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Deuterium retention in chemically vapor deposited tungsten carbide coatings and hot-rolled tungsten exposed to low-energy deuterium plasma

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Tungsten 2022年第1期4卷 10-19页

作者： vladimir kh.alimov Joachim Roth Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow 119071Russia Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik 85748 GarchingGermany

Samples of chemically vapor deposited(CVD)coatings of tungsten carbides W_(45)C_(55)and W_(60)C_(40)and samples of hot-rolled tungsten were exposed to deuterium(D)plasma at sample temperatures ranging from 323 to 813 K,as a result of which the samples were irradiated with D ions with an energy of about 200 eV per D particle at a flux of D particles of about1.1×10^(21)D·m^(-2)·s^(-1)to a fluence of about 2×10^(24)D·m^(-2).The concentration of deuterium in these samples was examined by the D(3 He,p)4 He nuclear *** on the measured deuterium depth profiles and assuming that these profiles are determined by diffusing D atoms,the diffusion coefficients of deuterium in the CVD tungsten carbide coatings were *** these diffusion coefficients,an estimate of the Arrhenius relation for the diffusion coefficients of deuterium in CVD tungsten carbide coatings was obtained:D=2.5×10^(-3)exp(-1.12 eV/kT)m~2·s^(-1),where T is temperature expressed in Kelvin,and k is the Boltzmann *** concentration of trapped deuterium in the bulk of CVD tungsten carbide coatings is practically independent of the stoichiometry of the *** decreases from about 5×10^(-2)to about 7×10^(-4)D/(W+C)with an increase in the deuterium plasma exposure temperature from 373 to 813 *** concentration of trapped deuterium in hot-rolled tungsten,expressed in units of the D/W atomic ratio,is more than an order of magnitude lower than the concentration of deuterium in tungsten carbides,and also decreases with increasing plasma exposure temperature.

关键词： Chemically vapor deposited tungsten carbides Tungsten Deuterium plasma Deuterium depth profiles Deuterium diffusion coefficients

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The Impact of Energy Produced by Civilization on Global Warming

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Open Journal of Ecology 2022年第6期12卷 325-332页

作者： vladimir kh. Dobruskin Independent Researcher Beer Yacov Israel

The thermodynamic approach to the evolution of human society shows that the energy generated by civilization disrupts the thermal balance of the Earth. This energy did not exist before the advent of civilization;it practically does not affect the thermal radiation of the planet and dissipates in the atmosphere in the form of heat, increasing the kinetic energy of gas molecules and, consequently, their temperature. Since air molecules cannot leave the Earth due to gravity, excess heat accumulates on the planet and contributes to global warming. A quantitative assessment of the effect is given. An analogy can be made: the energy generated by humanity heats the atmosphere, as a furnace heats a dwelling.

关键词： Thermodynamics Global Warming Energy of Civilization Climate

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Contribution of Energy Produced by Humanity to Global Warming

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Open Journal of Ecology 2023年第5期13卷 241-247页

作者： vladimir kh. Dobruskin Pashosh Beer Yacov Israel

Civilization has reached such a level of development when the energy produced by humanity (the energy of civilization) begins to become a noticeable addition to the energy of incoming solar radiation. The energy of civilization accumulates in the surface layer, where human activity is concentrated, and dissipates in the form of heat, causing a rise in temperature. An equation is derived to calculate the contribution of civilization’s energy to global warming, which prove to be directly proportional to the accumulated energy of civilization and inversely proportional to the energy of solar radiation on the earth’s surface to the power of three-fourths. The coefficient of proportionality is expressed in terms of fundamental physical constants: Planck’s constant, the speed of light and the Boltzmann constant. It is shown that the contribution of energy of civilization is comparable with the role of increasing concentration of carbon dioxide over the past decades. To mitigate the negative effect, it is necessary to reduce the energy production and partially revise the environmental policy.

关键词： Stephan-Boltzmann Law Energy Of Civilization Global Warming

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The Planet’s Response to Human Activity. Thermodynamic Approach

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Open Journal of Ecology 2021年第2期11卷 126-135页

作者： vladimir kh. Dobruskin Beer Yaakov Israel

The applicability of the laws of thermodynamics to processes on Earth is discussed and it is shown that the chemical thermodynamics provides the reasonable basis for predicting probable changes. The historical evolution of the planet is considered in the framework of the Harari approach;a civilization’s level is estimated by the Kardashev scale based on the amount of energy it is able to use. During a short historical interval (≈500 years), when the effect of biological evolution is imperceptible and the main changes on the planet are caused by human activity, two systems are considered: 1) a nonequilibrium inhabited planet and 2) a quasi-equilibrium hypothetical planet without people, which is accepted as a comparison system. It is shown that in response to the energy impact, the equilibrium of the hypothetical system with the primordial nature is disturbed and processes are initiated aimed to prevent further growth of energy production. In the case of a real planet, this implements changes preventing the uncontrolled activities of humans—the energy producers. Climate change, an increase in the number of natural disasters and epidemics can be recognized as a direct response of the planet, while changes in socio-economic relations, morality, demographic situation, new threats etc. can be considered as an indirect reaction to changing conditions of human beings. The latter results from the mutual correlation between the progress of society, on the one hand, and humanitarian and political processes, on the other. The role of renewable and non-renewable energy sources in evolution is taken into account. Obviously, it is better to take meaningful measures to achieve an acceptable balance now than to wait for the blind and extremely painful action of the laws of nature, which would lead to a reduction in the population.

关键词： Planet’s Response Human Activity Evolution

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The Boguslawski Melting Model

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World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics 2016年第1期6卷 45-55页

作者： vladimir kh. Kozlovskiy Scientific Society Berlin Germany

The anharmonic vibrator, whose expression of potential energy contains second and third powers of coordinates, is treated on the basis of dynamical procedure, which presents the state of motion by means of mean position and mean amplitude of vibration. The divergent statistical integral comes here not into consideration. The free energy is represented through mean atomic displacement and developed in power series, retaining fourth degree. The graphs show that at certain temperature, the minimum in free energy disappears, and the atom escapes from the potential pit. A simple atomic model that represents this phenomenon is proposed and the influence of model dimension and pressure on melting temperature will be presented.

关键词： Boguslawski Vibrator Melting Three Atomic Model Atomic Interactions

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Dynamical Examinations of Vibrator Models, Describing Some Non Elastic Properties of Crystals

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World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics 2017年第3期7卷 80-88页

作者： vladimir kh. Kozlovskiy Scientific Society Berlin Germany

On the base of a vibrator atomic model the mechanical and thermal properties of the object are analyzed. The potential energy of the vibrator is represented by means of positive term with coordinate deflection in second power and negative term with deflection in fourth power. With the use of dynamical procedure of calculation, which permits to calculate mean deflection and root mean square amplitude of vibrations, the dependence of applied force from mean amplitude and temperature is calculated. This dependence shows a maximum (or minimum, when the direction of force is reversed), the height of which diminishes with rising temperature. When the force reaches the value of the maximum, the object does not elastic counteract to the force, and gliding begins. It is also considered a vibrator with positive term, containing the deflection in second power and a term, where the deflection treats in third power (Boguslawski vibrator). Exact calculations of the dependence of the force from the temperature in adiabatic process, where the entropy is maintained constant, shows that it is represented by means of a curve with a maximum, so that stretching leads to cooling till the point of maximum is reached.

关键词： Anharmonic Vibrator Gliding Destruction Adiabatic Curve

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Model of Cubic Cell for Description of Some Phase Transitions in Crystals

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World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics 2018年第4期8卷 162-170页

作者： vladimir kh. Kozlovskiy Scientific Society Berlin WIGB Berlin Germany

The purpose of the research is to develop a dynamical theory of phase transitions in crystalline structures, when except for temperature, the pressure is acting. So, the phase diagram temperature-pressure (dimensions) must be constructed. In general case, it is a complicated question, which can be solved for simple models of crystal, as three atomic models, introduced in the work of Frenkel [1]. In this model, three identical atoms are placed on the straight line and interact with the forces, which can be described by the expression, given in the article of Lennard-Jones [2]. Such simple model may have success, when the crystalline structure is simple, which consists of one type of atoms, for example: carbon. The model was generalized to cubic cell model with a moving atom in the inner part of the cell. The rigorous calculation of phase diagram for transition graphite-diamond shows some similarity with results of numerous experimental investigations (which are not discussed here). So, the way of phase diagram calculation may attract attention.

关键词： Cubic Cell Phase Transitions Influence of Temperature Influence of Pressure

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To the Question of Validity Grüneisen Solid State Equation

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World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics 2012年第4期2卷 219-227页

作者： vladimir kh. Kozlovskiy Jewish Scientific Society Berlin Germany

The first justified theory of solid state was proposed by Grüneisen in the year 1912 and was based on the virial theorem. The forces of interaction between two atoms were assumed as changing with distance between them according to inverse power laws. But only virial theorem is insufficient to deduce the equation of state, so this author has introduced some relations, which are correct, when the forces linearly depend on displacement of atoms. But with such law of interaction the phase transitions cannot take place. Debye received Grüneisen equation in another way. He deduced the expression for thermocapacity, using Plank formula for energy of harmonic vibrator. Taking into account the dependence of atomic vibration frequency from distance between atoms, when the forces of interaction are anharmonic, he received the equation of state, which in classical limit turns to Grüneisen equation. The question, formulated by Debye is—How can we come to phase transitions, when Plank formula for harmonic vibrator was used? Debye solved this question not perfectly, because he was born to small anharmonicity. In the presented work a chain of atoms is considered, and their movement is analysed by means of relations, equivalent to virial theorem and theorem of Lucas (disappearing of mean force). Both are the results of variation principle of Hamilton. The Grüneisen equation for low temperature (not very low, where quantum expression for energy is essential) was obtained, and a family of isotherms and isobars are drown, which show the existence of spinodals, where phase transitions occur. So, Grüneisen equation is an equation of state for low temperatures.

关键词： Grüneisen Equation Phase Transitions Atomic Chain Atomic Interactions

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The composition of acid/oil interface in acid oil emulsions

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Petroleum Science 2020年第5期17卷 1345-1355页

作者： Yulia M.Ganeeva Tatiana N.Yusupova Ekaterina E.Barskaya Alina kh.Valiullova Ekaterina S.Okhotnikova vladimir I.Morozov Lucia F.Davletshina Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry FRC Kazan Scientifi c CenterRussian Academy of SciencesArbuzov str.8Kazan 420088Russian Federation Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas(National Research University) Leninsky Prospekt 65Moscow 119991Russian Federation

In well stimulation treatments using hydrochloric acid,undesirable water-in-oil emulsion and acid sludge may produce and then cause operational problems in oil field *** processes intensify in the presence of Fe(Ⅲ),which are from the corroded surfaces of field equipment and/or iron-bearing minerals of the oil *** order to understand the reasons of the stability of acid emulsions,acid emulsions were prepared by mixing crude oil emulsion with 15% hydrochloric acid solutions with and without Fe(Ⅲ) and then separated into free and upper(water free) and intermediate(with water) *** is assumed that the oil phase of the free and upper layers contains the compounds which do not participate in the formation of acid emulsions,and the oil phase of the intermediate layers contains components involved in the formation of oil/acid *** composition of the oil phase of each layer of the emulsions was *** is found that the asphaltenes with a high content of sulfur,oxygen and metals as well the flocculated material of protonated non-polar oil components are concentrated at the oil/acid *** addition to the above,in the presence of Fe(Ⅲ) the Fe(Ⅲ)-based complexes with polar groups of asphaltenes are formed at the acid/oil interface,contributing to the formation of armor films which enhance the emulsion stability.

关键词： Acid emulsions Ferric cations Acid/oil interface Asphaltenes Resins Waxes Oil paramagnetic particles Fe(Ⅲ)-based complexes

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The Role of Methane and Methane Hydrates in the Evolution of Global Climate

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American Journal of Climate Change 2018年第2期7卷 236-252页

作者： Sarah kh. Lifshits vladimir B. Spektor Boris M. Kershengolts Valentin V. Spektor Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Oil and Gas Problems Yakutsk Russia Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Melnikov Permafrost Institute Yakutsk Russia Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone Yakutsk Russia

For the first time, functioning of the planetary climate system is considered in terms of the self-organization laws with account of positive and negative feedbacks. It is shown that the maximum risks in the development of positive feedbacks that can lead the climate system to a planetary catastrophe, are associated with an unprecedented increase in the concentration of methane in the atmosphere. Over the last 30 years, its concentration in the atmosphere has increased by 2.5 times and continues to grow exponentially. In this review, we show that today the principal source for increase of methane concentration in the atmosphere is the self-accelerating decomposition of methane hydrates in the cryosphere of the Northern Hemisphere. In the history of the Earth, the emissions of methane into the atmosphere due to mass decomposition of methane hydrates led to climate-induced biosphere catastrophes. Paleo-reconstruction analysis of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and its temperature over the last 420,000 years has allowed us to conclude that the self-organizing planetary climate system is currently in a state of dynamic chaos (close to the bifurcation point). This means that even a relatively weak impact on it, also of anthropogenic characters, is able to affect the planetary climate system to select its future development trajectory.

关键词： Greenhouse Effect Decomposition of Methane Hydrates Permafrost Biosphere Catastrophe Self-Regulation in the Global Climate System

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