CZ-12116Czech Republic Brookhaven national Laboratory UptonNY 11973USA Department of Radiologic Science Korea UniversitySeoul136-703Korea

Charge transport characteristics of Cd_（0.95）Mn_（0.05）Te：In radiation detectors have been evaluated by combining time resolved current transient measurements with time of flight charge transient *** shapes of the measured current pulses have been interpreted with respect to a concentration of net positive space-charge, which has resulted in an electric field gradient across the detector *** the recorded current pulses the charge collection efficiency of the detector was found to approach 100%.From the evolution of the charge collection efficiency with applied bias,the electron mobility-lifetime product ofμ_nτ_n =（8.5±0.4）×10^（-4） cm^2/V has been *** electron transit time was determined using both transient current technique and time of flight measurements in the bias range of 100-1900 *** the dependence of drift velocity on applied electric field the electron mobility was found to beμ_n =（718±55） cm^2/（V·s） at room temperature.

关键词： radiation detector CdMnTe CMT detector fabrication transient current technique time of flighttechnique

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CFD simulation of helicopter rotor flow based on unsteady actuator disk model

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2020年第9期33卷 2313-2328页

作者： G.n.BARAKOS T.FITZGIBBOn A.n.KUSYUMOV S.A.KUSYUMOV S.A.MIKHAILOV James watt School of Engineering Glasgow UniversityGlasgow G128QQUnited Kingdom Department of Aerohydrodynamics Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N.TupolevKazan 420111Russia

Actuator Disks(AD)can provide characterizations of rotor wakes while reducing computational expense associated with modeling the fully resolved *** work presents an unsteady actuator disk method based on surface circulation distribution combined with empirical data,blade element theory and rotor momentum *** nonuniform circulation distribution accounts for 3 D blade load effects,and in particular,tip *** simulations were conducted for the isolated pressure sensitive paint model rotor blade in hover and forward flight using the HMB3 CFD solver of Glasgow *** of CFD results in comparison with published numerical data was performed in hover,for a range of blade pitch angles using fully turbulent flow and the k-x SST *** forward flight,the vortex structures predicted using the unsteady actuator disk model showed configurations similar to the ones obtained using fully resolved rotor *** the reduced grid cells number,the CFD results for AD models captured well the main vortical structures around the rotor disk in comparison to the fully resolved cases.

关键词： CFD Fully resolved blades rotor PSP rotor Surface circulation distribution Unsteady actuator disk model

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Electro-Hydrodynamic(EHD) Thrust Analysis in Wire-Cylinder Electrode Arrangement

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Plasma Science and Technology 2014年第4期16卷 363-369页

作者： Konstantinos n.KIOUSIS Antonios X.MOROnIS Wolf G.FRUH Heriot-watt University Technological Educational Institute(TEI) of Athens

The thrust generation by electro-hydrodynamic （EHD） effect has been studied for a wire-cylinder arrangement under high DC voltage. Series of measurements have been conducted in order to determine the relationship between generated thrust and corona discharge current, as well as its dependence on geometrical characteristics of the electrodes, e.g. electrode gap, wire and cylinder radii. The experimental investigation has shown a linear relationship between the generated thrust and the discharge current, while parametric analysis showed that increased electrode gap and emitter radius reduces the thrust. On the other hand, large gaps favor the thrust per unit power ratio.

关键词： electro-hydrodynamic (EHD) effect thrust wire-cylinder electrodes

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土壤流失量的简测法

西藏农业科技 1988年第3期 59-60页

作者： Harte A. J. n. F. Enright L. A. watt 郑声滔翁碧英

有关土壤流失的定量资料是很少的,但这方面的资料却是很必要的,其原因有二: 1.可用于评价比较各种耕作管理制度造成的土壤流失程度。 2.可用于广泛地向农村和城市的居民说明由于土壤侵蚀和流失所遭受的全部经济损失有多大土壤保持服务... 详细信息

有关土壤流失的定量资料是很少的,但这方面的资料却是很必要的,其原因有二: 1.可用于评价比较各种耕作管理制度造成的土壤流失程度。 2.可用于广泛地向农村和城市的居民说明由于土壤侵蚀和流失所遭受的全部经济损失有多大土壤保持服务机构的官员过去都是采用在自然条件下监控径流量和土壤流失的方法来收集土壤流失资料。他们采用的办法包括在服务机构的六个研究中心建立斜坡试验小区以及使用降雨模拟装置。然而在快速估算土壤流失的时候,可以不必使用降雨模拟装

关键词：细沟平均犁沟土壤流失量横断面积

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论欧氏反射的乘积

数学译林 2007年第2期26卷 191-192,190页

作者： Thomas Brady Colum watt 张红宁(译) 吴发恩(校)

1.引言如果u是R^n中的单位向量，u^⊥为过原点的超曲面，其法向量为u．且R是u^⊥上的欧氏反射，则R的标准矩阵表示为：R=I-2[u][u]^T，其中I是n×n阶单位矩阵，[u]是n×1阶矩阵．[u]中的元素是关于标准基的坐标．本注记的目的是推广这... 详细信息

1.引言如果u是R^n中的单位向量，u^⊥为过原点的超曲面，其法向量为u．且R是u^⊥上的欧氏反射，则R的标准矩阵表示为：R=I-2[u][u]^T，其中I是n×n阶单位矩阵，[u]是n×1阶矩阵．[u]中的元素是关于标准基的坐标．本注记的目的是推广这个公式到k个线性无关欧氏反射乘积的情形．

关键词：反射乘积矩阵表示单位向量单位矩阵线性无关标准基

头部活动对人体平衡控制能力影响的运动生物力学研究

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头部活动对人体平衡控制能力影响的运动生物力学研究

Integration of solid-oxide fuel cells and absorption refrigeration for efficient combined cooling,heat and power production

第十三届全国体育科学大会

作者：陈晓光卢俊阳 Peter watt 刘佳菲程巧瑞河南师范大学体育学院 School of Sport and Health Sciences University of Brighton

研究目的:平衡能力是身体所处的一种姿势以及在运动或受到外力作用时能够自动调整并维持姿势的能力,对于预防跌倒和促进身体健康具有重要意义。人体平衡控制是一种复杂的过程,涉及到多个系统的协同作用。在人体平衡控制中,身体重心是一... 详细信息

研究目的:平衡能力是身体所处的一种姿势以及在运动或受到外力作用时能够自动调整并维持姿势的能力,对于预防跌倒和促进身体健康具有重要意义。人体平衡控制是一种复杂的过程,涉及到多个系统的协同作用。在人体平衡控制中,身体重心是一个关键概念。重心是指人体各部位承受重力的合力作用点,在站立状态下通常位于腰部附近。平衡控制能力与重心的位置和移动密切相关,人体通过调整身体姿势,以保持重心在支撑基底内,从而维持平衡。头部活动影响人体的重心位置。头部是人体质量分布的一部分,其位置发生改变时,将引起局部环节重心的变化,使人体总重心随之联动,进而影响人体平衡能力。头部位置活动通常分为转向、前倾和后仰等动作模式。其中,年轻人由于长时间使用电子设备以及伏案低头工作,前倾活动尤为常见。因此,本文通过分析头部前倾时人体重心变化特征,进而探索头部活动对平衡控制能力的影响,以期为制定人体平衡能力的训练方案提供有益借鉴。研究方法:实验对象:本研究随机选取30名女大学生作为实验对象（19.8±0.8岁,身高:163.1±5.8cm,体重:55.2±5.4kg,BMI:20.7±1.4,优势腿:左腿）。受试者纳入标准:无驼背或脊柱侧弯等体态;无神经系统或骨骼肌肉系统疾病;无眩晕、头晕和失衡等症状;视力正常或矫正后视力正常;没有接受过与姿势控制或平衡相关训练;实验前48 h没有进行过大强度训练,睡眠充足。实验设计:受试者分别以自然站立姿势和头部前倾站立姿势,在姿势稳定性测试和双侧对比测试和感觉统合平衡测试（The clinical test of sensory interaction for balance,CTSIB）三种测试模式中,测定身体重心变化特征。自然站立姿势为头颈角（CVA）≥60°,头前倾站立姿势为CVA≤50°。姿势稳定性测试时间为30s,测试动态等级为8-10级,每10s增加1级,测试结果为前-后方向、左-右方向上的重心稳定指数（Stability Index,SI）,SI反映测试过程中人体重心偏离中心的距离,数值越小说明重心偏移距离越小;受试者在双侧在对比测试中,依次进行左右腿单脚站立测试,每种测试时间为15s,每种测试间隔时间为10 s,测试结果为前-后方向、左-右方向上的SI;受试者在CTSIB测试中依次进行睁眼硬地（FiEO）、闭眼硬地（FiEC）、睁眼软垫（FoEO）和闭眼软垫（FoEC）四种测试,每种测试时间为20s,每种测试间隔时间为5s。在整个测试过程中,受试者CVA不符合本次测试要求或双脚位置发生变化,则记为该次测试数据无效。实验设备:Biodex平衡测试系统。通过使用美国生产的Biodex Balance System SD动静态平衡测试训练系统（以下简称BBS）,记录受试者身体重心变化特征。测试流程:（1）受试者熟悉测试流程。（2）受试者光脚站立于测试平台,根据BBS测试系统提示信息轻微移动双脚或者单脚的位置,使屏幕上晃动的黑色圆心与靶心位置重合。（3）记录双脚站立位置,输入BBS测试系统。（4）受试者以自然站立姿势分别进行CTSIB测试、姿势稳定性测试和双侧对比测试,每种测试间休息3min。（5）自然站立姿势测试结束后,受试者休息10min。（6）受试者以头前倾站立姿势进行测试（测试过程同2、3、4测试过程）。测试数据处理与分析:（1）姿势稳定性测试:测试结果分别为重心综合稳定性指数（OSI）,重心在前-后方向上的稳定指数（APSI）,重心在左-右方向上的稳定指数（MLSI）,指数越小,说明稳定性越好。计算方法如下:综合稳定指数:OSI=√((Σ（0-X）+Σ（0-Y）)/n);前-后方向稳定指数:APSI=√((Σ（0-Y）)/n);左-右方向稳定指数:MLSI=√((Σ（0-X）)/n);X为受试者在冠状面活动幅度,Y为受试者在矢状面活动幅度,n为测试样本量。（2）双侧对比测试:测试结果为左腿和右腿分别在支撑时的OSI、APSI和MLSI,计算方法同上。（3）CTSIB测试:测试结果为身体在各方向上的重心摇摆指数（Sway Index）,结果越小说明重心摆动幅度越小。统计学分析:将BBS测试系统中测试结果导出至Excel 2019,并进行预处理。使用SPSS 21.0对数据进行统计分析,数据以平均值±标准差表示,采用Shapiro-Wilk检验分析测试结果数据的正态性,采用配对样本t检验对测试结果进行分析。所有统计图均使用Origin 2021绘制。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。研究结果:（1）姿势稳定性测试结果显示,与正常姿势相比,头部前倾活动状态下的APSI明显升高（P<0.05）,表明头部前倾活动明显加大了身体重心在矢状面的摇晃程度。（2）双侧对比测试结果显示,单足支撑时头部前倾与正常姿势相比,OSI和APSI均

关键词：头部活动平衡能力环节重心运动生物力学

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Clean Energy 2020年第4期4卷 328-348页

作者： Krzysztof Matuszny Tohid n.Borhani Seyed A.nabavi Dawid P.Hanak Energy and Power School of WaterEnergy and EnvironmentCranfield UniversityBedfordBedfordshireMK430ALUK School of Engineering and Physical Sciences Heriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH144ASUK

Combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP)systems are characterized by a substantially higher energy-utilization efficiency compared to standalone *** this study,an integrated system comprising a solid-oxide fuel cell(SOFC),hot-water storage tank(HWST)and absorption refrigeration(AR)cycle is *** SOFC model was developed in Aspen Plus®.It was used to determine the thermodynamic properties of the exhaust gas that was then used to provide heat for the HWST and to drive the AR *** models for the AR cycles were developed in Engineering Equation Solver,considering LiBr-H2O and nH3-H2O as working *** sensitivity analysis of a number of SOFC output parameters has been carried *** most optimal case was characterized with the coefficient of performance(COP)and CCHP efficiency of 0.806 and 85.2%for the LiBr-H2O system,and 0.649 and 83.6%for the nH3-H2O system,*** such optimal operating conditions,the SOFC was characterized by the net electrical efficiency of 57.5%and the net power output of 123.66 *** from the optimal solution were used to perform the thermodynamic study and sensitivity analysis to assess the influence of different absorption cycle operating conditions and to identify possible applications for the considered integrated systems.

关键词： solid-oxide fuel cell absorption refrigeration hot-water storage tank process integration tri-generation