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Perspectives on geospatial information science education:an example of urban planners in Southern Africa

Geo-Spatial Information Science 2017年第2期20卷 201-208页

作者： walter Musakwa Department of Town and Regional Planning University of JohannesburgDoornfontein CampusJohannesburgSouth Africa

Since the introduction of geographic information systems(GIS)in the 1960s,it has evolved tremendously to an extent that it permeates our daily ***,GIS usage started in the developed countries and now increasingly filtered to developing *** town planning profession was one of the early adopters of *** information is a useful source of data that is needed in urban *** these days of the New Urban Agenda 2030,smart cities are even more required from planners in using geospatial information to face urban challenges such as sustainable urban development and climate *** GIS has promised a lot for urban planning,it has not reached its full ***,many studies have focused on developed countries with limited studies on geospatial information application in municipalities and GIS education from a perspective of developing *** this study,a survey on the usage of geospatial information science(GSIS)in two cities,namely Bulawayo in Zimbabwe and Ekurhuleni in South Africa,was conducted,and an overview of the state of GIS curricula in planning schools is *** results indicate that considerable progress has been made in the application of geospatial information in municipal planning;however,there are impediments limiting the full utilization of geospatial information in local *** impediments include:inadequate GIS curricula in planning schools,lack of resources,and lack of political *** challenges manifest differently in well-resourced municipalities and those with limited *** study proposes planning-relevant GIS curricula to improve the level of GIS use in planning practice.

关键词： Geospatial information science(GSIS) geographic information systems(GIS) urban planning developing countries GIS education municipalities southern africa

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Dualities in comparison theorems and bundle-valued generalized harmonic forms on noncompact manifolds

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Science China Mathematics 2021年第7期64卷 1649-1702页

作者： Shihshu walter Wei Department of Mathematics University of OklahomaNormanOK 73019USA

We observe,utilize dualities in differential equations and differential inequalities(see Theorem 2.1),dualities between comparison theorems in differential equations(see Theorems E and 2.2),and obtain dualities in"swapping"comparison theorems in differential *** dualities generate comparison theorems on differential equations of mixed typesⅠandⅡ(see Theorems 2.3 and 2.4)and lead to comparison theorems in Riemannian geometry(see Theorems 2.5 and 2.8)with analytic,geometric,PDE's and physical *** particular,we prove Hessian comparison theorems(see Theorems 3.1-3.5)and Laplacian comparison theorems(see Theorems 2.6,2.7 and 3.1-3.5)under varied radial Ricci curvature,radial curvature,Ricci curvature and sectional curvature assumptions,generalizing and extending the work of Han-Li-Ren-Wei(2014)and Wei(2016).We also extend the notion of function or differential form growth to bundle-valued differential form growth of various types and discuss their interrelationship(see Theorem 5.4).These provide tools in extending the notion,integrability and decomposition of generalized harmonic forms to those of bundle-valued generalized harmonic forms,introducing Condition W for bundle-valued differential forms,and proving the duality theorem and the unity theorem,generalizing the work of Andreotti and Vesentini(1965)and Wei(2020).We then apply Hessian and Laplacian comparison theorems to obtain comparison theorems in mean curvature,generalized sharp Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg type inequalities on Riemannian manifolds,the embedding theorem for weighted Sobolev spaces of functions on manifolds,geometric differential-integral inequalities,generalized sharp Hardy type inequalities on Riemannian manifolds,monotonicity formulas and vanishing theorems for differential forms of degree k with values in vector bundles,such as F-Yang-Mills fields(when F is the identity map,they are Yang-Mills fields),generalized Yang-Mills-Born-Infeld fields on manifolds,Liouville type th

关键词： radial curvature Hessian Laplacian Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg inequality F-harmonic map F-Yang-Mills field

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Water transport to the core–mantle boundary

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National Science Review 2021年第4期8卷 13-16页

作者： Michael J.walter Earth and Planets Laboratory Carnegie Institution for Science

Water can have remarkable effects when exposed to rocks at high pressures and temperatures. It can form new minerals with unique properties and often profoundly affects the physical, transport and rheological properti... 详细信息

关键词： STABILITY H2O

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Kohn-Sham Density Matrix and the Kernel Energy Method

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物理化学学报 2018年第6期34卷 656-661页

作者： POLKOSNIK walter MASSA Lou The Graduate Center of the City University of New York Physics Department 365 5th Avenue New York NY 10016 USA. Hunter College of the City University of New York Chemistry Department 695 Park Avenue New York NY 10065 USA. The Graduate C

The kernel energy method(KEM) has been shown to provide fast and accurate molecular energy calculations for molecules at their equilibrium *** breaks a molecule into smaller subsets,called kernels,for the purposes of *** results from the kernels are summed according to an expression characteristic of KEM to obtain the full molecule energy.A generalization of the kernel expansion to density matrices provides the full molecule density matrix and *** this study,the kernel expansion for the density matrix is examined in the context of density functional theory(DFT) Kohn-Sham(KS) calculations.A kernel expansion for the one-body density matrix analogous to the kernel expansion for energy is defined,and is then converted into a normalizedprojector by using the Clinton *** normalized projectors are factorizable into linear combination of atomic orbitals(LCAO) matrices that deliver full-molecule Kohn-Sham molecular orbitals in the atomic orbital *** straightforward KEM energies and energies from a normalized,idempotent density matrix obtained from a density matrix kernel expansion to which the Clinton algorithm has been applied are compared to reference energies obtained from calculations on the full system without any kernel *** were performed both for a simple proof-of-concept system consisting of three atoms in a linear configuration and for a water cluster consisting of twelve water *** the case of the proof-of-concept system,calculations were performed using the STO-3 G and6-31 G(d,p) bases over a range of atomic separations,some very far from *** water cluster was calculated in the 6-31 G(d,p) basis at an equilibrium *** normalized projector density energies are more accurate than the straightforward KEM energy results in nearly all *** the case of the water cluster,the energy of the normalized projector is approximately four times more accurate than the straightforwa

关键词： Kohn Sham density matrix Kernel energy method N-representability Quantum crystallography Watercluster

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BOUNDARY CONTROL OF TWO PDE'S SEPARATED BY INTERFACE CONDITIONS

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Journal of Systems Science & Complexity 2010年第3期23卷 431-437页

作者： Orazio ARENA walter LITTMAN Dipartimento di Matematica e Applicazioni per l'Architettura Universit di Firenze School of Mathematics University of Minnesota Minneapolis

This paper discusses the null boundary controllability of two PDE's,modeling a compositesolid with different physical properties in each *** conditions are imposed.

关键词： Heat equation interface condition null boundary control Schroinger equation.

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Experimental and calculated liquid-liquid interfacial tension in demixing metal alloys

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Rare Metals 2006年第5期25卷 452-456页

作者： walter Hoyer Ivan Kaban Institute of Physics Chemnitz University of Technology D-09107 ChemnitzGermany

Liquid-liquid interracial tension in binary and temary Al-based monotectic systems has been determined experimentally with a tensiometric method in a wide temperature interval. The temperature dependence of the interfacial tension is well described by a power law function of the type σαβ - （1 - T/Tc）δ with the critical exponent δ= 1.3 and a critical temperature Tc. Theoretical models describing the liquid-liquid interface in monotectic alloys and their applicability for calculation of the interfacial tension and its temperature dependence in binary systems are considered.

关键词： immiscible systems Al-based alloys interracial tension

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Here comes the sun:How optimization of photosynthetic light reactions can boost crop yields

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2022年第2期64卷 564-591页

作者： Julia walter Johannes Kromdijk Department of Plant Sciences University of CambridgeCambridgeCB23EA UK Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIllinois61801 USA

Photosynthesis started to evolve some 3.5 billion years ago CO;is the substrate for photosynthesis and in the past 200-250 years,atmospheric levels have approximately doubled due to human industrial ***,this time span is not sufficient for adaptation mechanisms of photosynthesis to be evolutionarily *** increases in human population,shortage of arable land and food,and climate change call for actions,*** to substantial research efforts and advances in the last century,basic knowledge of photosynthetic and primary metabolic processes can now be translated into strategies to optimize photosynthesis to its full potential in order to improve crop yields and food supply for the *** different approaches have been proposed in recent years,some of which have already proven successful in different crop ***,we summarize recent advances on modifications of the complex network of photosynthetic light *** are the starting point of all biomass production and supply the energy equivalents necessary for downstream processes as well as the oxygen we breathe.

关键词： bioengineering crop improvement electron transfer light reactions photosynthesis photosystem stress tolerance

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Mobile GIS occupancy audit of Ulana informal settlement in Ekurhuleni municipality, South Africa

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Geo-Spatial Information Science 2018年第4期21卷 322-330页

作者： Baleseng Tlholohelo Mokoena walter Musakwa Department of Town and Regional Planning University of JohannesburgDoornfonteinSouth Africa

Relocating people in informal settlements and upgrading the lives of those people requireconsistent commitment, good strategies, and supporting systems. In South Africa, in order toallocate subsidized housing to beneficiaries of an informal settlement, beneficiary administration needs to determine the number of people who qualify for subsidized houses. Withoutgeo-spatial data-based technical verification, conventional methods of occupancy audits areoften cumbersome, are unreliable, and do not promote smart and evidence-based decisionmaking. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to propose and develop an Oracle-based mobileGIS tool to conduct an occupancy audit for Ulana, an informal settlement in EkurhuleniMunicipality in South Africa. Android-based tablets were used to collect the geographicand socio-economic attributes of the informal dwelling units (DU). Spatial analysis (inArcGIS software and geo-spatial modeling environment) and statistical analysis were conducted to produce the occupancy audit. The results indicated that the use of mobile GISprovides up-to-date, accurate, comprehensive, and real-time data so as to facilitate thedevelopment of smart and integrated human settlements. The results of this audit alsoindicated that only 57% of the households residing in Ulana could potentially benefit fromreceiving a subsidized house. Accordingly, the occupancy audit enables planners to planappropriate upgrading and housing development strategies for informal settlement. Thisstudy demonstrates that successful planning of housing delivery for post independentintegrated neighborhoods is not a mere political rhetoric but is viable when it is based onreasonable geo-spatial techniques and information. The use of mobile GIS therefore needs tobe extended to other informal settlement upgrading projects in South Africa as well as othercities in the global south. However, proper professional training is required to ensure thesuccessful usage of smart mobile GIS tools.

关键词： Mobile GIS geo-spatial occupancy audit informal settlements integration smart cities

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Why are muscles strong, and why do they require little energy in eccentric action?

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2018年第3期7卷 255-264页

作者： walter Herzog Human Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary

It is well acknowledged that muscles that are elongated while activated(i.e.,eccentric muscle action)are stronger and require less energy(per unit of force)than muscles that are shortening(i.e.,concentric contraction)or that remain at a constant length(i.e.,isometric contraction).Although the cross-bridge theory of muscle contraction provides a good explanation for the increase in force in active muscle lengthening,it does not explain the residual increase in force following active lengthening(residual force enhancement),or except with additional assumptions,the reduced metabolic requirement of muscle during and following active *** from the cross-bridge theory,2 other primary explanations for the mechanical properties of actively stretched muscles have emerged:(1)the so-called sarcomere length nonuniformity theory and(2)the engagement of a passive structural element *** this article,these theories are discussed,and it is shown that the last of these—the engagement of a passive structural element in eccentric muscle action—offers a simple and complete explanation for many hitherto unexplained observations in actively lengthening *** by no means fully proven,the theory has great appeal for its simplicity and beauty,and even if over time it is shown to be wrong,it nevertheless forms a useful framework for direct hypothesis testing.

关键词： Cross-bridge theory Eccentric Force-length relationship Residual force enhancement Titin

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Antecedent Precipitation Index to Estimate Soil Moisture and Correlate as a Triggering Process in the Occurrence of Landslides

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International Journal of Geosciences 2024年第1期15卷 70-86页

作者： Marcio Augusto Ernesto De Moraes walter Manoel Mendes Filho Rodolfo Moreda Mendes Cassiano Antonio Bortolozo Daniel Metodiev Marcio Roberto Magalhães De Andrade Harideva Marturano Egas Tatiana Sussel Gonçalves Mendes Luana Albertani Pampuch CEMADEN - National Centre for Monitoring and Early Warnings of Natural Disasters General Coordination of Research and Development S&#227o José dos Campos Brazil Faculty of Science and Technology Goias Federal University Aparecida de Goi&#226nia Brazil Institute of Science and Technology S&#227o Paulo State University (Unesp) S&#227o José dos Campos Brazil

Landslides are highly dangerous phenomena that occur in different parts of the world and pose significant threats to human populations. Intense rainfall events are the main triggering process for landslides in urbanized slope regions, especially those considered high-risk areas. Various other factors contribute to the process;thus, it is essential to analyze the causes of such incidents in all possible ways. Soil moisture plays a critical role in the Earth’s surface-atmosphere interaction systems;hence, measurements and their estimations are crucial for understanding all processes involved in the water balance, especially those related to landslides. Soil moisture can be estimated from in-situ measurements using different sensors and techniques, satellite remote sensing, hydrological modeling, and indicators to index moisture conditions. Antecedent soil moisture can significantly impact runoff for the same rainfall event in a watershed. The Antecedent Precipitation Index (API) or “retained rainfall,” along with the antecedent moisture condition from the Natural Resources Conservation Service, is generally applied to estimate runoff in watersheds where data is limited or unavailable. This work aims to explore API in estimating soil moisture and establish thresholds based on landslide occurrences. The estimated soil moisture will be compared and calibrated using measurements obtained through multisensor capacitance probes installed in a high-risk area located in the mountainous region of Campos do Jordão municipality, São Paulo, Brazil. The API used in the calculation has been modified, where the recession coefficient depends on air temperature variability as well as the climatological mean temperature, which can be considered as losses in the water balance due to evapotranspiration. Once the API is calibrated, it will be used to extrapolate to the entire watershed and consequently estimate soil moisture. By utilizing recorded mass movements and comparing them with AP

关键词： Landslides Antecedent Precipitation Index Soil Moisture Threshold Water Balance

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