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Coping with the concurrent heatwaves and ozone extremes in China under a warming climate

SCIENCE BULLETIN 2024年第18期69卷 2938-2947页

作者： Li, Mengmeng Huang, Xin Yan, Dan Lai, Shiyi Zhang, Zihan Zhu, Lei Lu, Yuting Jiang, Xinyi wang, Nan wang, tijian Song, Yu Ding, Aijun Nanjing Univ Sch Atmospher Sci Nanjing 210023 Peoples R China Frontiers Sci Ctr Crit Earth Mat Cycling Nanjing 210023 Peoples R China Southern Univ Sci & Technol Sch Environm Sci & Engn Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China Guangdong Prov Observat & Res Stn Coastal Atmosphe Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China Sichuan Univ Coll Carbon Neutral Future Technol Chengdu 610044 Peoples R China Peking Univ Dept Environm Sci Beijing 100871 Peoples R China

Intensive human activity has brought about unprecedented climate and environmental crises, in which concurrent heatwaves and ozone extremes pose the most serious threats. However, a limited understanding of the comprehensive mechanism hinders our ability to mitigate such compound events, especially in densely populated regions like China. Here, based on field observations and climate-chemistry coupled modelling, we elucidate the linkage between human activities and the climate system in heat-related ozone pollution. In China, we have observed that both the frequency and intensity of heatwaves have almost tripled since the beginning of this century. Moreover, these heatwaves are becoming more common in urban clusters with serious ozone pollution. Persistent heatwaves during the extremely hot and dry summers of 2013 and 2022 accelerated photochemical ozone production by boosting anthropogenic and biogenic emissions, and aggravated ozone accumulation by suppressing dry deposition due to water-stressed vegetation, leading to a more than 30% increase in ozone pollution in China's urban areas. The sensitivity of ozone to heat is demonstrated to be substantially modulated by anthropogenic emissions, and China's clean air policy may have altered the relationship between ozone and temperature. Climate model projections further highlight that the high-emission climate-socioeconomic scenario tends to intensify the concurrent heat and ozone extremes in the next century. Our results underscore that the implementation of a strict emission strategy will significantly reduce the co-occurrence of heatwaves and ozone extremes, achieving climate and environmental co-benefits. (c) 2024 Science China Press. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science China Press. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

关键词： Heatwave Ozone Biogenic emission Dry deposition Ozone-temperature sensitivity DRY DEPOSITION AIR-QUALITY LAND-COVER HEAT WAVES EMISSIONS ISOPRENE SUMMER IMPACT TEMPERATURE FREQUENT

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Modeling heterogeneous chemical processes on aerosol surface

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Particuology 2010年第4期8卷 308-318页

作者： Junjun Deng tijian wang Li Liu Fei Jiang School of Atraospheric Sciences Nanjing University 22 Hankou Road Nanjing 210093 China Guizhou Institute of Mountainous Climate and Environment Guiyang 550002 China

To explore the possible impact of heterogeneous chemical processes on atmospheric trace components, a coupled box model including gas-phase chemical processes, aerosol thermodynamic equilibrium processes, and heterogeneous chemical processes on the surface of dust, black carbon （BC） and sea salt is set up to simulate the effects of heterogeneous chemistry on the aerosol surface, and analyze the primary factors affecting the heterogeneous processes. Results indicate that heterogeneous chemical processes on the aerosol surface in the atmosphere will affect the concentrations of trace gases such as H2O2, HO2, O3, NO2, NO3, HNO3 and SO2, and aerosols such as SO42-, NO3- and NH4＋. Sensitivity tests suggest that the magnitude of the impact of heterogeneous processes strongly depends on aerosol concentration and the surface uptake coefficients used in the box model. However, the impact of temperature on heterogeneous chemical processes is considerably less. The ＂renoxification＂ of HNO3 will affect the components of the troPosPhere such as nitrogen oxide and ozone.

关键词： Box model Dust BC Sea salt Heterogeneous chemistry

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Comparisons of Three-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation and Model Output Statistics in Improving Atmospheric Chemistry Forecasts

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2018年第7期35卷 813-825页

作者： Chaoqun MA tijian wang Zengliang ZANG Zhijin LI School of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China CMA-NJU Joint Laboratory for Climate Prediction Studies Nanjing 210023 China jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change Nanjing 210023 China Institute of Meteorology and Oceanography PLA University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210000 China Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering University of California Los Angeles 90001 California USA

Atmospheric chemistry models usually perform badly in forecasting wintertime air pollution because of their uncertainties. Generally, such uncertainties can be decreased effectively by techniques such as data assimilation（DA） and model output statistics（MOS）. However, the relative importance and combined effects of the two techniques have not been clarified. Here,a one-month air quality forecast with the Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry（WRF-Chem） model was carried out in a virtually operational setup focusing on Hebei Province, China. Meanwhile, three-dimensional variational（3 DVar） DA and MOS based on one-dimensional Kalman filtering were implemented separately and simultaneously to investigate their performance in improving the model forecast. Comparison with observations shows that the chemistry forecast with MOS outperforms that with 3 DVar DA, which could be seen in all the species tested over the whole 72 forecast hours. Combined use of both techniques does not guarantee a better forecast than MOS only, with the improvements and degradations being small and appearing rather randomly. Results indicate that the implementation of MOS is more suitable than 3 DVar DA in improving the operational forecasting ability of WRF-Chem.

关键词： data assimilation model output statistics WRF-Chem operational forecast

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Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Summer Climate in China

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2018年第2期32卷 279-287页

作者： Shu LI tijian wang Prodromos ZANIS Dimitris MELAS Bingliang ZHUANG School of Atmospheric Sciences CMA–NJU Joint Laboratory for Climate Prediction Studies Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change Nanjing University Department of Meteorology and Climatology School of Geology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics Department of Applied and Environmental Physics School of PhysicsAristotle University of Thessaloniki

The spatial distribution, radiative forcing, and climatic effects of tropospheric ozone in China during summer were investigated by using the regional climate model Reg CM4. The results revealed that the tropospheric ozone column concentration was high in East China, Central China, North China, and the Sichuan basin during summer. The increase in tropospheric ozone levels since the industrialization era produced clear-sky shortwave and clear-sky longwave radiative forcing of 0.18 and 0.71 W m^（–2）, respectively, which increased the average surface air temperature by 0.06 K and the average precipitation by 0.22 mm day^（–1） over eastern China during summer. In addition, tropospheric ozone increased the land–sea thermal contrast, leading to an enhancement of East Asian summer monsoon circulation over southern China and a weakening over northern China. The notable increase in surface air temperature in northwestern China, East China, and North China could be attributed to the absorption of longwave radiation by ozone, negative cloud amount anomaly, and corresponding positive shortwave radiation anomaly. There was a substantial increase in precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It was related to the enhanced upward motion and the increased water vapor brought by strengthened southerly winds in the lower troposphere.

关键词： tropospheric ozone China East Asian summer monsoon radiative forcing climatic effects

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Methane emissions from terrestrial plants over China and their effects on methane concentrations in lower troposphere

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2009年第2期54卷 304-310页

作者： XIE Min LI Shu JIANG Fei wang tijian Department of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China

Methane (CH4) is the most important greenhouse gas and reactive trace gas in the atmosphere. Recently, it has been reported that terrestrial plants can emit CH4 under aerobic conditions, which may call for reevaluation of the inventory of CH4 emissions in China. In this paper, those emissions over China and their effects on CH4 concentrations in lower troposphere were investigated. Firstly, based on the work of Keppler et al., the aerobic plant CH4 emission model (PLANTCH4) for China was established. And by using the database of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from NOAA/ AVHRR, the distribution of net primary productivity (NPP) over China was simulated, and thereby, for the first time, the amount and distribution of the newly identified source in China were estimated. Secondly, with the aid of the three-dimensional atmospheric chemistry model system (MM5-CALGRID), the effects of the emissions were studied. The results show that the annual aerobic plant CH4 emissions over China amount to 11.83 Tg, i.e. nearly 24% of Chinese total CH4 emissions. And the major fraction (about 43%) comes from forests. When those emissions are considered in modeling, computed countrywide mean surface concentration of CH4 is 29.9% higher than without them, with a maximum increase of 69.61 μg·m-3 in the south of Yunnan Province. In conclusion, to study CH4 emissions from terrestrial plants over China may have important implications for correctly estimating the contribution of China to global CH4 budget, and may call for a reconsideration of the role of CH4 in global and regional environment and climate change.

关键词：环境污染大气污染甲烷治理技术

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Simulation of Non-Homogeneous CO2 and Its Impact on Regional Temperature in East Asia

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2018年第3期32卷 456-468页

作者： Xiaodong XIE Xiaoxian HUANG tijian wang Mengmeng LI Shu LI Pulong CHEN School of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023 College of Plant Science&Technology Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070 Joint Laboratory for Climate Prediction Studies of China Meteorological Administration and Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change of Jiangsu Province Nanjing 210023-

Carbon dioxide(CO2) is an important greenhouse gas that influences regional climate through disturbing the earth’s energy balance. The CO2concentrations are usually prescribed homogenously in most climate models and the spatiotemporal variations of CO2are neglected. To address this issue,a regional climate model(RegCM4) is modified to investigate the non-homogeneous distribution of CO2and its effects on regional longwave radiation flux and temperature in East Asia. One-year simulation is performed with prescribed surface CO2fluxes that include fossil fuel emission, biomass burning, air-sea exchange, and terrestrial biosphere flux. Two numerical experiments(one using constant prescribed CO2concentrations in the radiation scheme and the other using the simulated CO2concentrations that are spatially non-homogeneous) are conducted to assess the impact of non-homogeneous CO2on the regional longwave radiation flux and temperature. Comparison of CO2concentrations from the model with the observations from the GLOBALVIEW-CO2network suggests that the model can well capture the spatiotemporal patterns of CO2concentrations. Generally, high CO2mixing ratios appear in the heavily industrialized eastern China in cold seasons, which probably relates to intensive human activities. The accommodation of non-homogeneous CO2concentrations in the radiative transfer scheme leads to an annual mean change of -0.12 W m-2in total sky surface upward longwave flux in East Asia. The experiment with non-homogeneous CO2tends to yield a warmer lower *** temperature exhibits a maximum difference in summertime, ranging from -4.18 K to 3.88 K, when compared to its homogeneous counterpart. Our results indicate that the spatial and temporal distributions of CO2have a considerable impact on regional longwave radiation flux and temperature, and should be taken into account in future climate modeling.

关键词： CO2 concentrations heterogeneity longwave flux temperature East Asia

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Study on the assimilation of the sulphate reaction rates based on WRF-Chem/DART

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第10期66卷 2239-2253页

作者： Congwu HUANG Chaoqun MA tijian wang Yawei QU Mengmeng LI Shu LI Bingliang ZHUANG Min XIE Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science Hubei UniversityWuhan430062China School of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing UniversityNanjing210023China College of Intelligent Science and Control Engineering Jinling Institute of TechnologyNanjing211169China

Sulphate(SO_(4)^(2-))is a main component of PM_(2.5)in *** chemical formation mechanisms of sulphate are complex,and many air quality models have been used to analyse these *** improve the accuracy of Weather Research Forecast-Chemistry(WRF-Chem)on sulphate,an alternative method is proposed in this ***,data assimilation is performed to adjust the chemical reaction rates of *** on the original reactions,a new sulphate parameterisation scheme,which includes two hypothetical reactions and six undetermined parameters,was *** on the WRF-Chem/DART(Data Assistance Research Testbed)system,the near-ground concentrations of SO_(4)^(2-),SO_(2),NO_(2),O_(3)and particulate matter are assimilated to adjust the six *** adjusting the parameters,the new scheme can effectively solve the underestimation of SO_(4)^(2-)and overestimation of SO_(2).The simulation of SO_(4)^(2-)improved as the mean bias changed from-13.1μg m^(-3)to 3.5μg m^(-3)while SO_(2)improved from 17.0μg m^(-3)to 6.3μg m^(-3).The temporal and spatial variation characteristics predicted by the new scheme are consistent with the theoretical research results,indicating that the complex mechanism of sulphate formation could be replaced by the temporal and spatial variation characteristics predicted by the new scheme and that the parameters can be adjusted by data ***,the reaction rates of the SO_(4)^(2-)parameterisation scheme of the WRF-Chem model are improved in this study,and a new method for improving the accuracy of the air quality model is provided.

关键词： Sulphate Chemical reaction rate WRF-Chem/DART Data assimilation Air quality forecast

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Updated Simulation of Tropospheric Ozone and Its Radiative Forcing over the Globe and China Based on a Newly Developed Chemistry–Climate Model

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2022年第4期36卷 553-573页

作者： Qi AN Hua ZHANG Shuyun ZHAO tijian wang Qianxia LIU Zaizhi wang Sunling GONG Bing XIE Yi LIU Institute of Urban Meteorology China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100089 State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 Department of Atmospheric Science School of Environmental StudiesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074 School of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023 CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Center China Meteorological Administration(CMA)Beijing 100081 Key Laboratory for Climate Studies National Climate CenterChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 Carbon Neutrality Research Center Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029

This study evaluates the performance of a newly developed atmospheric chemistry–climate model,BCCAGCM_CUACE2.0(Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model_China Meteorological Administration Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment)model,for determining past(2010)and future(2050)tropospheric ozone(O_(3))*** radiative forcing(RF),effective radiative forcing(ERF),and rapid adjustments(RAs,both atmospheric and cloud)due to changes in tropospheric O_(3)are then simulated by using the *** results show that the model reproduces the tropospheric O_(3)distribution and the seasonal changes in O_(3)surface concentration in 2010 reasonably compared with site observations throughout *** global annual mean burden of tropospheric O_(3)is simulated to have increased by 14.1 DU in 2010 relative to pre-industrial time,particularly in the Northern *** the same period,tropospheric O_(3)burden has increased by 21.1 DU in China,with the largest increase occurring over Southeast *** the simulated tropospheric O_(3)burden exhibits a declining trend in global mean in the future,it increases over South Asia and Africa,according to the Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP)4.5 and 8.5 *** global annual mean ERF of tropospheric O_(3)is estimated to be 0.25 W m^(−2)in 1850−2010,and it is 0.50 W m^(−2)over *** corresponding atmospheric and cloud RAs caused by the increase of tropospheric O_(3)are estimated to be 0.02 and 0.03 W m^(−2),*** the RCP2.6,RCP4.5,RCP6.0,and RCP8.5 scenarios,the annual mean tropospheric O_(3)ERFs are projected to be 0.29(0.24),0.18(0.32),0.23(0.32),and 0.25(0.01)W m^(−2)over the globe(China),respectively.

关键词： tropospheric ozone effective radiative forcing rapid adjustments

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Influence of Atmospheric Particulate Matter on Ozone in Nanjing,China:Observational Study and Mechanistic Analysis

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2018年第11期35卷 1381-1395页

作者： Yawei QU tijian wang Yanfeng CAI Shekou wang Pulong CHEN Shu LI Mengmeng LI Cheng YUAN Jing wang Shaocai XU School of Atmospheric Sciences CMA-NJU Joint Laboratory for Climate Prediction StudiesJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate ChangeNanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China Guangdong Electric Power Design Institution Co. Ltd.of China Energy Engineering GroupGuangzhou 510663China Jiangsu Academy of Environmental Industry and Technology Crop Nanjing 210036China Qingdao Environmental Monitoring Center Qingdao 266003China

Particulate matter with diameters of 2.5 μm or smaller(PM_(2.5)) and ozone(O_3) are major pollutants in the urban atmosphere. PM_(2.5) can affect O_3 by altering the photolysis rate and heterogeneous reactions. However, these two processes and their relative importance remain uncertain. In this paper, with Nanjing in China as the target city, we investigate the characteristics and mechanism of interactions between particles and O_3 based on ground observations and numerical *** 2008, the average concentrations of PM_(2.5) and O_3 at Caochangmen station are 64.6 ± 47.4 μg m^(-3) and 24.6 ± 22.8 ppb,respectively, while at Pukou station they are 94.1 ± 63.4 μg m^(-3) and 16.9 ± 14.9 ppb. The correlation coefficient between PM_(2.5) and O_3 is -0.46. In order to understand the reaction between PM_(2.5) and O_3, we construct a box model, in which an aerosol optical property model, ultraviolet radiation model, gas phase chemistry model, and heterogeneous chemistry model,are coupled. The model is employed to investigate the relative contribution of the aforementioned two processes, which vary under different particle concentrations, scattering capability and VOCs/NOxratios(VOCs: volatile organic compounds;NOx: nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide). Generally, photolysis rate effect can cause a greater O_3 reduction when the particle concentrations are higher, while heterogeneous reactions dominate O_3 reduction with low-level particle ***, in typical VOC-sensitive regions, O_3 can even be increased by heterogeneous reactions. In Nanjing, both processes lead to O_3 reduction, and photolysis rate effect is dominant. Our study underscores the importance of photolysis rate effect and heterogeneous reactions for O_3, and such interaction processes should be fully considered in future atmospheric chemistry modeling.

关键词： PM ozone photolysis heterogeneous reaction Nanjing urban atmosphere

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INVESTIGATIONS OF MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING TROPOSPHERIC NITRATE AEROSOL USING A COUPLING MODEL

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China Particuology 2006年第6期4卷 336-341页

作者： tijian wang Shu Li Fei Jiang Lijie Gao Department of Atmospheric Science Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China State Key Laboratory of Soil and Agriculture Sustainable Development Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry Institute of Atmospheric Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China

Factors affecting tropospheric nitrate aerosol formation were investigated through a number of sensitivity studies using the thermodynamic equilibrium model ISORROPIA and the condensed gas-phase chemistry model. Results indicate that the equilibrium concentration of nitrate aerosol varies with solar zenith angle, air temperature, relative humidity, initial SO2 concentration, initial NO2 concentration and initial NH3 concentration. NH3 concentration and solar zenith angle play the most important roles, followed by relative humidity and NO2 concentration. It seems that the relations between nitrate aerosol and these four factors, as well as air temperature, are strong and highly nonlinear due to the coupling effect. The influence of SO2 concentration on nitrate aerosol is near-linear and weak.

关键词： nitrate aerosol troposphere thermodynamic equilibrium model

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