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Toward sustainable waste management in small islands developing states: integrated waste-to-energy solutions in Maldives context

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2024年第2期18卷 133-148页

作者： Yao Wang Alejandro Ruiz-Acevedo Eemaan Rameez vijaya raghavan Abid Hussain Xunchang Fei School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Nanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore 639798Singapore United Nations Office for Project Services(UNOPS) United Nations BuildingBuruzu MaguMale’20184Maldives Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill UniversitySte-Anne-De-BellevueQuebec H9X 3V9Canada Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Carleton UniversityOttawaOntario K1S 5B6H9X 3V9Canada

Effective waste management is a major challenge for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) like Maldives due to limited land availability. Maldives exemplifies these issues as one of the most geographically dispersed countries, with a population unevenly distributed across numerous islands varying greatly in size and population density. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the unique waste management practices across different regions of Maldives in relation to its natural and socioeconomic context. Data shows Maldives has one of the highest population density and per capita waste generation among SIDS, despite its small land area and medium GDP per capita. Large disparities exist between the densely populated capital Male’ with only 5.8 km2 area generating 63% of waste and the ~194 scattered outer islands with ad hoc waste management practices. Given Male’s dense population and high calorific waste, incineration could generate up to ~30 GW/a energy and even increase Maldives’ renewable energy supply by 200%. In contrast, decentralized anaerobic digestion presents an optimal solution for outer islands to reduce waste volume while providing over 40%–100% energy supply for daily cooking in local families. This timely study delivers valuable insights into designing context-specific waste-to-energy systems and integrated waste policies tailored to Maldives’ distinct regions. The framework presented can also guide other SIDS facing similar challenges as Maldives in establishing sustainable, ecologically sound waste management strategies.

关键词： Anaerobic digestion Waste incineration Waste management Maldives Small Island Developing States Waste-to-energy

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Preventive effects of Bifidobacterium lactis Probio-M8 on ovalbumin-induced food allergy in mice

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Food Science and Human Wellness 2024年第4期13卷 2346-2352页

作者： Jialu Shi Yan Xu Cheng Liu Shizhi Wang Jin Wang vijaya raghavan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering Ministry of Educationand Department of Nutrition and Food HygieneSchool of Public HealthSoutheast UniversityNanjing 210009China Department of Bioresource Engineering Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesMcGill UniversitySainte-Anne-de-BellevueQC H9X3V9Canada

Food allergy is a significant public health concern *** probiotics have been found to enhance food allergy by regulating immune-microbe interactions in animal models and ***,the effects of Bifidobacterium lactis Probio-M8 on food allergy have not been thoroughly *** present study examined the anti-allergic properties of Probio-M8,particularly in relation to immune response and gut microbiota *** demonstrate that oral administration of Probio-M8 effectively mitigated the allergy symptoms triggered by ovalbumin(OVA)by ameliorating the morphological damage in the jejunum,reducing OVA-specific IgE and histamine levels in the serum,and suppressing Th2 cytokines(interleukin(IL)4 and IL-13)while increasing Th1 cytokines(interferon(IFN)γ)and regulatory T(Treg)cytokines(IL-10 and transforming growth factor(TGF)β1)in the culture supernatants of splenic ***,Probio-M8 effectively altered the diversity and composition of gut microbiota,particularly the relative abundances of Akkermansia_muciniphila in OVA-induced *** to the OVA group,the Probio-M8 group showed a decrease in the relative abundance of Akkermansia_*** conclusion,Probio-M8 demonstrates the potential to alleviate food allergy by regulating the Th1/Th2 response and modulating gut microbiota,thereby offering a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with food allergy.

关键词： Food allergy Bifidobacterium lactis Probio-M8 T cell immune response Gut microbiota

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Modelling of microwave assisted hot-air drying and microstructural study of oilseeds

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2016年第6期9卷 167-177页

作者： Mohamed Hemis Ruplal Choudhary Nathalie Becerra-Mora Punit Kohli vijaya raghavan University Djillali Bounaama Khemis Miliana Road of Theniat ElhadKhemis MilianaAin Defla 44225Algeria Department of Plant Soil and Agricultural SystemsSouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleIL 62901USA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleIL 62901USA Bioresource Engineering McGill UniversitySte.Anne de BellevueQC H9X 3V9Canada

A modelling study was performed to solve the heat and mass transfer problems between grain and the ambient air encountered during drying by microwave assisted hot-air dryer,under low microwave(MW)density of 0.2 W/***(Brassica napus),soybean(Glycine max)and corn(Zea mays)seeds were chosen due to their inherent high oil *** electron microscopy(SEM)was used to study the effect of drying conditions on the structural characteristics of these oilseeds.A mathematical model was adapted to simulate drying of one seed of canola,soybean and *** process of water transfer was modelled based on the effect of vapour pressure on the water molecules inside the *** was observed that when the difference between the vapour pressure inside the grain and the surrounding air was higher than,the drying rate increased which led to cracks in the *** showed that the drying rate decreased when the temperature of air inside the cavity of the microwave increased for all the oilseeds studied,because of the reduced differential vapour pressure between the grain and the ambient *** the other hand,the drying rate increased if the temperature of the inlet air was reduced because the difference between the two pressures *** was concluded that by controlling the ambient air,the grains could be protected against popping and cracking because of lower vapour pressure differential during MW assisted hot-air drying.

关键词： mathematical modelling oilseeds MW assisted drying drying rate SEM images

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扰动扩散流动分析法测定土壤氮、磷技术研究

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农业环境科学学报 2022年第8期41卷 1846-1854页

作者：李灿李振峰马刘正张伟李晓冬 vijaya raghavan 胡建东河南省农业激光技术国际联合实验室河南农业大学机电工程学院郑州450002 河南问道光电科技有限公司郑州450002 McGill大学生物资源工程系加拿大蒙特利尔H9X3V9 小麦玉米作物学国家重点实验室郑州450002

随着国家对农业面源氮、磷污染防治力度的加大,土壤氮、磷测定技术迫切需要改善。本研究在对常规的扩散对流(Dispersion convection)和强迫对流(Forced convection)流动分析方法基础上,提出了扰动扩散(Perturbation diffusion)流动分析... 详细信息

随着国家对农业面源氮、磷污染防治力度的加大,土壤氮、磷测定技术迫切需要改善。本研究在对常规的扩散对流(Dispersion convection)和强迫对流(Forced convection)流动分析方法基础上,提出了扰动扩散(Perturbation diffusion)流动分析方法,以实现土壤氮、磷全自动化快速测定与分析。扰动扩散流动分析方法是将样品和试剂定量化后集中在化学反应腔中进行反应,然后程序控制蠕动泵对化学反应腔中反应物进行反复扰动,待化学反应完全稳定后流入光电探测单元完成土壤氮、磷含量测定。采用取自湖北潜江的土壤样品对扰动扩散流动分析方法进行了系统验证,实验结果表明,本研究提出的方法与常规紫外可见分光光度法对氮、磷测定相比,基于硫酸钠和碳酸氢钠联合浸提的土壤铵态氮测量值相关系数为0.9155,基于氯化钙浸提的土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和水溶性磷测量值相关系数分别为0.9985、0.9901和0.9911。铵态氮、硝态氮和水溶性磷的检出限分别为0.0554、0.0203 mg·L^(-1)和0.0084 mg·L^(-1),相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)分别为1.8%、4.8%和1.0%。

关键词：土壤速效氮土壤速效磷扰动扩散化学反应腔吸光光谱可调光程

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离子选择电极阵列测定土壤中硝态氮

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中国无机分析化学 2022年第1期12卷 91-96页

作者：苏睿苑锋吴俊锋位文涛 vijaya raghavan 胡建东河南农业大学机电工程学院河南省农业激光技术国际联合实验室郑州450002 McGill大学生物资源工程系加拿大蒙特利尔H9X3V9 小麦玉米作物学国家重点实验室郑州450002

土壤硝态氮反映土壤短期氮素供应水平,实时了解土壤硝态氮的含量为精准农业和农业面源污染防控提供支撑,因此,在线实时检测土壤硝态氮方法突破就显得十分迫切。土壤硝态氮中的硝酸根离子在土壤中的高水溶性和流动性为全固态硝酸根离子... 详细信息

土壤硝态氮反映土壤短期氮素供应水平,实时了解土壤硝态氮的含量为精准农业和农业面源污染防控提供支撑,因此,在线实时检测土壤硝态氮方法突破就显得十分迫切。土壤硝态氮中的硝酸根离子在土壤中的高水溶性和流动性为全固态硝酸根离子选择电极高敏感检测土壤中硝态氮提供了条件,固态硝态氮离子选择电极的离子选择膜反应硝酸根离子在被测溶液中的浓度。采用全固态硝酸根离子选择电极ELIT NO_(3)^(-),且与温度电极和pH电极融合组成电极阵列对土壤饱和溶液中的硝酸根离子进行检测。设计了高输入阻抗运算放大电路对电极信号进行采集,并通过微处理控制蠕动泵完成土壤硝态氮待测溶液连续流动测定及实时传输结果。实验结果表明,电极响应时间≤15 s,斜率-51.63 mV/decade,线性范围10^(-5)~10^(-2.2) mol/L,最低检测限10^(-5.23) mol/L。相对标准差在0.78%~4.5%,加标回收率均在90.0%~110%。与紫外可见分光光度法测试结果相比,相关系数(R^(2))为0.9952,为土壤硝态氮在现场检测奠定技术基础。

关键词：面源污染硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N) 电极阵列固态离子选择电极(ISE)

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微流池多光程土壤有效态氮磷测定方法研究

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中国无机分析化学 2022年第5期12卷 58-64页

作者：位文涛李振峰李林泽苏睿李晓冬陈永起 vijaya raghavan 胡建东河南农业大学机电工程学院郑州450002 河南省农业激光技术国际联合实验室郑州450002 河南问道光电科技有限公司郑州450002 McGill大学生物资源工程系加拿大蒙特利尔H9X 3V9 小麦玉米作物学国家重点实验室郑州450002

农业面源氮磷污染是当前地表水体污染主要来源,而土壤有效态氮磷测试大都依赖于流动分析仪在实验室完成,无法满足个性化土壤有效态氮磷现场测定需求。建立了一种微流池多光程的土壤有效态氮磷测定技术,通过柔性化参数设置,实现不同土壤... 详细信息

农业面源氮磷污染是当前地表水体污染主要来源,而土壤有效态氮磷测试大都依赖于流动分析仪在实验室完成,无法满足个性化土壤有效态氮磷现场测定需求。建立了一种微流池多光程的土壤有效态氮磷测定技术,通过柔性化参数设置,实现不同土壤有效态氮磷测试规范和现场测试。以广东省韶关市农业科学研究所和北京市农林科学院提供的26个样品为例进行有效态铵态氮、硝态氮和磷测定验证。实验结果表明,微流池多光程土壤有效态氮磷测定方法中有效态铵态氮、硝态氮和磷的检出限(LOD)分别为0.0086、0.0094和0.0078 mg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.80%、5.7%和0.90%,加标回收率在92.0%~103%,平均单样品测试时间6 min。测试过程自动化,极大地提升了土壤有效态氮磷测定效率和测试结果准确性,为农业面源污染防治提供技术支撑。

关键词：面源污染微流池多光程土壤有效态氮磷现场检测

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Sustainabilty of Rice Processing in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(B) 2012年第9期2卷 1044-1050页

作者： Mohammed Bakari Michael Ngadi Robert Kok vijaya raghavan Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue Quebec Canada

Energy and environmental sustainability are important considerations for increased rice production. This study examined the energy utilization and sustainability of rice processing in sub-Saharan Africa. The community of Gadan Loko village in the song local government of Adamawa State, Nigeria was selected as the focus of study. Rice parboiling, the most energy intensive process in rice processing is carried out usually by women in small quantities of about 13.2 kg using traditional pots on tripod support stoves. The parboiled rice is sun dried on mats before it is taken to the milling stalls where it is milled using milling machines driven by single cylinder diesel engines. There were large variations in the quality of milled rice due to lack of consistency in processing parameters. Accumulation of rice husk in the community created important environmental issues. In this study, methods of improving sustainability of rice processing were investigated. The areas included: the utilization of waste heat from the diesel engines for improved drying and efficient pre-soaking; the utilization of solar energy for pre-soaking; the utilization of rice husks as alternative fuel to firewood; and the optimization and redesign of the stoves and parboiling vessels to minimize heat loss to the environment. The results showed that the utilization of rice husk as alternative fuel and the redesign of the stoves and parboiling vessels will increase the sustainability of rice processing and can be easily adopted by the community. While solar energy pre-soaking was not economical and the utilization of waste heat from the diesel engines for drying and pre-soaking would be difficult to implement at the rural scale, because most of the parboiling is done far away from the milling stalls. The study showed that research, development of appropriate technology, and education (RATE) of the rural community is an important way of increasing sustainability.

关键词：大米加工农村社区撒哈拉非洲可持续发展柴油发动机能源利用环境问题

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基于BP神经网络的微波真空膨化浆果脆片工艺参数优化

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中国食品学报 2016年第3期16卷 103-108页

作者：刘海军刘伟张春芝魏春红郑先哲 G.S.vijaya raghavan 黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院黑龙江大庆163319 东北农业大学工程学院哈尔滨150030 加拿大麦吉尔大学生物资源工程系

为了优化微波真空膨化浆果脆片的工艺参数,在单因素试验基础上做四因素五水平中心组和响应面试验。将响应面试验数据作为神经网络的样本,采用神经网络的方法优化全局最优的工艺条件,优化结果:在微波强度27.92 W/g、初始含水率20%、膨化... 详细信息

为了优化微波真空膨化浆果脆片的工艺参数,在单因素试验基础上做四因素五水平中心组和响应面试验。将响应面试验数据作为神经网络的样本,采用神经网络的方法优化全局最优的工艺条件,优化结果:在微波强度27.92 W/g、初始含水率20%、膨化时间90 s和真空压强36 k Pa条件下,膨化度为3.80。在此条件下做验证试验,神经网络预测值与验证试验数据的相对误差为4.29%,响应面优化数值与验证试验数据的相对误差为6.58%。神经网络方法与遗传算法结合优化食品加工工艺参数是可行的,将其与响应曲面法结合起来,为食品加工工艺参数的优化提供一个有效的方法。

关键词：神经网络微波膨化浆果优化

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Application of microwaves in Chemsitry and Bioprocessing

Application of microwaves in Chemsitry and Bioprocessing

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第十二届全国微波能应用学术会议

作者： G．S．vijaya raghavan Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University 21111 Lakeshore RoadSte-Anne-de-BellevueQCH9X 3V9Canada

The special microwave-matter interaction mechanisms make microwaves a special format of energy that can bring many new characteristics into its various applications such as synthesis, extraction, drying, and culturing processes. The common characteristics in drying processes are the great reduction in processing time and better end-product quality. In the extraction process, processing time reduction is still an attractive point. Higher yield, and better quality extracts are also obtained using microwave-assisted extraction method. Microwaves also have some special biological effect such as increasing viability of seeds and stimulating the root formation from cotyledon, which can be used in culturing processes.

关键词： drying MAE culturaing bioprocessing microwaves synthesis extraction natural product

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ZnCl2 Catalyzed Synthesis of Various Parabens under Microwave Irradiation

ZnCl2 Catalyzed Synthesis of Various Parabens under Microwav...

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第十二届全国微波能应用学术会议

作者： G．S．vijaya raghavan Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University 21111 Lakeshore RoadSte-Anne-de-BellevueQCH9X 3V9Canada

The synthesis of various parabens using ZnCl2 as catalyst under microwave irradiation was studied. More than 97% of conversion can be achieved on the synthesis of n-butyl paraben within 2 minutes under microwaves. During the synthesis of ethyl and n-butyl paraben, a transition curve was observed on the temperature profile. During this period, temperature increases slower than normal. On the synthesis of sec-butyl paraben, ZnCl2 showed great advantage ,over concentrated H2SO4 as catalyst. When ZnCl2 was applied on the reaction of p-hydroxylbenoic acid with 1-octanol, no paraben was obtained, but the existence of di-n-octyl ether and 2-octene were detected.

关键词： n-butyleparaben Microwave-assisted synthesis ZnCl2 transition state athermal octylether

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