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An exploration for the macroscopic physical meaning of entropy

Science china(Technological Sciences) 2010年第7期53卷 1809-1816页

作者： wu jing1 & guo zengyuan2.1 college of energy and power engineering, nanjing {2. of Aeronautics and Astronautics,{3., china 2.Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and power engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace, Tsinghua {2., Beijing 100084, china 1. college of energy and {2. {3. Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 210016 China2. Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education School of Aerospace Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

The macroscopic physical meaning of entropy is analyzed based on the exergy (availability) of a combined system (a closed system and its environment), which is the maximum amount of useful work obtainable from the system and the environment as the system is brought into equilibrium with the environment. The process the system experiences can be divided in two sequent sub-processes, the process at constant volume, which represents the heat interaction of the system with the environment, and the adiabatic process, which represents the work interaction of the system with the environment. It is shown that the macroscopic physical meaning of entropy is a measure of the unavailable energy of a closed system for doing useful work through heat interaction. This statement is more precise than those reported in prior literature. The unavailability function of a closed system can be defined as T0S and p0V in volume constant process and adiabatic process, respectively. Their changes, that is, AiTgS) and A (p0V) represent the unusable parts of the internal energy of a closed system for doing useful work in corresponding processes. Finally, the relation between Clausius entropy and Boltzmann entropy is discussed based on the comparison of their expressions for absolute entropy.

关键词： entropy macroscopic physical meaning exergy heat interaction

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Viologen-based flexible electrochromic devices

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Journal of energy Chemistry 2024年第6期93卷 453-470,I0012页

作者： Wenwen wu Shanlu guo {2. Bian Xingyu He Haizeng Li Jianmin Li college of Electronic and Optical engineering&college of Flexible Electronics(Future Technology) Nanjing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsNanjing 210023JiangsuChina Department of Pathology College of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnati 45221OhioUSA Optics and Thermal Radiation Research Center Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary ScienceShandong UniversityQingdao 266237ShandongChina

Electrochromic technology has gained significant attention in various fields such as displays,smart windows,biomedical monitoring,military camouflage,human-machine interaction,and electronic skin due to its ability to provide reversible and fast color changes under applied *** the rapid development and increasing demand for flexible electronics,flexible electrochromic devices(FECDs)that offer smarter and more controllable light modulation hold great promise for practical *** electrochromic material(ECM)undergoing color changes during the electrochemical reactions is one of the key components in electrochromic *** the ECMs,viologens,a family of organic small molecules with 1,1'-disubstituted-4,4'-dipyridinium salts,have garnered extensive research interest,due to their well-reversible redox reactions,excellent electron acceptance ability,and the ability to produce multiple ***,viologen-based FECDs demonstrate color changes in the liquid or semisolid electrolyte layer,eliminating the need for two solid electrodes and thus simplifying the device ***,viologens offer significant potential for the development of FECDs with high optical contrast,fast response speed,and excellent *** review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the progress and perspectives of viologen-based *** begins by summarizing the typical structure and recent exciting developments in viologen-based FECDs,along with their advantages and ***,the review discusses recent advancements in FECDs with additional functionalities such as sensing,photochromism,and energy ***,the remaining challenges and potential research directions for the future of viologen-based FECDs are addressed.

关键词： Flexible electrochromic devices Optical modulation Viologens Flexible electronics Multifunctional devices Electrochromism

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Enhanced bright green luminescence from GdOF:Ho^(3.) up-conversion phosphor via Yb^(3.) doping

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Journal of Rare Earths 2024年第2期42卷 263-269,I0002页

作者： Linjun Qin Yue guo jing Xu Lixi Wang Qitu Zhang college of Materials Science and engineering Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China

In this paper,a series of GdOF-based green phosphors doped with Ho^(3.) and Yb^(3.) ions was prepared by a simple co-precipitation *** crystal structure s and optical prope rties were investigated in *** intensity of the emission of GdOF:Yb^(3.),Ho^(3.) phosphors is enhanced by the effective energy transfer from Yb^(3.) to Ho^(3.),and the optimal luminescence is achieved with the Ho^(3.)doping amount of 0.1 mol%as well as Yb^(3.) doping amount of 5 mol%.Tunable UC emission of samples is achieved by adjusting the doping concentration of Ho^(3.) or Yb^(3.).The purity of the green UC emission is further improved by enhancing the excitation pumping *** addition,logarithmic functions of green,red and nearinfrared radiation intensities were calculated versus logarithmic function of pump power for further study.A possible UC luminescence mechanism between Yb^(3.) and Ho^(3.) is discussed based on powerdependent UC luminescence spectrum and decay *** results suggest that GdOF:Yb^(3.),Ho^(3.)phosphors with bright and high-purity green UC emission have potential applications in the fields of bioimaging,display and illumination.

关键词： Up-conversion GdOF Lanthanide ions Rare earths

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An overview of application-oriented multifunctional large-scale stationary battery and hydrogen hybrid energy storage system

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energy Reviews 2024年第2期3卷 63-87页

作者： Yuchen Yang Zhen wu jing Yao Tianlei {2. Fusheng Yang Zaoxiao Zhang Jianwei Ren Liangliang Jiang Bo Li School of Chemical engineering and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049PR China State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in power engineering Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049PR China Department of Mechanical engineering Science University of JohannesburgJohannesburg2092South Africa Department of Chemical and Petroleum engineering University of CalgaryCalgaryABT2N 1N4Canada School of engineering University of KentKentCT27NZUK

The imperative to address traditional energy crises and environmental concerns has accelerated the need for energy structure ***,the variable nature of renewable energy poses challenges in meeting complex practical energy *** address this issue,the construction of a multifunctional large-scale stationary energy storage system is considered an effective *** paper critically examines the battery and hydrogen hybrid energy storage *** technologies face limitations hindering them from fully meeting future energy storage needs,such as large storage capacity in limited space,frequent storage with rapid response,and continuous storage without ***,with their rapid response(1 s)and high efficiency(>90%),excel in frequent short-duration energy ***,limitations such as a self-discharge rate(>1%)and capacity loss(~2.%)restrict their use for long-duration energy ***,as a potential energy carrier,is suitable for large-scale,long-duration energy storage due to its high energy density,steady state,and low ***,it is less efficient for frequent energy storage due to its low storage efficiency(~50%).Ongoing research suggests that a battery and hydrogen hybrid energy storage system could combine the strengths of both technologies to meet the growing demand for large-scale,long-duration energy *** assess their applied potentials,this paper provides a detailed analysis of the research status of both energy storage technologies using proposed key performance ***,application-oriented future directions and challenges of the battery and hydrogen hybrid energy storage system are outlined from multiple perspectives,offering guidance for the development of advanced energy storage systems.

关键词： Hybrid energy storage system Battery Hydrogen Stationary Large-scale Multifunctional

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Recyclable Perovskite Solar Cells with Lead Sulfate Contact

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CCS Chemistry 2024年第9期6卷 2254-2263页

作者： guo-Bin Xiao Xijiao Mu Luyao Wang Zhen-Yang Suo Artem Musiienko Guixiang Li Zeying guo Yiying {2. Antonio Abate {3. Cao State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000 State School of Materials Science and engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240 Department Novel Materials and Interfaces for Photovoltaic Solar Cells Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie12489 Berlin Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio 43210

Previous cost analysis of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has revealed that the transparent conductive oxide(TCO)substrates account for most of the material cost,emphasizing the need to recover TCO in PSC ***,the conventional use of compact and ultrathin electron transport materials(ETMs)such as TiO_(2.and SnO_(2.,poses a challenge to their removal from the substrate,hindering effective PSC ***,PbSO_(4) nanoparticles with(011)surface were used as ETM to fabricate *** yielded metallicity on the PbSO_(4) nanoparticle surface promoted extracted electron transport across the nanoparticle surface.A certified efficiency as high as 17.9%for the submodule(2.4.9 cm^(2.)with PbSO_(4) was realized successfully,and the best effi-ciency on a small area(0.1 cm^(2.)reached 2..1%.The PbSO_(4) layer was removed effortlessly from the substrate by simple aminoethanol washing to recover the TCO,the most expensive component of *** work provides a novel strategy to prepare soluble insulator-based ETMs by constructing metallic surfaces of nanoparticles;thus,fabricating efficient and recyclable PSCs.

关键词： wide-bandgap surface metallicity electron transport material perovskite solar cells recyclability

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Emerging high-entropy strategy: A booster to the development of cathode materials for power batteries

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Journal of Advanced Ceramics 2024年第8期13卷 1093-1118页

作者： Liping Huang jinging Zhu J-Xuan Liu Houzheng wu {2.-Jun Zhang State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials Institute of Functional MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai 201620China SIAMC Advanced Materials Cooperation Huzhou 313100China

The coordinated development of new energy vehicles and the energy storage industry has become essential for reducing carbon *** cathode material is the key material that determines the energy density and cost of a {3. battery,but currently developed and applied cathode materials cannot meet the requirements for high specific capacity,low cost,safety,and good ***-entropy materials(HEMs)are a new type of single-phase material composed of multiple principal elements in equimolar or near-equimolar *** interaction between multiple elements can play an important role in improving the comprehensive properties of the material,which is expected to solve the limitations of battery materials in practical ***,this review provides a comprehensive overview of the current development status and modification strategies of {3. batteries(lithium-ion batteries(LiBs)and sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)),proposes a high-entropy design strategy,and analyses the structure-activity relationship between the high-entropy effects and battery ***,future research topics related to high-entropy cathode materials,including computational guide design,specific synthesis methods,high-entropy electrochemistry,and high-throughput databases,are *** review aims to provide practical guidance for the development of high-entropy cathode materials for next-generation {3. batteries.

关键词： cathode materials lithium-ion battery(LIB) sodium-ion battery(SIB) high-entropy strategy

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Free-standingβ-Ta_(2.O_(5)/SWCNTs composite film for high-rate Li-ion storage

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Science china(Technological Sciences) 2024年第2期67卷 616-626页

作者： wu ZhiMin LIU JiaJia HE XingYu BIAN jing ZHU XianJun CHEN JianMei LI JianMin college of Electronic and Optical engineering&college of Flexible Electronics(Future Technology) Nanjing Universityof Posts and TelecommunicationsNanjing 210023China Department of Pathology college of Medicine University of CincinnatiCincinnatiOH 45267USA

The rapid development of portable and wearable electronic devices is responding to the urgent demand for high-efficiency flexible energy storage *** supercapacitors,showing long cycle life,high power density,and good safety,are considered ideal ***,the relatively low energy density restricts their practical *** a large dielectric constant of 18-46,Ta_({3.O_(5)-based materials typically exhibit excellent electron-binding ability,which is critical for enhancing the energy density of *** this work,the free-standingβ-Ta_({3.O_(5)/single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs)composite film was prepared,with a highβ-Ta_({3.O_(5)loading of over 70%.By anchoringβ-Ta_({3.O_(5)nanoparticles onto the surface of SWCNTs,the system’s flexibility and conductivity were significantly enhanced,which also facilitated the intercalation electrodynamics of metal *** a result,the flexibleβ-Ta_({3.O_(5)/SWCNTs film exhibits excellent Li-ion storage performance,with a high volumetric specific capacitance of 3.{3.3.F cm^(-3.at the scan rate of 10 mV s^(-1)and 198.9 F cm^(-3.at 500 mV s^(-1).In addition,the asymmetric device,assembled by theβ-Ta_({3.O_(5)/SWCNTs and activated carbon films,shows a high energy density of 45.5 Wh kg^(-1)at the power density of 10.8 kW kg^(-1).This technique opens up a new avenue for improving the energy density and rate performance of flexible supercapacitors.

关键词： pseudocapacitor Li-ion storage β-Ta_(2.O_(5)/SWCNTs film flexible device high-rate capability

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The improvement of Clausius entropy and its application in entropy analysis

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Science china(Technological Sciences) 2008年第8期51卷 1149-1159页

作者： wu jing {2. {3. Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and power engineering of Ministry of Education School of AerospaceTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

The defects of Clausius entropy which include a premise of reversible process and a process quantity of heat in its definition are discussed in this paper. Moreover, the heat temperature quotient under reversible conditions, i.e. (δQ/T)rev, is essentially a process quantity although it is numerically equal to the entropy change. The sum of internal energy temperature quotient and work temperature quotient is defined as the improved form of Clausius entropy and it can be further proved to be a state function. Unlike Clausius entropy, the improved definition consists of system properties without premise just like other state functions, for example, pressure p and enthalpy h, etc. It is unnecessary to invent reversible paths when calculating entropy change for irreversible processes based on the improved form of entropy since it is independent of process. Furthermore, entropy balance equations for internally and externally irreversible processes are deduced respectively based on the concepts of thermal reservoir entropy transfer and system entropy transfer. Finally, some examples are presented to show that the improved definition of Clausius entropy provides a clear concept as well as a convenient method for en- tropy change calculation.

关键词： entropy state function thermal reservoir entropy transfer system entropy transfer

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Conversion potential energy and its application to thermodynamic optimization

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Science china(Technological Sciences) 2012年第8期55卷 2169-2175页

作者： wu jing {2. {3. college of energy&{2. {3. Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing 210016China Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and power engineering of Ministry of Education Department of Engineering MechanicsTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

In general,heat transfers can be classified into two categories according to the purposes of object heating or cooling and the heat to work ***,a new physical quantity,entransy(or potential energy),was proposed to describe the ability of heat transfer with the former *** paper addresses the concept of potential energy in terms of the heat transfer processes for the latter purpose,named the conversion potential *** physical meaning of this newly introduced concept is the potential energy for the heat to work conversion stored in the equivalent mass of heat(thermomass) derived on the basis of the Einstein's special theory of *** dissipation of conversion potential energy occurs during the real irreversible heat to work conversion processes as a measure of the conversion ***,a heat to work conversion problem of a heat exchanger group is provided to show that the minimum conversion potential energy dissipation rate can be used as an optimization criterion for the heat transfer performance with the purpose of the heat to work conversion.

关键词： conversion potential energy entransy optimization exergy thermomass

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A Magnetic-Multiplier-Enabled Hybrid Generator with Frequency Division Operation and High energy Utilization Efficiency

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Research 2024年第1期2023卷 561-570页

作者： Jie Chen Kangjie wu Shaokun Gong Jianchao Wang Ke Wang Hengyu guo college of Physics and Electronic engineering Chongqing Key Laboratory Photo-electric Functional MaterialsChongqing Normal UniversityChongqing 401331China State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission College of Mechanical and Vehicle EngineeringChongqing UniversityChongqing 400044China School of Physics Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400044China

The hybrid electromagnetic-triboelectric generator(HETG)is a prevalent device for mechanical energy ***,the energy utilization efficiency of the electromagnetic generator(EMG)is inferior to that of the triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)at low driving frequencies,which limits the overall efficacy of the *** tackle this issue,a layered hybrid generator consisting of a rotating disk TENG,a magnetic multiplier,and a coil panel is *** magnetic multiplier not only forms the EMG part with its high-speed rotor and the coil panel but also facilitates the EMG to operate at a higher frequency than the TENG through frequency division *** systematic parameter optimization of the hybrid generator reveals that the energy utilization efficiency of EMG can be elevated to that of rotating disk *** a {3. management circuit,the HETG assumes the responsibility for monitoring the water quality and fishing conditions by collecting low-frequency mechanical *** magneticmultiplier-enabled hybrid generator demonstrated in this work offers a universal frequency division approach to improve the overall outputs of any hybrid generator that collects rotational energy,expanding its practical applications in diverse multifunctional self-{3.ed systems.

关键词： generator rotating assume

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