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Specialized or opportunistic how does the high mountain endemic butterfly Erebia nivalis survive in its extreme habitats？

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Insect Science 2018年第1期25卷 161-171页

作者： Stefan ehl Vivian Dalstein Fabienne Tull Patrick Gros Thomas Schmitt Biogeography Trier University Trier Germany Haus der Natur Salzburg Department Entomology Salzburg Austria Senckenberg German Entomological Institute Department Taxonomy and Biogeography Muncheberg Germany Entomology Department of Zoology Institute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany

High mountain ecosystems are a challenge for the survival of animal and plant species, which have to evolve specific adaptations to cope with the prevailing extreme conditions. The strategies to survive may reach from opportunistic to highly adapted traits. One species successfully surviving under these conditions is the here studied butterfly Erebia nivalis. In a mark-release-recapture study performed in the Hohe Tauern National Park （Austria） from 22 July to 26 August 2013, we marked 1386 individuals and recaptured 342 of these. For each capture event, we recorded the exact point of capture and various other traits （wing conditions, behavior, nectar sources）. The population showed a partial protandrous demography with the minority of males emerging prior to the females, but the majority being synchronized with them. Males and females differed significantly in their behavior with males being more flight active and females nectaring and resting more. Both sexes showed preferences for the same plant species as nectar sources, but this specialization apparently is the result of a rapid individual adaptation to the locally available flowers. Estimates of the realized dispersal distances predicted a comparatively high amount of long-distance flights, especially for females. Therefore, the adaptation of Erebia nivalis to the unpredictable high mountain conditions might be a mixture of opportunism and specialized traits.

关键词： alpine butterflies movement patterns nectar sources opportunistic behavior partial protandry population demography

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Sexual dimorphism in the alpine butterflies Boloria pales and Boloria napaea:differences in movement and foraging behavior (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae)

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Insect Science 2018年第6期25卷 1089-1101页

作者： Stefan ehl Katharina Hostert Jana Korsch Patrick Gros Thomas Schmitt Department of Biogeography University of TrierTrierGermany Haus der Natur Salzburg Work group EntomologySalzburgAustria Senckenberg German Entomological Institute MünchebergGermany Entomology Department of ZoologyInstitute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany

Sexual dimorphism is a widespread phenomenon in *** is reflected in differences in life history,behavior and *** of differences in behavior are mostly difficult and time-consuming,especially in high mountain *** enhance our knowledge on sexual dimorphisms of alpine butterflies,we performed a mark-release-recapture study on 2 species common in the Alps:Boloriapales and Boloria *** analysed movement and foraging behavior to investigate differences between *** sexes were mostly sedentary and the movement distances of males and females ***,obvious differences in dispersal behavior between the sexes were found in the movement *** different patterns were *** males showed intensive flight activity,but mostly flew only in a limited part of the entire habitat (i.e.,their individual home range)searching for females,whereas females were less flight active and flew only to find places for oviposition or *** third pattern,where individuals flew larger distances,was only observed in a small number of males,which always returned to their home *** all feeding was observed on ***,males preferred the genera Leontodon and Crepis,while females preferred Leontodon and *** from this sexual difference in foraging,individuals of both sexes were found to be more or less specialised on nectar *** activity was generally greater in males than ***,we think that sex-specific requirements in nectar ingredients exist,that is,sugar for the intensive flight activity of males and amino acids for egg production of females.

关键词： foraging behavior mark-release-recapture movement patterns nectar source specialization sexual dimorphism

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State of the art of friction modelling at interfaces subjected to elastohydrodynamic lubrication(ehl)

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Friction 2021年第2期9卷 207-227页

作者： Zhuming BI Donald w.MUELLER Chris w.J.ZHANG Civil and Mechanical Engineering Purdue University Fort WayneIN 46805USA Department of Mechanical Engineering University of SaskatchewanSaskatoon SK S7N 5A9Canada

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication(ehl)is a type of fluid-film lubrication where hydrodynamic behaviors at contact surfaces are affected by both elastic deformation of surfaces and lubricant *** of contact interfaces under ehl is challenging due to high nonlinearity,complexity,and the multi-disciplinary *** paper aims to understand the state of the art of computational modelling of ehl by(1)examining the literature on modeling of contact surfaces under boundary and mixed lubricated conditions,(2)emphasizing the methods on the friction prediction occurring to contact surfaces,and(3)exploring the feasibility of using commercially available software tools(especially,Simulia/Abaqus)to predict the friction and wear at contact surfaces of objects with relative reciprocating motions.

关键词： elastohydrodynamic lubrication(ehl) lubricant rheology finite element analysis(FEA) friction prediction Simulia/Abaqus surface roughness coefficient of friction(CoF)

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