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A robust new.metric of phenotypic distance to estimate and compare multiple trait differences among populations

Current Zoology 2012年第3期58卷 426-439页

作者： Rebecca SAFRAN Samuel FLAXMAN Michael KOPP Darren E. IRw.N Derek BRIGGS Matthew.R. EVANS w. chris funk David A. GRAY Eileen A. HEBETS Nathalie SEDDON Elizabeth SCORDATO Laurel B. SYMES Joseph A. TOBIAS David P. L. TOEw. J. Albert C. UY Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 U.S.A. Mathematics and B iosciences Group Faculty of Mathematics University of Vienna A-1090 Vienna Austria Current address Evolutionary Biology and Modeling Group Faculty of Sciences Aix-Marseille University 13331 Marseille France. Department of Zoology University of British Columbia 6270 University Boulevard Vancouver BC Canada V6T 1Z4. Research ＆ Evaluation Methodology School of Education University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 U.S.A. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 U.S.A. Department of Biology California State University Northridge CA 91330 U.S.A. School of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska Lincoln NE 68588 U.S.A. Edw.rd Grey Institute Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PS UK Committee on Evolutionary Biology The University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637U.S.A. Department of Biology Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755 U.S.A. Department of Biology University of Miami Coral Gables FL 33146 U.S.A.

w.ereas a rich literature exists for estimating population genetic divergence, metrics of phenotypic trait divergence are lacking, particularly for comparing multiple traits among three or more populations. Here, w. review.and analyze via simula- tion Hedges＇ g, a w.dely used parametric estimate of effect size. Our analyses indicate that g is sensitive to a combination of unequal trait variances and unequal sample sizes among populations and to changes in the scale of measurement. w. then go on to derive and explain a new. non-parametric distance measure, ＇Aft＇, w.ich is caiculated based upon a joint cumulative distribution function （CDF） from all populations under study. More precisely, distances are measured in terms of the percentiles in this CDF at w.ich each population＇s median lies. Ap combines many desirable features of other distance metrics into a single metric; namely, compared to other metrics, p is relatively insensitive to unequal variances and sample sizes among the populations sam- pied. Furthermore, a key feature of Ap--and our main motivation for developing it--is that it easily accommodates simultaneous comparisons of any number of traits across any number of populations. To exemplify its utility, w. employ Ap to address a ques- tion related to the role of sexual selection in speciation： are sexual signals more divergent than ecological traits in closely related taxa？ Using traits of know. function in closely related populations, w. show.that traits predictive of reproductive performance are indeed, more divergent and more sexually dimorphic than traits related to ecological adaptation [Current Zoology 58 （3）： 426-439 2012].

关键词： Effect size Phenotype divergence Sexual dimorphism Sexual selection Speciation

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Indoor Air Quality in the United Arab Emirates

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2014年第8期5卷 709-722页

作者： w.lliam E. funk Joachim D. Pleil Joseph A. Pedit Maryanne G. Boundy Karin B. Yeatts David G. Nash chris B. Trent Mohamed El Sadig christopher A. Davidson David Leith Department of Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences United Arab Emirates University Al Ain UAE Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill USA Department of Epidemiology Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill USA Department of Preventive Medicine Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago USA US Department of Housing and Urban Development Washington DC USA US Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park USA

Air quality w.s measured inside 628 United Arab Emirates (UAE) personal residences. w.ekly average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde (HCHO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and three size fractions of particulate matter (PM2.5, PMc, and PM10) w.re determined in each home. In a subset of the homes, measurements of outdoor air quality, ultrafine PM concentrations, and elemental PM concentrations w.re also made. Questionnaires w.re administered to obtain information on housing demographics and lifestyle habits. Air measurements w.re performed using simple and cost effective passive samplers. The 90th percentiles of indoor CO, HCHO, H2S, NO2, and SO2 w.re 1.55 ppm, 0.05 ppm, 0.12 ppm, 0.01 ppm, and 0.05 ppm, respectively. Median indoor PM2.5, PMc, and PM10, concentrations w.re 5.73 μg/m3, 29.4 μg/m3, and 35.2 μg/m3, respectively. The median indoor concentration of ultrafine PM w.s 3.62 × 1010 particles/m3. Indoor/outdoor ratios for PM w.re 0.44, 0.41, and 0.38 for ultrafine PM, PM2.5, and PM10, respectively. These values fall w.thin the range of other indoor air studies findings conducted in developing countries. Air conditioning, smoking, and attached kitchens w.re significantly correlated w.th indoor levels of carbon monoxide. In addition, indoor concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 w.re significantly correlated w.th vehicles parked w.thin five meters of the home, central air conditioning, and having attached kitchens. This is the first robust indoor air quality data set developed for the UAE. This study demonstrates that screening level tools are a good initial step for assessing air quality w.en logistical issues (distance, language, cultural, training) and intrusion into personal lives need to be minimized.

关键词： Indoor Air Quality UAE Particulate Matter Pollution Gases Sources

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