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纤维光导支气管镜与麻醉

国外医学.麻醉学与复苏分册 1983年第3期04卷 166-169页

作者： watson cb 明安绍

自1968年柔韧可弯曲的纤维光导支气管镜(Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscope以下简称 FFB)用于胸外科以来,肺科和重危病房的医师逐渐认识到 FFB 对诊断和处理呼吸道问题所具有的潜力。麻醉医师虽首创直接窥视呼吸道给清醒病人进行鼻腔气... 详细信息

自1968年柔韧可弯曲的纤维光导支气管镜(Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscope以下简称 FFB)用于胸外科以来,肺科和重危病房的医师逐渐认识到 FFB 对诊断和处理呼吸道问题所具有的潜力。麻醉医师虽首创直接窥视呼吸道给清醒病人进行鼻腔气管插管,但是很少应用 FFB 协助麻醉操作。原因是可能对 FFB 还不够熟悉,此外,对少年儿童,FFB 的外径也太大。所以在手术室内往往只在插管很困难才选用纤维光导喉镜作为最后处理手段。多次用直接喉镜试插气管导管所引起的损伤和水肿,以及过多的呼吸道

关键词：纤维光导手术室开刀房支气管镜气管导管插管

Fast and Balanced Charge Transport Enabled by Solution-Processed Metal Oxide Layers for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

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Energy & Environmental Materials 2024年第2期7卷 240-248页

作者： Jing Zhang James Mcgettrick Kangyu Ji Jinxin Bi Thomas Webb Xueping Liu Dongtao Liu Aobo Ren Yuren Xiang Bowei Li Vlad Stolojan Trystan watson Samuel D.Stranks Wei Zhang Advanced Technology Institute(ATI) University of SurreyGuildfordSurrey GU27XHUK SPECIFIC College of EngineeringSwansea UniversityBay Campus SA18ENSwansea UK Cavendish Laboratory University of CambridgeJ JThomson AvenueCambridge CB30HEUK Department of Chemical Engineering&Biotechnology University of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridge CB30ASUK

Metal oxide charge transport materials are preferable for realizing long-term stable and potentially low-cost perovskite solar cells(PSCs).However,due to some technical difficulties(e.g.,intricate fabrication protocols,high-temperature heating process,incompatible solvents,etc.),it is still challenging to achieve efficient and reliable all-metal-oxide-based ***,we developed efficient inverted PSCs(IPSCs)based on solution-processed nickel oxide(NiO_(x))and tin oxide(SnO_(2))nanoparticles,working as hole and electron transport materials respectively,enabling a fast and balanced charge transfer for photogenerated charge *** further understanding and optimizing the perovskite/metal oxide interfaces,we have realized an outstanding power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 23.5%(the bandgap of the perovskite is 1.62 eV),which is the highest efficiency among IPSCs based on all-metal-oxide charge transport *** to these stable metal oxides and improved interface properties,ambient stability(retaining 95%of initial PCE after 1 month),thermal stability(retaining 80%of initial PCE after 2 weeks)and light stability(retaining 90%of initial PCE after 1000 hours aging)of resultant devices are enhanced *** addition,owing to the low-temperature fabrication procedures of the entire device,we have obtained a PCE of over 21%for flexible IPSCs with enhanced operational stability.

关键词： fast and balanced charge transfer inverted perovskite solar cells long-term stability low-temperature processing metal oxides

系统论、现象学与交叉学科研究——与剑桥大学史蒂文·沃特森的对话

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大学教育科学 2024年第2期 39-49页

作者：张丹 [英]史蒂文·沃特森洪其绿华东师范大学教育学部国际与比较教育研究所华东师范大学全纳教育研究中心上海200062 剑桥大学教育学院剑桥CB28PQ 英国伦敦政经学院伦敦WC2A 2AE

全球学术界日益关注大学教育与研究中的跨学科方法,逐步超越传统学科限制。通过整合社会系统理论和现象学,聚焦交叉学科与跨学科在认知、社会系统和学科关系等方面发挥的重要作用,可为多学科交叉与跨学科研究提供有力方法。卢曼的社会... 详细信息

全球学术界日益关注大学教育与研究中的跨学科方法,逐步超越传统学科限制。通过整合社会系统理论和现象学,聚焦交叉学科与跨学科在认知、社会系统和学科关系等方面发挥的重要作用,可为多学科交叉与跨学科研究提供有力方法。卢曼的社会系统理论重新定义学科,将其视为相互关联的子系统,为多学科交叉与跨学科提供框架;现象学专注主观性,为研究者理解复杂系统提供了开放的研究路径,与系统论相互契合,为交叉学科研究提供全面理解。然而,交叉学科发展面临学术环境转变的挑战,包括培养知识生成的共同精神、创造创新解决问题的环境,以及处理学科边界和学术奖励体系的制度问题。尽管面临挑战,整合社会系统理论和现象学方法在应对21世纪的挑战方面具有潜力,能为理解复杂现实问题提供新途径,为学术界和研究者在未知领域探索提供机遇,值得深入研究和发展。

关键词：系统论交叉学科跨学科研究现象学

Chemical Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols During Dust Storms over Xi'an in China

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2008年第5期25卷 847-855页

作者：李旭祥曹军骥 Judith CHOW 韩永明李顺诚 John watson Department of Environmental Science and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University Desert Research Institute Reno NV USA State Key Lab of Loess & Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols including CC （carbonate carbon）, OC （organic carbon）, and EC （elemental carbon） were investigated at Xi＇an, China, near Asian dust source regions in spring 2002. OC varied between 8.2 and 63.7μgm^- 3, while EC ranged between 2.4 and 17.2 μ m^-3 during the observation period. OC variations followed a similar pattern to EC and the correlation coefficient between OC and EC is 0.89 （n=31）. The average percentage of total carbon （TC, sum of CC, OC, and EC） in PM2.5 during dust storm （DS） events was 13.6%, which is lower than that during non-dust storm （NDS） periods （22.7%）. CC, OC, and EC accounted for 12.9%, 70.7%, and 16.4% of TC during DS events, respectively. The average ratio of OC/EC was 5.0 in DS events and 3.3 in NDS periods. The OC-EC correlation （R^2=0.76, n=6） was good in DS events, while it was stronger （R^2=0.90, n=25） in NDS periods. The percentage of watersoluble OC （WSOC） in TC accounted for 15.7%, and varied between 13.3% and 22.3% during DS events. The distribution of eight carbon fractions indicated that local emissions such as motor vehicle exhaust were the dominant contributors to carbonaceous particles. During DS events, soil dust dominated the chemical composition, contributing 69% to the PM2.5 mass, followed by organic matter （12.8%）, sulfate （4%）, EC （2.2%）, and chloride （1.6%）. Consequently, CC was mainly entrained by Asian dust. However, even in the atmosphere near Asian dust source regions, OC and EC in atmospheric dust were controlled by local emission rather titan the transport of Asian dust.

关键词： carbonate carbon organic carbon elemental carbon dust storm

MORPHOLOGY AND ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF DUSTFALL PARTICLES INSIDE EMPEROR QIN'S TERRA-COTTA WARRIORS AND HORSES MUSEUM

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China Particuology 2006年第6期4卷 346-351页

作者： Tafeng Hu Xuxiang Li Jungang Dong Bo Rong Zhenxing Shen Junji Cao Shun-Cheng Lee Judith C. Chow John G. watson Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China SKLLQG Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi'an 710075 China Emperor Qin's Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum Xi'an 710054 China Research Center of Urban Environmental Technology and Management Department of Civil and Structural Engineering Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong China Division of Atmospheric Sciences Desert Research Institute Nevada System of Higher Education Reno NV USA

Indoor dusffall samples were collected in Pit 1 and Pit 2 of Emperor Qin＇s Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum in Xi＇an, Shaanxi Province, China. The morphological and elemental analysis for long-term （〉10 years） and short-term （～0.5 year） dusffall particles and lacquer pieces on the faces of partly assembled warriors were performed with scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer （SEM/EDX）. The results showed that the majority of dusffall samples appeared to be composed of mineral dust particles, fly ash, and biological particles with different elemental compositions. Most of the mineral particles had irregular shapes with smooth edges. Small floccules of calcium sulfate were more frequently observed in long-term dusffall samples than in short-term samples, implying a progressive chemical reaction between continuous dusffall particles and atmospheric sulfur dioxide. Crystals of calcium sulfate were also found near pits on both inner and outer surfaces of lacquer pieces, revealing an acid chemical reaction between sulfur dioxide and lacquer material as the cause of the formation of erosion pits and cracks on surface of lacquer pieces.

关键词： indoor dusffall morphology elemental composition SEM/EDX

Transcriptional profile in response to ionizing radiation at low dose in Deinococcus radiodurans

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2007年第5期17卷 529-536页

作者： Chen Huan, Xu Zhenjian , Tian Bing , Chen Weiwei , Hu Songnian and Hua Yuejin (Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China James D. watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310008, China Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101300, China) Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310029 China James D. watson Institute of Genome Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310008 China Beijing Institute of Genomics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 101300 China

The genome-wide transcription profile of Deinococcus radiodurans cells was investigated after treatment with low dose irradiation (2 kGy). From the expression profile, we found that the process of DNA repair was induced in order, i.e. genes involved in base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair and single-strand annealing were induced immediately after ionizing radiation, and genes for recombination repair, including recA, recD and recQ were then activated. Especially, recD and recQ were specifically induced at low dose irradiation, and this phenomenon informed us that these two genes would play a certain role in anti-oxidation. Some genes such as ddrA and ssb were activated during the whole repair phase. Furthermore, the response of oxidative stress-related genes under low dose irradiation showed a different pattern from that of the acute high-level irradiation, many anti-oxidative genes were induced to scavenge reactive oxygen species directly, other associated systems also changed their expression patterns during the recovery time, such as iron metabolism systems, intracellular mutagenic precursors sanitize systems. These characteristics indicate that there is a powerful and orderly recovery process in Deinococcus radiodurans.

关键词： Deinococcus radiodurans microarry oxidative stress ionizing radiation.

秦始皇兵马俑博物馆室内含硫颗粒物的SEM-EDX研究

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中国科学院研究生院学报 2007年第5期24卷 564-570页

作者：胡塔峰曹军骥李旭祥董俊刚沈振兴 Shun-Cheng Lee Judith C.Chow John G.watson 容波西安交通大学环境科学与工程系西安710049 中国科学院地球环境研究所西安710075 香港理工大学土木与结构工程系美国沙漠研究所大气科学部秦始皇兵马俑博物馆西安710054

对秦始皇兵马俑博物馆室内采集的长短期降尘、大气悬浮颗粒物和彩绘漆层进行了SEM—EDX研究，在大气悬浮颗粒、短期和’长期降尘中，含硫颗粒的粒径分别为0．9～22．8μm、1．0～29．0μm和1．2～37．7μm，多为石膏与粘土或石英以内部... 详细信息

对秦始皇兵马俑博物馆室内采集的长短期降尘、大气悬浮颗粒物和彩绘漆层进行了SEM—EDX研究，在大气悬浮颗粒、短期和’长期降尘中，含硫颗粒的粒径分别为0．9～22．8μm、1．0～29．0μm和1．2～37．7μm，多为石膏与粘土或石英以内部混合的状态存在．降尘中附着型絮状硫酸钙的比例多于大气悬浮颗粒物，显示降尘和大气中二氧化硫发生了累进化学反应．在彩绘漆层表面的坑和裂隙附近观察到原位生长的硫酸钙晶体，显示漆层材料或降尘颗粒物与大气二氧化硫之间的酸化学反应，可能是彩绘漆层表面受侵蚀形成微小坑和裂隙的原因之一．

关键词：秦始皇兵马俑博物馆室内颗粒物含硫颗粒 SEM-EDX

ChatGPT与社会、教育和技术的纠缠进化——基于系统论视角

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中国教育信息化 2023年第9期29卷 12-20页

作者：史蒂芬·沃森乔纳森·罗米文森特·连恩袁莉英国剑桥大学教育学院英国剑桥CB12EW1 北京师范大学未来教育学院广东珠海519087

ChatGPT的深度学习算法能够对用户查询产生类似人类的回答,成为各种人工智能程序中最具有潜力的应用。然而,要想从理论的层面上解释ChatGPT,就必须从系统论着手。系统论将社会作为一个观察和观察者系统,并通过理论和实践获得其与社会中... 详细信息

ChatGPT的深度学习算法能够对用户查询产生类似人类的回答,成为各种人工智能程序中最具有潜力的应用。然而,要想从理论的层面上解释ChatGPT,就必须从系统论着手。系统论将社会作为一个观察和观察者系统,并通过理论和实践获得其与社会中其他自我调节系统相关知识,为理解社会发展提供新的视角;ChatGPT的流行叙述倾向于关注简单的乌托邦或反乌托邦观点,系统论为理解技术、执行环境和与之互动的个人之间复杂关系,提供一个有用的框架。据此,与其将ChatGPT视为内容生成器,不如将其更有益地理解为自动对话的辅助技术,教育部门可以更好地利用其潜力来改善沟通和教育成果;系统论方法强调社会、教育和技术的纠缠进化,ChatGPT应用为教育提供了新契机,使学习者能够变得更具包容性、更便捷、更有效,为学习者迎接快速变化的挑战做好准备;从系统论的角度研究ChatGPT,可以为技术在社会和教育中的作用和影响,提供更全面和精辟的分析,帮助人们对社会和教育中的技术进步,采取更精确和负责任的态度。

关键词： ChatGPT 系统论生成式人工智能教育技术深度学习

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