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Low-dose morphine elicits ventilatory excitant and depressant responses in conscious rats: Role of peripheral <i>µ</i>-opioid receptors

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Open j.urnal of Molecular and Integrative Physiology 2013年第3期3卷 111-124页

作者： Fraser Henderson j.. walter j. may Ryan B. Gruber Alex P. Young Lisa A. Palmer Benj.min Gaston Stephen j. Lewis Pediatric Respiratory Medicine University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville USA Division of Biology Galleon Pharmaceuticals Horsham USA Department of Pediatrics Case Western Reserve University Cleveland USA

The systemic administration of morphine affects ventilation via a mixture of central and peripheral actions. The aims of this study were to characterize the ventilatory responses elicited by a low dose of morphine in conscious rats;to determine whether tolerance develops to these responses;and to determine the potential roles of peripheral μ-opioid receptors (μ-ORs) in these responses. Ventilatory parameters were monitored via unrestrained whole-body plethysmography. Conscious male Sprague-Dawley rats received an intravenous inj.ction of vehicle or the peripherally-restricted μ-OR antagonist, naloxone methiodide (NLXmi), and then three successive inj.ctions of morphine (1 mg/kg) given 30 min apart. The first inj.ction of morphine in vehicle-treated rats elicited an array of ventilatory excitant (i.e., increases in frequency of breathing, minute volume, respiratory drive, peak inspiratory and expiratory flows, accompanied by decreases in inspiratory time and end inspiratory pause) and inhibitory (i.e., a decrease in tidal volume and an increase in expiratory time) responses. Subsequent inj.ctions of morphine elicited progressively and substantially smaller responses. The pattern of ventilatory responses elicited by the first inj.ction of morphine was substantially affected by pretreatment with NLXmi whereas NLXmi minimally affected the development of tolerance to these responses. Low-dose morphine elicits an array of ventilatory excitant and depressant effects in conscious rats that are subj.ct to the development of tolerance. Many of these initial actions of morphine appear to involve activation of peripheral μ-ORs whereas the development of tolerance to these responses does not.

关键词： Morphine Minute Ventilation Tolerance Peripheral and Central Opioid Receptors Conscious Rats

Morphine has latent deleterious effects on the ventilatory responses to a hypoxic challenge

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Open j.urnal of Molecular and Integrative Physiology 2013年第3期3卷 166-180页

作者： walter j. may Ryan B. Gruber j.seph F. Discala Velj.o Puskovic Fraser Henderson j.. Lisa A. Palmer Stephen j. Lewis Pediatric Respiratory Medicine University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville USA Division of Biology Galleon Pharmaceuticals Horsham USA

The aim of this study was to determine whether morphine depresses the ventilatory responses elicited by a hypoxic challenge (10% O2, 90% N2) in conscious rats at a time when the effects of morphine on arterial blood gas (ABG) chemistry, Alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient and minute ventilation (Vm) had completely subsided. In vehicle-treated rats, each episode of hypoxia stimulated ventilatory function and the responses generally subsided during each normoxic period. Morphine (5 mg/kg, i.v.) induced an array of depressant effects on ABG chemistry, A-a gradient and Vm (via decreases in tidal volume). Despite resolution of these morphine-induced effects, the first episode of hypoxia elicited substantially smaller increases in Vm than in vehicle-treated rats, due mainly to smaller increases in frequency of breathing. The pattern of ventilatory responses during subsequent episodes of hypoxia and normoxia changed substantially in morphine-treated rats. It is evident that morphine haslatent deleterious effects on ventilatory responses elicited by hypoxic challenge.

关键词： Morphine Hypoxia Minute Ventilation Arterial Blood Gas Chemistry Conscious Rats

Importance of timely and adequate source control in sepsis and septic shock

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j.urnal of Intensive Medicine 2024年第3期4卷 281-286页

作者： j.n j.De Waele Department of Intensive Care Medicine Ghent University HospitalGhentBelgium Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium

Source control is defined as the physical measures undertaken to eliminate the source of infection and control ongoing contamination, as well as restore anatomy and function at the site of infection. It is a key component of the management of patients with sepsis and septic shock and one of the main determinants of the outcome of infections that require source control. While not all infections may require source control, it should be considered in every patient presenting with sepsis;it is applicable and necessary in numerous infections, not only those occurring in the abdominal cavity. Although the biological rationale is clear, several aspects of source control remain under debate. The timing of source control may impact outcome;early source control is particularly relevant for patients with abdominal infections or necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections, as well as for those with more severe disease. Percutaneous procedures are increasingly used for source control;nevertheless, surgery—tailored to the patient and infection—remains a valid option for source control. For outcome optimization, adequate source control is more important than the strategy used. It should be acknowledged that source control interventions may often fail, posing a challenge in this setting. Thus, an individualized, multidisciplinary approach tailored to the infection and patient is preferable.

关键词： Sepsis Septic shock Source control Drainage Debridement

Evaluating the Effects of Graviton Redshift upon Spiral Galaxy Rotation Curves, Surface Brightness Magnitudes and Gravitational Lensing

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j.urnal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2024年第3期10卷 967-985页

作者： Firmin j. Oliveira East Asian Observatory James Clerk Maxwell Submillimetre Telescope Hilo USA

The effects of the gravitational redshift of gravitons upon spiral galaxy rotation energy are compared to the standard mass to light analyses in obtaining rotation curves. The derivation of the total baryonic matter compares well with the standard theory and the rotation velocity is matched to a high precision. The stellar mass distributions obtained from the fit with graviton energy loss are used to derive the surface brightness magnitudes for the galaxies, which agree well with the observed measurements. In a new field of investigation, the graviton theory is applied to the observations of gravitational lenses. The results of these applications of the theory suggest that it can augment the standard methods and may eliminate the need for dark matter.

关键词： Gravitons Gravitational Redshift Surface Brightness Gravitational Lens Lens Mass

Fresnel Equations Derived Using a Non-Local Hidden-Variable Particle Theory

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j.urnal of Modern Physics 2024年第6期15卷 950-984页

作者： Dirk j. Pons Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand

Problem: The Fresnel equations describe the proportions of reflected and transmitted light from a surface, and are conventionally derived from wave theory continuum mechanics. Particle-based derivations of the Fresnel equations appear not to exist. Approach: The obj.ctive of this work was to derive the basic optical laws from first principles from a particle basis. The particle model used was the Cordus theory, a type of non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) theory that predicts specific substructures to the photon and other particles. Findings: The theory explains the origin of the orthogonal electrostatic and magnetic fields, and re-derives the refraction and reflection laws including Snell’s law and critical angle, and the Fresnel equations for s and p-polarisation. These formulations are identical to those produced by electromagnetic wave theory. Contribution: The work provides a comprehensive derivation and physical explanation of the basic optical laws, which appears not to have previously been shown from a particle basis. Implications: The primary implications are for suggesting routes for the theoretical advancement of fundamental physics. The Cordus NLHV particle theory explains optical phenomena, yet it also explains other physical phenomena including some otherwise only accessible through quantum mechanics (such as the electron spin g-factor) and general relativity (including the Lorentz and relativistic Doppler). It also provides solutions for phenomena of unknown causation, such as asymmetrical baryogenesis, unification of the interactions, and reasons for nuclide stability/instability. Consequently, the implication is that NLHV theories have the potential to represent a deeper physics that may underpin and unify quantum mechanics, general relativity, and wave theory.

关键词： Wave-Particle Duality Optical Law Fresnel Equation Non-Local Hidden-Variable

An Analysis of Specific Categories of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities for Children of Participants of the Air Force Health Study

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Open j.urnal of Epidemiology 2024年第2期14卷 312-330页

作者： George j. Knafl School of Nursing University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA

Background: The Air Force Health Study collected reproductive outcomes for live-born children of male Air Force veterans of the Vietnam War. Methods: Dioxin values for participants were obtained from blood samples. Analyses were conducted of occurrence of 16 specific categories of birth defects and developmental disabilities. Children were categorized as conceived before and after the start of participants’ Vietnam War service. Children conceived before the start of Vietnam War service were treated as being conceived when their fathers had unquantifiable dioxin values. Children conceived after the start of Vietnam War service for participants with missing dioxin values were excluded from primary analyses, but were used to assess the impact of their exclusion on conclusions. Correlation between values for specific categories for multiple children fathered by the same participant was accounted for. The dose-response relationship was treated as a step function increasing for dioxin values larger than adaptively identified individual thresholds changing with the specific category. Results: For 15 of 16 specific categories, the probability of occurrence increased substantially for a sufficiently high dioxin level above identified thresholds. Exclusion of children due to missing dioxin likely did not affect these results. Conclusions: Results supported the conclusion of substantial adverse effects on a wide variety of specific categories of birth defects and developmental disabilities due to sufficiently high exposures to dioxin, a toxic contaminant of Agent Orange used for herbicide spraying in the Vietnam War. Results may hold more generally, but might also have been affected by a variety of limitations.

关键词： Agent Orange Air Force Health Study Birth Defects Developmental Disabilities Dioxin Dose-Response Relationship Vietnam War

RETRACTED: Nuclear Structure Study of Odd-Odd Yttrium Nuclei within Interacting-Boson Fermi-Fermion Model (IBFFM)

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j.urnal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2024年第6期12卷 2020-2031页

作者： Afrah j. Mohaisen Saad N. Abood Physics Department College of Science Al-Nahrain University Baghdad Iraq

Short Retraction NoticeThe paper does not meet the standards of "j.urnal of Applied Mathematics and Physics". This article has been retracted to straighten the academic record. In making this decision the Editorial Board follows COPE's Retraction Guidelines. The aim is to promote the circulation of scientific research by offering an ideal research publication platform with due consideration of internationally accepted standards on publication ethics. The Editorial Board would like to extend its sincere apologies for any inconvenience this retraction may have *** guiding this retraction: Prof. Wen-Xiu Ma (EiC of j.MP)The full retraction notice in PDF is preceding the original paper, which is marked "RETRACTED".

关键词： Nuclear Structure Yttrium Nuclei Interacting Boson-Fermion Model Energy Spectra Electromagnetic Transition Rates

Storing Freshwater Versus Storing Electricity in Power Systems with High Freshwater Electric Demand

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j.urnal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2024年第2期12卷 323-333页

作者： Mubarak j.Al-Mubarak Antonio j.Conej. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA Department of Electrical Engineering Kuwait UniversityP.O.Box 5969Safat 13060Kuwait Department of Integrated Systems Engineering and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA IEEE

We consider a power system whose electric demand pertaining to freshwater production is high(high freshwater electric demand),as in the Middle East,and investigate the tradeoff of storing freshwater in tanks versus storing electricity in batteries at the day-ahead operation *** storing freshwater and storing electricity increase the actual electric demand at valley hours and decrease it at peak hours,which is generally beneficial in term of cost and ***,to what extent?We analyze this question considering three power systems with different generation-mix configurations,i.e.,a thermal-dominated mix,a renewable-dominated one,and a fully renewable *** generation-mix configurations are inspired by how power systems may evolve in different countries in the Middle *** production uncertainty is compactly modeled using chance *** draw conclusions on how both storage facilities(freshwater and electricity)complement each other to render an optimal operation of the power system.

关键词： Power system operation freshwater production and transportation coordination day-ahead scheduling

Long-term olfactory loss post-COVID-19:Pathobiology and potential therapeutic strategies

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World j.urnal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2024年第2期10卷 148-155页

作者： Sarah Kim j.hn B.Finlay Tiffany Ko Bradley j.Goldstein Department of Head and Neck Surgery&Communication Sciences Duke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA Medical Scientist Training Program Duke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA Department of Neurobiology Duke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA

An acute loss of smell emerged as a striking symptom present in roughly half of the people infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)virus in the early phases of the COVID-19 *** most COVID-19 patients,olfaction recovers over the course of a few ***,a lasting partial or complete loss of smell,often associated with distorted olfactory perceptions termed parosmia,has emerged as a widespread problem impacting at least 5%-10%of those who experience anosmia due to *** inability to offer effective therapies to this hyposmic or anosmic population,comprising millions of patients,highlights an enormous unmet need for the medical ***,we summarize the current understanding of the pathobiology causing acute olfactory loss due to SARS-CoV-2 infection,focusing on how the virus interacts with the peripheral olfactory system,a maj.r site of viral *** also explore the problem of long-COVID olfactory dysfunction,which may accompany other persistent systemic disorders collectively termed postacute sequelae of ***,we discuss an emerging model focused on unresolved immune cell activity driving ongoing ***,we review current and future therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring olfactory function.

关键词： hyposmia inflammation long-COVID parosmia