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Fuel and vegetation changes in southwestern, unburned portions of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA, 2003-2019

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Journal of Forestry Research 2022年第5期33卷 1459-1470页

作者： T.Adam Coates w.mark ford Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVA 24061USA U.S.Geological Survey Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitDepartment of Fisheries and Wildlife ConservationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVA 24061USA

Overstory basal area,ericaceous shrub cover(Kalmia latifolia *** Rhododendron maximum L.),and fuels(i.e.,woody fuel loads and depths and O Horizon thickness) were assessed within Great Smoky Mountains National Park,USA,in *** to recent wildfire activity within the southern Appalachian Mountain region(including Great Smoky Mountains National Park),the potential spread and expansion of ericaceous shrubs,and the impacts of the hemlock woolly adelgid(Adelges tsugae Annand) on eastern hemlock(Tsuga canadensis(L.) Carrière),these same ecosystem components were again assessed in *** and moisture regime(xeric,intermediate,and mesic) were included in this assessment as potential influential *** evaluation of repeated measurements from 40 plots suggested that O Horizon thickness did not change significantly over the 16-year period,but increased as elevation increased,and moisture regime(xeric O Horizon thickness> mesic O Horizon thickness) was a significant,related *** sum of 1-,10-,and 100-h fuel loads(fuels less whereas woody fuel depth decreased over the16-year *** significant changes in 1000-h fuel lo ads(>7.6 cm diameter),total woody fuel loads,ericaceous shrub cover,total basal area,or live *** basal area were *** *** basal area decreased with increasing ***,standing *** basal area increased from 2003-2019,and that increase was most pronounced as elevation increased on xeric and intermediate ***,we found that:*** increases in total woody fuel loads and ericaceous shrub cover were not present;and *** and moisture regime were most related to observed changes in vegetation and fuel condition.

关键词： Eastern hemlock Hemlock woolly adelgid Mountain laurel Rhododendron

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Predicting intensity of white-tailed deer herbivory in the Central Appalachian Mountains

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Journal of Forestry Research 2018年第3期29卷 830-839页

作者： Andrew B.Kniowski w.mark ford Department of Fish and wildlife Conservation Virginia Tech U.S. Geological Survey Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Virginia Tech

In eastern North America, white-tailed deer(Odocoileus virginianus) can have profound influences on forest biodiversity and forest successional *** to high deer populations in the central Appalachians have resulted in lower forest *** effects in some areas persist even following deer population reductions or declines. This has prompted managers to consider deer population management goals in light of policies designed to support conservation of biodiversity and forest regeneration while continuing to support ample recreational hunting opportunities. However,despite known relationships between herbivory intensity and biodiversity impact, little information exists on the predictability of herbivory intensity across the varied and spatially diverse habitat conditions of the central Appalachians. we examined the predictability of browsing rates across central Appalachian landscapes at four environmental scales: vegetative community characteristics, physical environment, habitat configuration, and local human and deer population demographics. In an information-theoretic approach, we found that a model fitting the number of stems browsed relative to local vegetation characteristics received most(62%) of the overall support of all tested models assessing herbivory impact. Our data suggest that deer herbivory responded most predictably to differences in vegetation quantity and type. No other spatial factors or demographic factors consistently affected browsing intensity. Because herbivory, vegetation communities, and productivity vary spatially, we suggest that effective broad-scale herbivory impact assessment should include spatially-balanced vegetation monitoring that accounts for regional differences in deer forage *** monitoring is necessary to avoid biodiversity impacts and deleterious changes in vegetation community composition that are difficult to reverse and/or may not be detected using traditional deer-density based

关键词： Biodiversity Central Appalachian Mountains Herbivory Odocoileus virginianus Predicting browsing intensity white-tailed deer

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Effects of historic wildfire and prescribed fire on site occupancy of bats in Shenandoah National Park,Virginia,USA

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Journal of Forestry Research 2020年第4期31卷 1255-1270页

作者： Lauren V.Austin Alexander Silvis w.mark ford Karen E.Powers Department of Fish and wildlife Conservation Virginia TechBlacksburgVA 24061USA Resource Environmental Solutions WarrentonVA 20187USA U.S.Geological Survey Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitBlacksburgVA 24061USA Biology Department Radford UniversityRadfordVA 24141USA

Given the likelihood of regional extirpation of several once-common bat species in eastern North America from white-nose syndrome,it is critical that the impacts of forest management activities,such as prescribed fire,are known in order to minimize potentially additive negative effects on bat *** wildfires may offer a suitable surrogate to assess long-term burn impacts on bats for planning,implementing and assessing burn *** examine the effects of historic fire on bats,we sampled bat activities at 24 transect locations in burned and unburned forest stands in the central Appalachian Mountains of Shenandoah National Park(SNP),Virginia,*** was limited evidence of positive fire effects over time on hoary bats(Lasiurus cinereus Beauvois)and big brown bats(Eptesicus fuscus Beauvois)***,there were few or mostly equivocal relationships of bat occupancy relative to burn conditions or time since fire in SNP across species using a false-positive occupancy *** results suggest that fire does not strongly affect bat site occupancy short-or long-term in the central Appalachians.

关键词： Appalachian mountains Bats False-positive occupancy Prescribed fire wildfire

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Effect of Cooling Rate on the Room Temperature Microstructure Following the Intercritical Deformation of Steel S460

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2011年第S1期18卷 500-505页

作者： Hinton John S Palmiere Eric J Rainforth w.mark IMMPETUS Dept.Of Materials Science and EngineeringThe University of SheffieldMappin StSheffieldSouth YorkshireS1 3JDUK

The effect of final hot rolling in the intercritical (α+γ) region on microstructure and properties is very specific to the individual processing conditions and the chemical composition of a steel.S460 is a plate steel processed in this *** reproduce at the laboratory scale,a multi-stage simulation was developed which included a high temperature austenite deformation and an isothermal *** effect of the applied cooling rate following intercritical deformation was *** 1K/s (typical industrial cooling) the microstructure was similar to the reference sample,but included an intragranular ferrite *** was due to differences in processing history,and considered to be linked to a larger prior austenite grain *** an accelerated cooling rate (15K/s),acicular ferrite formed on shear bands within the strained austenite *** scans have been completed to provide further information about the microstructures,with band contrast able to identify the pearlite phase at the slowest cooling *** is a starting point from which to focus on the ferrite morphologies.

关键词： intercritical deformation cooling rate laboratory simulation plate steel acicular ferrite

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Nanoparticle Targeting with Antibodies in the Central Nervous System

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Biomedical Engineering Frontiers 2023年第1期4卷 159-176页

作者： Ju Hyun Lee Dana V.Chapman w.mark Saltzman Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA

Treatments for disease in the central nervous system(CNS)are limited because of difficulties in agent penetration through the blood-brain barrier,achieving optimal dosing,and mitigating off-target *** prospect of precision medicine in CNS treatment suggests an opportunity for therapeutic nanotechnology,which offers tunability and adaptability to address specific diseases as well as targetability when combined with antibodies(Abs).Here,we review the strategies to attach Abs to nanoparticles(NPs),including conventional approaches of chemisorption and physisorption as well as attempts to combine irreversible Ab immobilization with controlled *** also summarize trends that have been observed through studies of systemically delivered Ab–NP conjugates in ***,we discuss the future outlook for Ab–NPs to deliver therapeutics into the CNS.

关键词： agent irreversible particle

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Martensitic twinning transformation mechanism in a metastable IVB element-based body-centered cubic high-entropy alloy with high strength and high work hardening rate

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2022年第29期124卷 217-231页

作者： Yuhe Huang Junheng Gao Vassili Vorontsov Dikai Guan Russell Goodall David Dye Shuize wang Qiang Zhu w.mark Rainforth Iain Todd Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of SheffieldSheffield S13JDUnited Kingdom Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China Department of Materials Royal School of MinesImperial College LondonLondon SW72BPUnited Kingdom

Realizing high work hardening and thus elevated strength–ductility synergy are prerequisites for the practical usage of body-centered-cubic high entropy alloys(BCC-HEAs).In this study,we report a novel dynamic strengthening mechanism,martensitic twinning transformation mechanism in a metastable refractory element-based BCC-HEA(TiZrHf)Ta(at.%)that can profoundly enhance the work hardening capability,leading to a large uniform ductility and high strength *** from conventional transformation induced plasticity(TRIP)and twinning induced plasticity(TwIP)strengthening mechanisms,the martensitic twinning transformation strengthening mechanism combines the best characteristics of both TRIP and TwIP strengthening mechanisms,which greatly alleviates the strengthductility trade-off that ubiquitously observed in BCC structural *** characterization,carried out using X-ray diffraction(XRD)and electron back-scatter diffraction(EBSD)shows that,upon straining,α”(orthorhombic)martensite transformation,self-accommodation(SA)α”twinning and mechanicalα”twinning were activated *** electron microscopy(TEM)analyses reveal that continuous twinning activation is inherited from nucleating mechanical{351}type I twins within SA“{351}”typeⅡtwinnedα”variants on{351}twinning plane by twinning transformation through simple shear,thereby accommodating the excessive plastic strain through the twinning shear while concurrently refining the grain ***,consistent high work hardening rates of 2–12.5 GPa were achieved during the entire plastic deformation,leading to a high tensile strength of 1.3 GPa and uniform elongation of 24%.Alloy development guidelines for activating such martensitic twinning transformation strengthening mechanism were proposed,which could be important in developing new BCC-HEAs with optimal mechanical performance.

关键词： Metastable high entropy alloy work hardening rate Martensitic transformation Self-accommodating martensite Twinning transformation

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Emerging role of A-kinase anchoring protein 5 signaling in reward circuit function

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第10期20卷 2913-2914页

作者： william J.Flerlage mark L.Dell’Acqua Brian M.Cox Fereshteh S.Nugent Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Department of Pharmacology and Molecular TherapeuticsBethesdaMDUSA Department of Pharmacology University of Colorado School of MedicineAnschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA

There is a strong evidence supporting the hypothesis of synaptic dysfunction as a major contributor to neural circuit and network disruption underlying emotional and mood dysregulation in psychiatric disorders(Simmons et al.,2024).Diverse sets of distinct molecular signaling pathways converge on the synapse to regulate synaptogenesis,synaptic function,and synaptic plasticity in brain regions and circuits through complex interactions organized by numerous multivalent protein scaffolds,including the family of proteins known as A-kinase anchoring proteins(AKAPs).

关键词： function supporting

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Survival in spatially variable thermal environments:Consequences of induced thermal defense

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Integrative Zoology 2018年第4期13卷 392-410页

作者： mark w.DENNY Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University Pacific GroveCaliforniaUSA

As Earth’s climate warms,plants and animals are likely to encounter increased frequency and severity of extreme thermal events,and the ensuing destruction is likely to play an important role in structuring ecological ***,accurate prediction of the population-scale consequences of extreme thermal events requires detailed knowledge of the small-scale interaction between individual organisms and their thermal *** this study I propose a simple model that allows one to explore how individual-to-individual variation in body temperature and thermal physiology determines what fraction of a population will be killed by an extreme thermal *** model takes into account the possibility that each individual plant or animal can respond to an event by adjusting its thermal tolerance in proportion to the stress it *** thermal stress is relatively mild,the model shows that a graded physiological response of this sort leads to increased ***,the model predicts that in more severe events a proportional induced defense can actually reduce survivorship,a counterintuitive possibility that is not predicted by standard *** model can easily be tailored to different species and thermal environments to provide an estimate of when,where and how physiology can buffer the effects of climate warming.

关键词： induced defense plasticity small-scale variability thermal physiology thermal tolerance

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Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in chronic hepatitis C

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world Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第35期15卷 4356-4364页

作者： mark w Douglas Jacob George Storr Liver Unit Westmead Millennium InstituteUniversity of Sydney at Westmead Hospita

It is now widely recognized that chronic hepatitis C (CHC)is associated with insulin resistance(IR)and type 2 diabetes,so can be considered a metabolic *** is most strongly associated with hepatitis C virus(HCV)genotype 1,in contrast to hepatic steatosis, which is associated with genotype 3 *** from the well-described complications of diabetes,IR in CHC predicts faster progression to fibrosis and cirrhosis that may culminate in liver failure and hepatocellular *** recently,it has been recognized that IR in CHC predicts a poor response to antiviral therapy. The molecular mechanisms for the association between IR and HCV infection are not well *** review will elaborate on the clinical associations between CHC and IR and summarize current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms that potentially mediate HCV-associated IR.

关键词： Hepatitis C virus Insulin resistance Treatment response Interferon

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Repeated hydrogen peroxide dosing briefly reduces cyanobacterial blooms and microcystin while increasing fecal bacteria indicators in a eutrophic pond

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第2期124卷 522-543页

作者： mark w.Lusty Christopher J.Gobler School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stony Brook UniversitySouthamptonNY 11968USA

This study explored the effects of H_(2)O_(2)on Cyanobacteria and non-target microbes using fluorometry,microscopy,flow cytometry,and high throughput DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene during a series of mesocosm and whole-ecosystem experiments in a eutrophic pond in NY,*** addition of H_(2)O_(2)(8 mg/L)significantly reduced Cyanobacteria concentrations during a majority of experiments(66%;6 of 9)and significantly increased eukaryotic green and unicellular brown algae in 78%and 45%of experiments,*** heterotrophic bacteria declined significantly following H_(2)O_(2)addition in all experiments,bacteria indicative of potential fecal contamination(Escherichia coli,Enterococcus,fecal coliform bacteria)consistently and significantly increased in response to H_(2)O_(2),evidencing a form of‘pollution swapping’.H_(2)O_(2)more effectively reduced Cyanobacteria in enclosed mesocosms compared to whole-ecosystem *** whole-pond H_(2)O_(2)applications over a twoyear period temporarily reduced cyanobacterial levels but never reduced concentrations below bloom thresholds and populations always rebounded in two weeks or *** bacterial phyla of Cyanobacteria,Actinobacteria,and Planctomycetes were the most negatively impacted by H_(2)O_(2).Microcystis was always reduced by H_(2)O_(2),as was the toxin microcystin,but Microcystis remained dominant even after repeated H_(2)O_(2)*** H_(2)O_(2)favored the growth of eukaryotic algae over potentially harmful Cyanobacteria,the inability of H_(2)O_(2)to end cyanobacterial blooms in this eutrophic waterbody suggests it is a non-ideal mitigation approach in high biomass ecosystems and should be used judiciously due to potential negative impacts on non-target organisms and promotion of bacteria indicative of fecal contamination.

关键词： Indicator bacteria Toxic cyanobacteria Microcystin Microcystis Hydrogen peroxide Bacteria Enterococcus E.coli Pollution swapping

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