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Neuromuscular,biomechanical,and energetic adjustments following repeated bouts of downhill running

Journal of Sport and Health Science 2022年第3期11卷 319-329页

作者： Arash Khassetarash Gianluca Vernillo Renata L.Krüger w.brent edwards Guillaume Y.Millet Human Performance Laboratory Faculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgary T2N 1N4Canada Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health University of MilanMilan 20133Italy Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology UJM-Saint-EtienneUniversitéde LyonSaint-Etienne 42023France Institut Universitaire de France(IUF) Paris 75231France

Purpose This study used downhill running as a model to investigate the repeated bout effect(RBE)on neuromuscular performance,running biomechanics,and metabolic cost of *** Ten healthy recreational male runners performed two 30-min bouts of downhill running(DR1 and DR2)at a-20%slope and 2.8 m/s 3 weeks *** fatigue,level running biomechanics during slow and fast running,and running economy parameters were recorded immediately before and after the downhill bouts,and at 24 h,48 h,72 h,96 h,and 168 h thereafter(i.e.,follow-up days).Results An RBE was confirmed by attenuated muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase rise after DR2 compared to *** RBE was also observed in maximum voluntary contraction(MVC)force loss and voluntary activation where DR2 resulted in attenuated MVC force loss and voluntary activation immediately after the run and during follow-up *** downhill running protocol significantly influenced level running biomechanics;an RBE was observed in which center of mass excursion and,therefore,lower-extremity compliance were greater during follow-up days after DR1 compared to *** observed changes in level running biomechanics did not influence the energy cost of *** This study demonstrated evidence of adaptation in neural drive as well as biomechanical changes with the RBE after *** higher neural drive resulted in attenuated MVC force loss after the second *** can be concluded that the RBE after downhill running manifests as changes to global and central fatigue parameters and running biomechanics without substantially altering the energy cost of running.

关键词： Cost of running Eccentric exercise Fatigue Muscle damage

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Joint Contact Forces with Changes in Running Stride Length and Midsole Stiffness

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Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise 2020年第1期2卷 69-76页

作者： Joshua M.Thomas wbrent edwards Timothy R.Derrick Department of Health Wellnessand SportUniversity of DubuqueDubuqueIA 52001USA Human Performance Laboratory Faculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAB T2N 1N4Canada Department of Kinesiology Iowa State University111L Forker BuildingAmesIA 50011USA

The purpose of this study was to determine if lower extremity joint loading was influenced by stride length or shoe midsole *** subjects completed 10 trials of overground running at an average speed of 4.43 m/s in each of three condi-tions:normal running,running with a stride length(SL)reduced by 10%of normal,and running with a cushioned midsole stiffness(i.e.,mechanical impact reduction of 13.7-10.9 g).Reaction forces calculated from inverse dynamics were summed with muscle forces estimated from a musculoskeletal model using static optimization to obtain joint contact forces at the hip,knee and ankle *** components of the contact forces[axial,anterior-posterior,and medial-lateral(ML)]were examined using parametric statistics(α=0.05).Reducing stride length resulted in significant decreases in absolute peak ankle contact forces in the axial direction(normal:-14.5±1.5 Bw;reduced SL:-14.0±1.6 Bw)and the ML direction(normal:0.67±0.23 Bw;reduced SL:0.61±0.21 Bw).Reducing stride length also reduced the peak absolute axial forces at the knee(normal:-10.6±1.3 Bw;reduced SL:-9.8±1.2 Bw)and the hip(normal:-7.26±2.24 Bw;reduced SL:-6.75±2.10 Bw).The cushioned shoe did not statistically reduce the peak absolute contact forces from the normal stride condition at any of the *** hoc stress analysis suggested that the observed changes in anterior hip force would increase stress more than any of the other statistically significant *** in stride length appear to decrease some joint contact variables but cushioning in the heel region of the shoe does not.

关键词： Gait Injury Compressive force Shear force Cushioning Strain

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Quantitative Variation in water-Use Efficiency across water Regimes and Its Relationship with Circadian, Vegetative, Reproductive, and Leaf Gas-Exchange Traits

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Molecular Plant 2012年第3期5卷 653-668页

作者： Christine E. edwards brent E. Ewers C. Robertson McClung Ping Lou Cynthia weinig Department of Botany University of Wyoming Laramie WY 82071 USA Present address： USACE ERDC Environmental Laboratory 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg MS 39180 USA Program in Ecology University of Wyoming Laramie WY 82071 USA Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755 USA

Drought limits light harvesting, resulting in lower plant growth and reproduction. One trait important for plant drought response is water-use efficiency （wUE）. we investigated （1） how the joint genetic architecture of wUE, reproductive characters, and vegetative traits changed across drought and well-watered conditions, （2） whether traits with distinct developmental bases （e.g. leaf gas exchange versus reproduction） differed in the environmental sensitivity of their genetic architecture, and （3） whether quantitative variation in circadian period was related to drought response in Brassica rapa. Overall, wUE increased in drought, primarily because stomatal conductance, and thus water loss, declined more than carbon fixation. Genotypes with the highest wUE in drought expressed the lowest wUE in well-watered conditions, and had the largest vegetative and floral organs in both treatments. Thus, large changes in wUE enabled some genotypes to approach vegetative and reproductive trait optima across environments. The genetic architecture differed for gas-exchange and vegetative traits across drought and well-watered conditions, but not for floral traits. Correlations between circadian and leaf gas-exchange traits were significant but did not vary across treatments, indicating that circadian period affects physiological function regardless of water availability. These results suggest that wUE is important for drought tolerance in Brassica rapa and that artificial selection for increased wUE in drought will not result in maladaptive expression of other traits that are correlated with wUE.

关键词： Brassica rapa drought ecophysiology floral traits G matrix leaf gas-exchange traits water-use efficiency vegetative traits

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