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Hubble telescope 30 years in orbit:personal reflections

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2020年第4期20卷 1-6页

作者： robert williams Space Telescope Science Institute&University of California/Santa Cruz CA 95064USA

With an initial requirement to make observations a minimum of 5–10 years,Hubble Space Telescope(HST)has continued to operate well for 30 *** has relied upon five servicing missions to repair and replace essential *** the final Space Shuttle mission 10 years ago,it has avoided major breaks in its operation,with the only serious effects of aging in space being a progressive deterioration in the performance of the gyroscopes and sensitivity of the instrument detectors.A number of factors were important in making HST a scientific ***-breaking discoveries have been made with HST-the most important being the discovery of cosmic *** HST operation ceases,future observations in space should be assured with successful operation of major missions now planned by NASA,ESA,and the Chinese and Japanese Space Agencies.

关键词： HST cosmic acceleration Hubble constant supernovae

A Couple Nagging Interpretive Difficulties in Zhuangzi Studies vis-à-vis William James on the Ethics and Psychology of Belief

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Frontiers of Philosophy in China 2019年第4期14卷 593-611页

作者： John robert williams Department of Philosophy National University of SingaporeSingapore 117570Singapore

The present article addresses two lingering questions in the interpretation of the Zhuangzi莊子—(a)How can one reconcile the scepticism of the Zhuangzi with its positive project(s)?and(b)Who can become a sagely person?The questions are addressed with reference to aspects of William James’accounts of the ethics and psychology of belief.

关键词： Zhuangzi William James scepticism ethics of belief psychology of belief sagely person

Outcompeted by an invader?Interference and exploitative competition between tropical house gecko(Hemidactylus mabouia)and Barbados leaf-toed gecko(Phyllodactylus pulcher)for diurnal refuges in anthropogenic coastal habitats

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Integrative Zoology 2016年第3期11卷 229-238页

作者： robert williams Angelo P.PERNETTA Julia A.HORROCKS Ecology and Conservation Research Group School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of BrightonBrightonUK Ecology and Conservation Research Group University of BrightonHastingsUK Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences University of the West IndiesBarbadosWest Indies

House geckos in the genus Hemidactylus are highly successful colonizers of regions beyond their native range,with colonization often resulting in displacement of native gecko species through competitive interactions for daytime refuge(crevices)and prey *** report on data collected from nighttime surveys undertaken in April-May 2014 on Barbados,West Indies,that focused on the distribution and abundance of the endemic Barbados leaf-toed gecko(Phyllodactylus pulcher)and the introduced tropical house gecko(Hemidactylus mabouia)along unlit coastal walls and among boulders in the grounds of a hotel *** contrast to patterns of displacement of native species by *** seen elsewhere,*** was more abundant than *** on coastal walls,whereas the latter was found in greater numbers using boulders at this *** and boulders differed with regard to availability of diurnal refugia suitable for geckos,with the walls having high frequency of small crevices with openings<20 mm,and boulders offering very little cover other than the underside of the boulder *** investigate whether this niche separation was a result of differences in diurnal refuge use between the species,we conducted experimental trials in which geckos were allowed to select between refugia with different *** species selected for narrower and warmer refugia,and refugia that had been previously occupied by the other *** shared preferences for refugia type suggest that other factors underlie the niche separation observed in the *** supporting high densities of ***,coastal walls could offer important secondary habitat by augmenting the natural cliff side habitat of this endemic gecko,a finding that could be exploited for the conservation of this candidate species for Critically Endangered classification.

关键词： Barbados leaf-toed gecko Hemidactylus island endemic Phyllodactylus tropical house gecko

Glycolysis and glucose metabolism as a target for bioenergetic and neuronal protection in glaucoma

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第8期19卷 1637-1638页

作者： Pete A.williams robert J.Casson Department of Clinical Neuroscience Division of Eye and VisionSt.Erik Eye HospitalKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden Ophthalmic Research Laboratories Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia

Vision is arguably our most valued sense,yet approximately 340 million people globally suffer blindness or moderate visual impairment,highlighting the need to further develop and advance treatments for ophthalmic *** refers to a group of ocular disorders united by a clinically characteristic optic neuropathy with associated retinal ganglion cell loss.

关键词： metabolism glaucoma globally

Contributors to Cancer Susceptibility, Development and Treatment: Cyclic Nucleotides, Steroids and Autophagy Modulators

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2022年第2期10卷 65-86页

作者： Wynford robert williams Faculty of Life Sciences & Education University of South Wales Cardiff UK

Cell autophagy and apoptosis processes are of interest in drug development and contribute to the chemotherapy outcomes of patients receiving cancer treatment. The functional roles of cyclic nucleotides in cells include maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. cGMP and steroid compounds participate in apoptotic and autophagic events, and modulate the function of multi-drug resistance proteins. Endogenous steroid and cyclic nucleotide ratios change with ageing and this may initiate detrimental changes in cell function. This study uses a computational chemistry approach to investigate molecular similarity within chemotherapeutic and steroid compound structures. Modulators of autophagy/apoptosis and endogenous steroid structures all demonstrate molecular similarity to the structure of cGMP. Relative molecular similarity within these structures facilitates additive and synergistic treatment effects. Endogenous steroids are natural modulators of autophagy and apoptosis;concentration changes consequently have the potential to impact cancer risks.

关键词： Apoptosis Chemotherapy Molecular Similarity Breast Cancer Prostate Cancer

Relative Molecular Similarity in Compound Structures Modulating Neurodegenerative Apoptosis

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2023年第2期11卷 105-123页

作者： Wynford robert williams Faculty of Life Sciences & Education University of South Wales Cardiff UK

Neurodegeneration is attributable to metabolic disturbances in the various cell types responsible for this condition, in respect of glucose utilisation and dysfunctional mitochondrial oxidative mechanisms. The properties of neurotoxins and antagonists that limit their action are well documented in disease models, whereas effective therapy is very limited. Cell apoptosis, a general marker of neurodegeneration, is also of therapeutic interest in the treatment of cancer. cGMP nucleotide influences apoptosis and has a role in maintaining equilibrium within cell redox parameters. The chemical structure of cGMP provides a comparative template for demonstrating relative molecular similarity within the structures of natural and synthetic compounds influencing tumour cell apoptosis. The present study uses computational software to investigate molecular similarity within the structures of cGMP and compounds that modulate cell apoptosis in experimental models of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), Parkinson’s and multiple sclerosis. Differential molecular similarity demonstrated in neurotoxin and antagonist structures implicate metabolite impairment of cGMP signaling function as a common mechanism in the initial phases of these neurodegenerative conditions.

关键词： Apoptosis cGMP Neurodegeneration Neurotoxins Molecular Similarity

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2022年第5期10卷 86-94页

作者： Wynford robert williams Faculty of Life Sciences & Education University of South Wales Cardiff UK

Tumor promoters, apoptosis and autophagy modulators, chemotherapy drugs, and endogenous steroids demonstrate molecular similarity relative to cyclic nucleotide structure. This study explores relative molecular similarity within established human carcinogen structures using computational chemistry software. Molecular structures of conventional carcinogenic drugs and industrial agents demonstrate molecular similarity with a focus on the guanine base and nucleotide cyclized ring. Structures of volatile and gaseous anesthetic carcinogens do not conform to conventional 3-point pharmacophore-based fits characteristic of receptor-binding drugs. The results of this study provide some insight into how carcinogen structures may interact with endogenous compounds to disrupt cyclic nucleotide-driven homeostatic mechanisms.

关键词： Anesthetics Cancer Carcinogens Guanosine Cyclic Monophosphate Molecular Similarity

Cyclic Nucleotide Structural Differentiation of Compounds Modulating Apoptosis and Drug Resistance

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2021年第8期9卷 10-28页

作者： Wynford robert williams Faculty of Life Sciences & Education University of South Wales Cardiff UK

Carcinogenesis is associated with malfunction in the cGMP-mediated regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species. Chemotherapy resistant cancer cells are re-sensitised to apoptosis by the action of a substantial number of natural compounds on cell membrane multidrug resistant proteins. Chemical structures of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic compounds demonstrate relative molecular similarity to cGMP. This study uses a computational chemistry program to investigate molecular similarity within cGMP and chemo-preventative structures. Chemotherapeutic drugs and resistance modulators provide multiple fits to a nucleotide template that differ in their relationship to the cyclised ring of cGMP. The alternative fits of drug and modulator structures may relate to the development and unblocking of apoptosis and drug resistance.

关键词： Cancer Chemotherapy Guanosine Cyclic Monophosphate Molecular Similarity Multidrug Resistance

Cytotoxicity of Cholesterol Oxides and the Consequences of Relative Molecular Similarity to cGMP Nucleotide

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2023年第11期11卷 190-207页

作者： Wynford robert williams Faculty of Life Sciences & Education University of South Wales Cardiff UK

Cholesterol and cholesterol oxides impact on the functional properties of cells, in respect of the intracellular and extracellular distribution of compounds across cell membranes, carcinogenesis and drug resistance. Abnormal levels of cholesterol oxides and steroids in cancerous tissues promote interest in steroid receptor cross-talk during cell-signalling and the steroid metabolome of cancer patients. The research literature links the cytotoxic properties of oxysterols to interference with the NO/cGMP pathway. cGMP participates in cell-signalling and has a molecular structure that relates to cancer-inducing and cancer-preventing agents. This study uses a molecular modelling approach to compare the structures of cholesterol oxides to cGMP. Cholesterol and cholesterol oxide structures fit to a cGMP structural template in several ways, some of which are replicated by corticosteroids and gonadal steroid hormones. The results of this study support the concept that cholesterol oxides modulate cell apoptosis and autophagy via the NO/cGMP pathway and in conjunction with steroid hormones participate in modulating regulation of cell function by cGMP.

关键词： Cholesterol Oxides cGMP Oxysterols Molecular Similarity Apoptosis Autophagy Cancer