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Exploring the deep South China Sea: Retrospects and prospects

Science China Earth Sciences 2019年第10期62卷 1473-1488页

作者： pinxian wang Zhimin JIAN State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University

Rapid developments of deep-sea researches in China over the past 20 years have promoted the South China Sea(SCS) into the international deep-sea frontiers. The 'three deep technologies', namely scientific drilling, long-term seafloor observation and deep submersible vehicles implemented successively in SCS studies helped to achieve a number of scientific breakthroughs. Over the 20 years, five international ocean drilling expeditions to the SCS recovered nearly 10 km of sediment cores from sites at 3–4 km water depths, and drilling into the magmatic basement at 6 sites shed light on the genesis of the SCS basin. Coupled with other deep-sea short core sediments from the SCS, these records demonstrate evidence that water and carbon cycling in the low latitude regions can directly respond to the orbital forcing, and subsequently nurture a new concept of lowlatitude forcing of climate changes, which challenges the classical wisdom of the overwhelming role played by the Arctic icesheet in climate changes. The exploration in the continent-ocean transition zone also reveals a number of specific features that characterize the SCS as a marginal basin formed at the subduction zone in the Western Pacific. The features include active magmatism and rapid rupture of lithosphere through the basin formation process, and imply that 'the SCS is not a mini-Atlantic'as they can be distinguished as 'plate-edge rifting' and 'inner-plate rifting' respectively, thus challenging the universality of the Atlantic model for passive margins. Many more discoveries can be assembled from long-term mooring observations and deep diving cruises in the deep SCS, such as the cyclonic nature of the deep-water circulation, deep-water sediment transport by contour currents and turbidites, manganese nodules, extinct hydrothermal vents, and cold-water coral forests. In addition,prominent progress achieved in microbiology and biogeochemistry includes the microbial carbon pump and the coupling of carbon and ni

关键词： Deep sea Marginal sea Ocean drilling Climate change Seafloor observation South China Sea

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Tracing the life history of a marginal sea——On “The South China Sea Deep” Research Program

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2012年第24期57卷 3093-3114页

作者： wang pinxian State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China

The Major Research Program "Deep Sea Processes and Evolution of the South China Sea", or "The South China Sea Deep", launched in January 2011 by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, is the first large-scale basic-research program in ocean science in the country aiming to reconstruct the life history of a marginal sea. The overall scientific objective of the program is to dissect this typical marginal sea by studying its history of evolution and its modern processes, including the following three major components:(1) Development of the deep basin:utilizing new techniques to re-measure magnetic anomaly lineations, to explore the deep tectonic features, to drill the oceanic crust, and to study volcanic seamount chains; (2) deep-water sediments: observing the modern processes to reveal the patterns of deep-water circulations and sedimentation, analyzing deep-sea sediments to recognize paleoceanographic response to basin evolution, and subsequently to bridge the modern and paleo-studies of the deep-sea processes; and (3) biogeochemical processes:using a variety of techniques including deploying submarine observation and deep-water diving device to investigate the distribution patterns and environmental impacts of deepwater seepages and sub-bottom circulation, and to reveal the role of microbes in deep-sea carbon cycling. As compared with the open ocean and other marginal seas, the South China Sea enjoys many more advantages as a marine basin for reconstructing the life history. Meanwhile, the South China Sea Deep Program provides unique opportunities in studying the evolution and variations of the sea-land interactions between the Pacific and Asia.

关键词：中国南海边缘海生命海深国家自然科学基金深海沉积物生物地球化学过程跟踪

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Sediment mass and distribution in the South China Sea since the Oligocene

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第11期49卷 1147-1155页

作者： HUANG Wei wang pinxian State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China

The sediment macro-distribution patterns and their evolutionary characteristics in the South China Sea (SCS) are discussed based on a quantification of the sediment mass from the beginning of seafloor spreading in the Oligocene to the Present. Above the pre-Oligocene base, the total sediment mass for the whole SCS is estimated to be 1.44×1016 t, with the highest average accumulation rate of ～22 g·cm-2·ka-1 in the Oligocene. Having no large abyssal fans but fast accumulation in sedimentary basins on the continental shelf and slope, the SCS shows quite different sedimentary characters not only from the open ocean but also from small backarc basins along the marginal West Pacific, apparently controlled by the coupling between local tectonics and global climate changes.

关键词： sedimentary patterns, sediment mass, West Pacific marginal seas, South China Sea.

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Low-latitude forcing: A new insight into paleo-climate changes

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The Innovation 2021年第3期2卷 17-18页

作者： pinxian wang State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China

The origin of glacial cycles is central to paleo-climate research.A major breakthrough of Earth science in the 20th century was the discovery of orbital forcing of the glacial cycles,known as the Milankovitch *** periodicity of the glacial cycles over the last million years was successfully explained by the variations of June solar insolation at 65*** responding to the changes in the Arctic polar ice sheet driven by insolation,the production of the North Atlantic deep water drives the global climate changes through the“great conveyer belt”of the global *** the unsolved problems embedded in the theory,it has become accepted wisdom in paleo-climatology.

关键词： glacial forcing climate

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A 200-ka carbon isotope record from the South China Sea

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2006年第14期51卷 1780-1784页

作者： LI Jianru wang pinxian State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University Shanghai200092 China

A stacked ocean carbon isotope (δ 13C) record of 200 ka is established on the basis of planktonic foraminifer (Globigerinoides ruber) δ 13C data from 8 sites in the South China Sea (SCS). The δ 13C record from the SCS displays a trend similar to that from the Pacific and Atlantic oceans mainly re-sponding to long eccentricity and precession cycles, with all the three δ 13C minima occurring at glacial terminations. Thus, the changes of the oceanic car-bon reservoir in glacial cycles should not be consid-ered as a response only to ice-sheet variations, but could have been driven also by low latitude proc-esses, such as the monsoon.

关键词：碳同位素华南地区碳循环第四纪

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Responses of foraminiferal isotopic variations at ODP Site 1143 in the southern South China Sea to orbital forcing

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Science China Earth Sciences 2004年第10期47卷 943-953页

作者： TIAN Jun wang pinxian CHENG Xinrong Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China

The foraminiferal δ 18O and δ 13C records for the past 5 Ma at ODP Site 1143 reveal the linear responses of the Plio-Pleistocene climatic changes in the southern South China Sea to orbital forcing at the obliquity and precession bands. The phase of the δ 18O variations with the orbital forcing is opposite to that of the δ 13C, which may be caused by the frequent El Ni?o events from the equatorial Pacific. The amplification of the Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet at ?3.3 Ma probably affected the development of the 100-ka climatic cycles. Its further spreading may spur the 100-ka climatic cycle to become the dominant cycle in the late Pleistocene. The “Mid- Pleistocene Transition” event has localized influence on the isotopic variations in the southern South China Sea. The foraminiferal δ 13C records for the past 5 Ma at Site 1143 are highly coherent with the orbital forcing at the long eccentricity band, and lead the δ 18O records at the shorter eccentricity band, highlighting the importance of the carbon cycle in the global climate change.

关键词： southern South China Sea, ODP, oxygen and carbon isotope, orbital forcing.

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Benthic foraminiferal fauna turnover at 2.1 Ma in the northern South China Sea

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第6期52卷 839-843页

作者： HUANG BaoQi JIAN ZhiMin wang pinxian School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China

Quantitative analysis of benthic foraminifera from ODP Site 1146 in the northern South China Sea (SCS) shows that abundance of Bulimina alazanensis, sometimes up to about 90%, decreased gradually since 3.2 Ma, especially at 2.1 Ma. Abundance of other benthic foraminiferal species, Globobulimina sub-globosa and Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, increased after 2.1 Ma. Comparison with changes in oxygen and carbon isotopes of planktonic and benthic foraminifera shows that high abundance values of B. alazanensis corresponded with lower values of oxygen isotope, but for carbon isotope, high values of the species were consistent with heavier carbon isotope of benthic foraminifera and lighter carbon isotope of planktonic foraminifera, respectively, and vice versa. Considering factors such as uplift of Bashi Strait, expansion of the North Hemisphere Glaciation, strengthening of East Asian winter mon-soon and variations in oxygen and carbon isotope of foraminifera, changes of B. alazanensis in ODP Site 1146 suggest that the source of deep water masses of the northern South China Sea changed from the warm Pacific deep water with high oxygen content to Pacific Intermediate water with low oxygen content at 2.1 Ma. In addition, the strengthened East Asian winter monsoon resulted in increased pri-mary productivity, high nutrient and suboxic bottom water. Variations in species of B. alazanensis seemed to be unable to tolerate environmental stress induced by deep water masses and productivity changes.

关键词：南海北部深海海底有孔虫区系晚上新世古海洋学

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Paleoproductivity records for the past 30 ka in the southern Nansha area, the South China Sea

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2000年第13期45卷 1227-1230页

作者： Dianyong Fang Zhimin Jian pinxian wang Tongji Univ Lab Marine Geol Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China

This note presents productivity variations for the past 30 ka in the southern Nansha area, the South China Sea, from the gravity core 17962 (7°11 ′N, 112°5′E, core length: 8 m, water depth: 1 968 m). Estimated surface productivity demonstrates that at the last glacial maximum the productivity was about 1.6 times as much as that in the Holocene, and the change may be ascribed to an increase of terrestrial nutrients as sea level lowered in the glacial time.

关键词： surface productivity organic carbon flux high resolution Nansha area.

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The records of coastline changes reflected by mangroves on the Sunda Shelf since the last 40ka

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2008年第13期53卷 2069-2076页

作者： wang XiaoMei SUN XiangJun wang pinxian Karl Stattegger Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083 China Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China Institute of Geosciences University of Kiel Olshausenstrasse 40 Kiel 24118 Germany

This paper presents a 40000-year-long high-resolution mangrove record from sediments of Core 18300,18302 and 18323 on the continental shelf of the southern South China Sea and reconstructs the coast-line changes on Sunda Shelf since the last 40000 years. In the period Marine Isotope 3,the old Sunda Shelf had low sea level,and it was partly exposed. Flourishing vegetations grew on the exposed old land. Mangroves developed along the coastline. On the Last Glacial Maximum,the sea level dropped greatly,coastline moved from inner shelf to outer shelf,the Old Sunda Land exposed further,and the lowering sea level induced the gradual disappearing of mangroves from the inner Sunda Shelf to the outer Sunda Shelf. And pioneer vegetation ferns covered the broadly exposed old land immediately. At the time of the last Deglaciation,sea level rose greatly,the coastline moved to the sea and the Sunda Shelf was drown again. Mangroves were emergent again from outer shelf to inner shelf and developed quickly.

关键词：红树同位素冰川海岸线

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The South China Sea is not a mini-Atlantic: plate-edge rifting vs intra-plate rifting

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National Science Review 2019年第5期6卷 902-913页

作者： pinxian wang Chi-Yue Huang Jian Lin Zhimin Jian Zhen Sun Minghui Zhao State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University Department of Earth Sciences Cheng Kung University Department of Geology and Geophysics Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences

The South China Sea, as ‘a non-volcanic passive margin basin’ in the Pacific, has often been considered as a small-scale analogue of the *** recent ocean drilling in the northern South China Sea margin found, however, that the Iberian model of non-volcanic rifted margin from the Atlantic does not apply to the South China *** this paper, we review a variety of rifted basins and propose to discriminate two types of rifting basins: plate-edge type such as the South China Sea and intra-plate type like the *** not only differ from each other in structure, formation process, lifespan and geographic size, but also occur at different stages of the Wilson *** intra-plate rifting occurred in the Mesozoic and gave rise to large oceans, whereas the plate-edge rifting took place mainly in the mid-Cenozoic, with three-quarters of the basins concentrated in the Western *** a member of the Western Pacific system of marginal seas, the South China Sea should be studied not in isolation on its origin and evolution, but in a systematic context to include also its neighboring counterparts.

关键词： rifting marginal basin passive margin South China Sea Western Pacific subduction

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