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Carboxylesterase and Glutathione-S-Transferase （GST＇s） Induced Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin CrylAb in Rice Leaf Folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis （Guenee） Populations

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2013年第1期3卷 53-59页

作者： Veegala Ramesh Babu vemuri shashi bhushan Chintalapati Padmavathy: Muthugonder Mohan SenaMahendran. Balachandran Bellamkonda Ramesh AINP on Pesticide Residues Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University Andhra Pradesh Rajendranagar Hyderabad 500030India Division of Crop Protection Directorate of Rice Research Rajendranagar Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad 500030 India Division of Crop Improvement Directorate of Rice Research Rajendranagar Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad 500030 India

The rice leaf folder （RLF）, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis （Guenee）（lnsecta： Lepidoptera： Pyralidae）, is an important pest, widely distributed in many rice growing areas of Asia. The over-use of broad-spectrum chemical insecticides has been cited as a major cause of outbreaks of C. medinalis as excessive spraying of insecticide disrupts natural biological control insecticides still remain the major control tactics against leaf folder. Carbofuran and fenthion, bendiocarb, acephate, carbosulfan, quinolphos, monocrotophos, phosphamidon and fenvalerate are the common ones used against rice leaf folder. Genetically, modified rice lines expressing B. thuringiensis insecticidal crystal proteins produced are highly tolerant to leidopteran pests. Though economic and environmental benefits of GM crops is well established, the matter of concern is the possibility of target insect pest developing resistance to this B. thuringiensis insecticidal toxins, evident from many laboratory and field experiments against many insect pests. The involvement of GSH S-transferase, carboxylesterase, and microsomal monooxygenase in insecticide resistance has been reported in insecticide-resistant strains of many insect species. Hence, the present study was taken up to monitor for cross resistance between B. thuringiensis cry toxins and synthetic insecticides in larvae of leaf folder as it is mediated by carboxylesterase titre and other enzymes by bioassay for two selected rice leaf folder field populations at the Entomology division of Directorate of Rice Research which showed 2-fold resistance ratio. Qualitative and quantitative changes of carboxylesterase （CarE） and glutathione-s-transferase （GST＇s） were worked out with midguts extracts of the two C. medinalis populations in the presence of a-napthyl acetate and chlorodi-nitro benzene substrates.

关键词： Cnaphalocrocis medinalis carboxylesterase and glutathione-s-transferase isozymes B type esterases.

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Efficacy of Acaricides alone and in Combination with Propiconozole against Rice Panicle/Sheath Mite, Steneotarsonemus spinki

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(B) 2013年第2期3卷 107-110页

作者： Suresh Daravath shashi bhushan vemuri N.Ramagopal varma Ramesh Bellamkonda Ainp on Pesticide Residues Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 500030 lndia

Experiments were conducted for chemical management against panicle mite, Steneotarsonemus spinki using seven treatments. Based on the overall performance of chemicals against this pest, spiromesifen ~ propiconazole, diafenthuron ＋ propiconazole and fenpyroxymate alone were found effective against panicle mite and associated grain discolouration. Spiromesifen （1 mL）＋ propiconazole （l mL） per litre of water was the best treatment which recorded 24.77% increase in grain yield over control.

关键词： Panicle mite spiromesifen grain discolouration

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Effect of Silicon and Nitrogen Nutrition on Pest and Disease Intensity in Rice

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2013年第7期3卷 568-574页

作者： Kasthuri Rajamani Bhupal Raj Gunti shashi vemuri Ramesh Bellamkonda Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry College of Agriculture Rajendranagar Hyderabad 500030 India Radio Tracer Research Laboratory Acharya N. G Ranga Agricultural University Rajendranagar Hyderabad 500030 India AINP on Pesticide Residues Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University Rajendranagar Hyderabad 500030 India

Nutrition management is the most important for high yield production but it may affect the response of rice plants to pest and diseases due to the change of microclimate under rice plant canopy. The knowledge of nutrition management and its relation with pest and diseases are basis for setting up a high yield production system. Most of the pest and disease control procedures used by farmers can be considered as soil fertility management and these nutrition practices can have impact on the physiological susceptibility of crop plants to pest and diseases by affecting the plant resistance. Silicon content of plants is particularly effective against pest and diseases in rice and certain rice genotypes are more efficient accumulators of silicon, thus making them more resistant. In the absence of natural heritable resistance in rice varieties, resistance could be induced by altemate strategies to suppress certain pest and pathogens. Hence experiments were carried out in two stages during kharif 2010 and 2011 to assess the concentration of silicon in the index leaves of rice plant utilizing 133 varieties in four locations. The silica content of promising varieties ranged from 1.50% to 3.20%, 1.60% to 3.15%, 1.49% to 3.20% and 1.55% to 3.06% with a mean values of 2.50%, 2.48%, 2.51% and 2.43% at Jagtial, Warangal, Rajendranagar and Rudrur centres of Telangana region and not much variation in mean silica content in index leaves at different places. The overall yield from four locations ranged from 2,653 kg/ha to 6,860 kg/ha with a mean of 5,624 kg/ha. The yields recorded at Jagtial, Warangal, Rajendranagar and Rudrur centres ranged from 2,886 to 7,198, 2,653 to 6,831, 2,653 to 6,860 and 4,399 to 5,950 kg/ha, respectively. The lowest mean yield 5,069 kg/ha was noticed at Rudrur and the highest yield 5,940 kg/ha was found at Warangal. The variations in yields might be due to genotypic variations and also due to variations in climatic conditions of different locations.

关键词： Nutrition management conventional rice silicon rice genotypes pest and diseases.

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Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Crystal Toxins to Field Populations of Rice Leaf Folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis （Guenee） and Establishment of Baseline Susceptibility to Cry1Ab

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2013年第8期3卷 617-621页

作者： Ramesh Babu Veegala shashi vemuri Chintalapati Padmavathy Muthugounder Mohan Sena Balachandran AINP on Pesticide Residues Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University Raj'endranagar Hyderabad 500030 India Directorate of Rice Research Rajendranagar Hyderabad 500030 India

Eight insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis, CrylAa, CrylAb, CrylAc, CrylB, Cry2Aa, CrylC, CrylDa and Cry 1Ea were assessed for toxicity against 1 st instar larvae of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis （Guenee） at 48 HAT and 72 HAT. Bioassay results depicted CrylAa was the most toxic （LCso 2.35 ppm） followed by CrylBa （LCso 8,50 ppm） and CrylAb （LCso 8.73 ppm） at 48 HAT, whereas, at 72 HAT CrylAb proved to be highly toxic （LC50 0.50 ppm） followed by CrylAa （LCso 4.07 ppm）, CrylAc （LCso 4,84 ppm） and CrylBa （LCso 6.42 ppm）. Toxins Cry2Aa, CrylCa, CrylDa and CrylEa did not resulted in any mortality at 48 HAT and 72 HAT, respectively. Baseline estimates for CrylAb against 1st instar larvae of C. medinalis sampled from seven geographical locations revealed variation in LC50＇s from 0.37 ppm to LC50 16.25 ppm at 48 HAT and LC50 0.50 ppm to LC50 6.49 ppm 72 HAT, respectively with relative resistance ratios of 44-fold and 13-fold at 48 HAT and 72 HAT over the susceptible population.

关键词： Bacillus thuringiensis rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) rice insecticidal crystal proteins.

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