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Characterization of the Outfall Area of a Multi-Stage-Flash Desalination Plant in Bahrain

Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2018年第3期10卷 287-303页

作者： waleed k. al-zubari alaa A. El-Sadek.Mohamed J. k.adim Water Resources Management Program College of Graduate Studies Arabian Gulf University Manama Kingdom of Bahrain

In Bahrain, lik. the other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, desalination is inevitable to meet the escalating municipal water demands. However, desalination is associated with many environmental effects, which need to be minimized to their lowest possible limits. One of the major environmental concerns of desalination in the Arabian Gulf region is the local and regional effects of the outfall areas on the marine environment. In this study, the outfall area of a government-owned MSF desalination plant is characterized in terms of temperature and salinity. The spatial extent of the plume of the desalination plant’s effluent is mapped by a field survey conducted during the winter season around the plant’s outfall area at 25 cm and 1 m below the water surface and at low and high tide. The results of the characterization indicated that the temperature of the brine discharged to the outfall was 37°C, higher than the ambient seawater temperature by 16.5°C at high tide and 17.5°C at low tide, and that the extent of the mixing zone area was found at about 260 m and 1 k. from the outfall point at high tide and low tide, respectively. The results also showed that brine thermal discharge is not in compliance with the standard limits (alinity, the brine discharged salinity was 56.2 parts per trillion (ppt) compared to an ambient seawater salinity of 43.2 ppt. The maximum salinity measured near the outfall point was 56 ppt at low tide and 51 ppt at high tide, both at 1 m below the surface water column. It is found that the current design structure consisting of two jetties to isolate the desalination plant outfall area from its surroundings is not environmentally sound, as the current surface/inter-tidal outfall location is susceptible to significant increases in salinity and temperature around the outfall area due to the limited flushing it expe

关键词： Desalination Brine Salinity Temperature GCC Countries Bahrain

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Energy Consumption in the Municipal Water Supply Sector in the k.ngdom of Bahrain

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Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering 2018年第3期7卷 95-110页

作者： Maryam Marzooq Maha alsabbagh waleed al-zubari Electricity and Water Authority Manama Kingdom of Bahrain Department of Natural Resources and Environment Arabian Gulf University Manama Kingdom of Bahrain

Water-energy nexus is an emerging issue that receives considerable attention in the world in general and in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in particular. The GCC countries depend mainly on energy generated from fossil fuels to produce drink.ng water. Yet, the amount of water-related energy use in Bahrain remains unexplored. This study aims to quantify the amount of energy used in the water supply cycle for the first time in Bahrain using quantitative methods. A bottom-up approach for data collection was adopted where data for the three main stages of the water supply in Bahrain: water production, water transmission, and water distribution were collected. Results show that the water production stage consumes about 97% of the total energy consumption in the water supply sector, followed by water transmission (2.9%) and water distribution (0.1%). Comparisons conducted with best practices in the world show that water desalination plants in Bahrain consume relatively high amounts of energy to produce water based on the desalination technology used. This study calls for focusing on the production stage in achieving energy efficiency since it is the largest consumer and where losses are occurring based on the benchmark.ng. This study also recommends investigating the share of electricity and thermal energy consumed in the water supply cycle in Bahrain in addition to the wastewater treatment sector. This is imperative to provide a holistic overview of the water-related energy use in Bahrain.

关键词： Water-Energy Nexus Specific Electric Energy Use Water Distribution Water Production Water Transmission

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Scenario-Based Assessment of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus in k.wait: Insights for Effective Resource Management

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Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering 2024年第1期13卷 38-57页

作者： Amani al-Adwani ali k.rnib alaa Elsadek.waleed al-zubari Department of Natural Resources and Environment College of Graduate Studies Arabian Gulf University Manama Kingdom of Bahrain Department of Liberal Education School of Arts and Sciences Lebanese American University Beirut Lebanon

The interdependency among water, food, and energy (WEF) in the GCC countries is strongly and closely interlink.d, and is intensifying as demand for resources increases with population growth and changing consumption patterns, and are expected to be further compounded by the impacts of climate change. Therefore, integrated management of the three sectors is crucial to reduce trade-offs and build synergies among them. This paper presents a comprehensive framework.to assess the WEF nexus in k.wait as a representative case for the GCC countries. The framework.consists of three main steps: 1) evaluating the influence of socio-economic development and climate change on water, energy, and food resources;2) generating scenario-based projections;and 3) conducting an extensive quantitative nexus analysis. The WEF interlink.ges in k.wait are modelled quantitatively using the Q-Nexus model, and current critical interdependencies are evaluated. Then, various WEF-Nexus scenarios were conducted for the year 2035 to explore the effects of management interventions in one sector on the other two sectors. The main findings are that per capita municipal water consumption is a major influencer on the WEF-nexus due to the heavy reliance on thermal desalination in municipal water supply in k.wait, which is attributed to its energy intensity, financial cost, GHGs emissions, and environmental impacts on the marine and air environments. To reduce WEF trade-offs, mitigate risk., and build synergies among the three sectors, it is important to shift the current policy focus on supply-side management approach to the demand-side management and efficiency approaches.

关键词： Climate Change Socio-Economic Development Municipal Water Consumption Agricultural Water Consumption Renewable Energy Desalination Technology

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Effect of Brine Discharge From al-Dur RO Desalination Plant on the Infauna Species Composition in the East Coast of Bahrain

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Management Studies 2019年第6期7卷 609-623页

作者： Anwar al-Osaimi Thamer Salim ali waleed al-zubari Humood Naser Ministry of Education Kuwait Arabian Gulf University ManamaKingdom of Bahrain University of Bahrain ZallaqKingdom of Bahrain

The GCC countries have been experiencing an accelerated socio-economic development process since the 1970s,resulting in rapid demographic and urbanization growth and associated with rapidly increasing municipal water *** meet these demands’quantity and quality,the GCC countries resorted to ***,the GCC countries collectively possess the largest desalination capacity in the world(~45%),and based on the current urbanization trends,it is expected that current rates in desalination capacity growth will continue in the ***,desalination has a number of environmental externalities on the marine,and their severity will depend on various factors(i.e.,site-specific).The objective of the present study is to investigate the impacts of the brine water discharged by al-Dur RO desalination plant on the coastal infauna benthic species composition in the east coast of *** samples were collected from 10 locations selected at different distances from the discharge *** species composition of infauna was investigated using univariate analysis and multivariate *** results showed an extreme elevation in temperature(>38℃)and hypersaline waters(>55‰)at locations nearby the discharge outlet,and also at bottom waters of depths more than 3 m during the high and low tide cycles in both seasons with exceptional levels in *** main groups of benthic infauna identified are represented by Polychaeta(12 taxa),Bivalves(4 taxa),Gastropod(2 taxa),and Amphipod(3 taxa)including 256 *** univariate analysis indicated spatial variations in infauna species composition where the lower diversity indices were found at locations close to the discharge outlet and at Station 5 where noticeable vertical differences were observed indicating exceptional elevation of hypersaline waters with lesser extent of temperature at bottom ***,the highest species diversity indices characterized the most offshore *** infauna speci

关键词： RO desalination univariate analysis multivariate analysis infauna species diversity Bahrain

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An Integrated Method for the Selection of Optimum Locations for Landfilling Utilizing GIS: A Case Study of the State of k.wait

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2019年第2期10卷 260-275页

作者： Meshal Mohammad Abdullah Sabah al-Jenaid waleed k.alil zubari Jasem al-ali Department of Ecosystem Science and Management Texas A&M University College Station TX USA Natural Environmental Systems and Technology (NEST) Research Group EcoLife Science Research and Consultation Hawally Kuwait Geoinformatics Department College of Graduate Studies Arabian Gulf University Manama Bahrain Water Resources Management Program College of Graduate Studies Arabian Gulf University Manama Bahrain Geography Department College of Social Science Kuwait University Shuwaikh Kuwait

With the rise of urbanization, change in lifestyles, and food habits, the amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) has been rapidly increasing with the composition constantly changing. Landfilling is the common approach for waste management in k.wait, and around 90% of municipal wastes are disposed in landfill sites. Therefore, this study focused on the integration of different methods for the process of allocating optimum sites for MSW landfills, in four main stages. The first stage focused on utilizing the gap analysis method for the identification of effective criteria for landfill site selection, by comparing the criteria in k.wait with the World Bank.guidelines, US EPA, and Australia EPA, to suggest the best criteria for landfill site selection. These criteria were applied in the second and third stages to determine suitable locations for landfill sites using the Geographical Information System (GIS). In the last stage, the suitable areas were evaluated by studying the socioeconomic aspects such as distance to waste generation center, the proximity of existing roads, and lifespan to select optimum locations for landfilling. The results indicated that only one site with a total area of 12 k.2 was considered optimum for MSW landfill sites in k.wait. Therefore, moderate suitability areas were indicated to support and provide decision mak.rs with more options. The moderately suitable sites are also suitable for landfilling, but they need to be designed carefully in order to avoid negative impacts on the environment and human health. Therefore, we conclude that there is an urgent need to apply the integrated waste management system in k.wait, as well as to develop a long-term strategic plan.

关键词： Municipal Solid Waste ModelBuilder Gape Analysis Spatial Analysis Waste Management

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Synthesis, characterization, biological activities and luminescent properties of lanthanide complexes with [2-thiophenecarboxylic acid, 2-(2-pyridinylmethylene)hydrazide] Schiff bases ligand

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Journal of Rare Earths 2016年第10期34卷 986-993页

作者： Abdulaziz M.Ajlouni Qutaiba Abu-Salem Ziyad A.Taha Ahmed k.Hijazi waleed al Momani Department of Applied Chemical Sciences Jordan University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Al al-Bayt University Department of Basic Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine Yarmouk University

A Schiff base L [2-thiophenecarboxylic acid, 2-（2-pyridinylmethylene）hydrazide] with its lanthanide metal complexes was synthesized. These complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity measurements, spectral analysis（NMR, FT-IR, and UV-Vis）, luminescence and thermal gravimetric analysis. The Schiff base ligand was a tridentate chelate and coordinates to the central lanthanide ion with 1：2 metal：ligand ratio. The conductivity data showed a 1：1 electrolytic nature with a general formula [LnL_2（NO_3）_2]NO_3. The luminescence emission properties for Sm, Tb, and Eu complexes were observed and showed that the ligand L could absorb and transfer energy to Sm（III）, Tb（III） and Eu（III） ions. The complexes possessed a good antibacterial activity against different bacterial strains. In addition, the scavenging activity of the Ln（III） complexes on DPPH was concentration dependant and the complexes were significantly more efficient in quenching DPPH than the free Schiff base ligand.

关键词： hydrazone lanthanides complexes luminescence properties antibacterial activity rare earths

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Assessment of the Water-Energy Nexus in the Municipal Water Sector in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia

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Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering 2018年第1期7卷 1-26页

作者： Homoud al-Mutrafi waleed al-zubari alaa El-Sadek.Ibrahim Abdel Gelil Research and Development Center Saudi Aramco Dhahran KSA College of Postgraduate Studies Arabian Gulf University Manama Bahrain

When it comes to water and energy, it is hard to obtain one without the other. Water is required to produce energy and energy is necessary in water production and management. As demands for water are escalating due to rapid population growth and urbanization, understanding and quantification of the interdependency between water and energy, along with analyzing nexus interactions, trade-offs and risk. are a pre-requisite for effective and integrated planning and management of these two k.y sectors. This paper performs an assessment of the water-energy nexus in the municipal sector of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, where the electric energy footprint in the water value chain (groundwater, desalination and wastewater treatment) and the water footprint in electric energy generation (thermal power plants) are quantified using data for the year 2013. The results confirmed the high and strong dependency on energy for the municipal water cycle in the Eastern Province and revealed that energy generation dependency on freshwater resources is also major and evident, especially at farther distances from the coastal areas. Thermal desalination is by far the most energy intensive stage among the entire Eastern Province water cycle. In 2013, it was estimated 13% of the Eastern Province energy generation capacity goes for desalination, that’s a 5% of the k.ngdom capacity. Substantial energy input for desalination in the Eastern Province is attributed to the production and conveyance of water to the Capital Riyadh (48.9 k.h/m3 and 4.2 k.h/m3 respectively). As for groundwater pumping, it was estimated that 206.2 GWH was used for pumping 268 MCM in 2013 (0.764 k.h/m3). Energy requirement for primary, secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment was found to be the least (2 - 108 GWH) and was equivalent to an average of 0.4 k.h/m3. The water footprint in electricity generation was estimated to be about 739,308 m3 in 2013 (0.125 m3/k.h), a relatively higher value compared to the n

关键词： Thermal Power Plant Environmental Impact Carbon Footprint Energy Recovery Management and Mitigation

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Extraction of cobalt(Ⅱ) from aqueous solution by N,N'-carbonyl difatty amides

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2011年第4期22卷 469-472页

作者： Emad A.Jaffar al-Mulla k.alid waleed S.al-Janabi Department of Chemistry College of ScienceUniversity of KufaAnNajafIraq Department of Chemistry College of EducationBaghdad UniversityBaghdadIraq

The development of economic and environmentally friendly extractants to recover cobalt metal is required due to the increasing demand for this *** this study,solvent extraction of Co（Ⅱ） from aqueous solution using a mixture of N,N＇-carbonyl difatty amides（CDFAs） synthesised from palm oil as the extractant was carried *** effects of various parameters such as acid,contact time,extractant concentration,metal ion concentration and stripping agent and the separation of Co（Ⅱ） from other metal ions such as Fe（Ⅱ）,Ni（Ⅱ）,Zn（Ⅲ） and Cd（Ⅱ） were *** was found that the extraction of Co（Ⅱ） into the organic phase involved the formation of 1：1 ***（Ⅱ） was successfully separated from commonly associated metal ions such as Fe（Ⅱ）,Ni（Ⅱ）,Zn（Ⅲ） and Cd（Ⅱ）.Co（Ⅱ） stripping from the loaded organic phase was studied in aqueous *** results are useful to recover Co（Ⅱ） from aqueous solution utilising（CDFAs） as an extractant.

关键词： N N'-Carbonyl difatty amides Solvent extraction Co(Ⅱ)

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Severe autoimmune hepatitis triggered by varicella zoster infection

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第8期15卷 1004-1006页

作者： waleed k.al-Hamoudi Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit (59) Department of Medicine King Saud University PO Box 2925 Riyadh 11461 Saudi Arabia

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic disease of unk.own etiology that is characterized by the presence of circulatory autoantibodies and inflammatory histological changes in the liver. although the pathogenesis of AIH is not k.own, it is thought that, in a genetically predisposed individual, environmental factors such as viruses can trigger the autoimmune process. Herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, measles virus, and hepatitis viruses are thought to play a role in the etiology of AIH. Proteins belonging to these viruses may be similar to the amino acid chains of different autoantigens in the liver, this causes immune cross reactions and liver tissue damage. We report a case of severe AIH following varicella zoster infection in a 23-year-old man, and speculate that, based on the molecular mimicry hypothesis, the liver damage was caused by an immune cross reaction to the viral proteins. Varicella-zoster-induced AIH has not been reported previously.

关键词： Autoimmune liver disease Varicella zoster virus Infection

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Direct and Reverse Carleson Conditions on Generalized Weighted Bergman-Orlicz Spaces

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Analysis in Theory and Applications 2017年第3期33卷 287-300页

作者： waleed al-Rawashdeh Department of Mathematical Sciences Montana Tech of The University of MontanaMontana 59701USA

Let D be the open unit disk.in the complex plane C. For a〉 -1, let dAa（z）=（1 ＋a）（1 -｜z}^2） ^a da（z）be the weighted Lebesgue measure on ]D. For a positive function ω ∈ L^1（D,dAa）, the generalized weighted Bergman-Orlicz spaceA^ψω（D,dAa）is｜｜f｜｜ω^ψ=∫Dψ｜F（z）｜ω（z）dA^（z）〈 ∞,where q; is a strictly convex Orlicz function that satisfies other technical hypotheses. Let G be a measurable subset of D, we say G satisfies the reverse Carleson condition for A^ψω （D, dAa） if there exists a positive constant C such that ∫Gψ（f（z））ω（z）dAa（z）≥C∫Dψ（｜f（z）dAa（z）.for all f ∈ .A^ψω （D,dAa）. Let μ be a positive Borel measure, we say μ satisfies the direct Carleson condition if there exists a positive constant M such that for all f∈Aψ^ω （D,dAa）,∫Dψ（｜f（z）｜）dμ（z）≤M∫Dψ（｜f（z）｜）ω（z）dAa（a）.In this paper, we study the direct and reverse Carleson condition on the generalized weighted Bergman-Orlicz space Aω^ψ（D,dAa）.We present conditions on the set G such that＇the reverse Carleson condition＇holds. ＂Moreover, we give a sufficient condition for the finite positive Borel measure μ to satisfy the direct carleson condition on the generalized weighted Bergman-Orlicz spaces.

关键词： Orlicz function global ?2-condition reverse Carleson condition Direct Carleson condition closed range Pseudohyperbolic disk. Orlicz spaces weighted Bergman spaces generalized weighted Bergman-Orlicz spaces

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