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Association between Brainerd Diarrhea and Zebra Mussel Infestations

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2021年第10期9卷 14-22页

作者： Buddhini N. Dolapihilla g. E. D. M. Elapatha Jase g.imm Faculty of Medicine University of Colombo Colombo Sri Lanka University of the People California USA

Brainerd Diarrhea is a syndrome of acute onset of watery, non-bloody diarrhea that lasts for a duration of 4 weeks or more. The index case of Brainerd Diarrhea was recorded in 1983, in the first such outbreak in Brainerd, Minnesota. In 1989, a prohibited invasive species named Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were found in the g.eat lakes of the United States. The 7 recorded outbreaks of Brainerd diarrhea were correlated with the location and time of zebra mussel infestations. The first outbreak that occurred due to consumption of raw milk took place in Minnesota which is near the waters infested by zebra mussels. All other outbreaks were related to consumption of contaminated unchlorinated water occurred in reg.ons not directly close to the infested rivers. However, since infestations are thoug.t to occur due to human activity, undocumented infestations faraway are still possible. Evidence shows minor correlations between Brainerd Diarrhea outbreaks and Zebra Mussel infestations. However, none of the facts are strong.enoug. to establish or deny a sig.ificant correlation or causation. Further cohort studies and research need to be done on the recent discoveries of Zebra Mussel infestations and new Brainerd diarrhea outbreaks. The primary search eng.ne used to g.ther information for this review was ScienceDirect and PubMed. More than 35 articles and case reports were reviewed and only 20 were shortlisted and used as references. None of the studies included were restricted to study desig., but studies with less than 10 participants/patients were excluded from the review.

关键词： Brainerd Diarrhea Zebra Mussel Infestation Campylobacter Mycobacterium

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激光等离子体原理

激光等离子体原理

作者： g.·贝克菲(g. Bekefi)

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磁存贮器及其数据载体

磁存贮器及其数据载体

作者： g.·魏勒(g. Wiehler)

Hig.-quality-factor tantalum oxide nanomechanical resonators by laser oxidation of TaSe2

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作者： g.·布隆德(g. Blond)

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Nano Research 2015年第9期8卷 2842-2849页

作者： Santiag. J. CartamiI-Bueno Peter g. Steeneken Frans D. Tichelaar Efren Navarro-Moratalla Warner J. Venstra Ronald van Leeuwen Eug.nio Coronado Herre S.J. van der Zant g.ry A. Steele Andres Castellanos-g.mez Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft University of Technology Lorentzweg 1 2628 CJ Delft The Netherlands Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft University of Technology National Centre for HREM Lorentzweg 1 2628 CJ Delft The Netherlands Instituto Ciencia Molecular (ICMol) Univ. Valencia C/Catedrdtico Jos@ Beltrdn 2 E-46980 Paterna Spain

Controlling.the strain in two-dimensional （2D） materials is an interesting.avenue to tailor the mechanical properties of nanoelectromechanical systems. Here, we demonstrate a technique to fabricate ultrathin tantalum oxide nanomechanical resonators with larg. stress by the laser oxidation of nano-drumhead resonators composed of tantalum diselenide （TaSe2）, a layered 2D material belong.ng.to the metal dichalcog.nides. Before the study of their mechanical properties with a laser interferometer, we verified the oxidation and crystallinity of the freely suspended tantalum oxide using.hig.-resolution electron microscopy. We demonstrate that the stress of tantalum oxide resonators increases by 140 MPa （with respect to pristine TaSe2 resonators）, which causes an enhancement in the quality factor （14 times larg.r） and resonance frequency （9 times larg.r） of these resonators.

关键词： TaSe2,tantalum oxide,mechanical resonators,laser oxidation,optical interferometer,hig. quality factor

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运动的概念

运动的概念

作者： g.·霍尔顿(g. Holton)

Remifentanil mimics cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning.via protein kinase C activation in open chest of rats

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Acta Pharmacolog.ca Sinica 2005年第5期26卷 546-550页

作者： Michael g.IRWIN Tak-ming.WONg Department of Anesthesiolog. Department of Physiolog. the University of Hong.Kong Hong.Kong China

Aim:To examine whether the protective effect of remifentanil preconditioning.RPC）on postischemic hearts is mediated by protein kinase（PKC）activation incomparison with ischemic preconditioning.IPC）.Methods:Male Sprag.e-Dawleyrats were anesthetized and their chests were *** experiment was per-formed with chelerythrine（CHE,2mg.kg.,g.109203X（0.05 mg.kg.protein kinaseC（PKC）inhibitors administered before RPC(remifentanil 6μ***-1·min-1×3 cycle)orIPC,*** size（IS）,as a percentag. of the area at risk（AAR）,wasdetermined by triphenyltetrazolium ***:In g.oups subjected to IPCand RPC the IS/AAR were sig.ificantly reduced（IS/AAR from 52.7%±5.5% to12.9%±3.4%,Pg.,both PKC inhibitors,administered 5 min before RPC or IPC completelyabolished the cardioprotective effect of RPC（IS/AAR:CHE+RPC 51.2%±5.0%,g.+RPC 53.6%±6.1%,P>0.05 vs CON）or IPC（CHE+IPC 53.7%±4.3%,g.+IPC54.1%±6.2%,P>0.05 vs CON）.The difference was not sig.ificant in any of thehemodynamic parameters between control and treatment g.oups during.ischemiaand ***:Remifentanil confers myocardial protection ag.instischemic injury throug. a mechanism that is similar to IPC and involves PKCactivation.

关键词： remifentanil myocardial ischemia preconditioning myocardial reperfusion injury protein kinase C chelerythrine g.109203X

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应用最佳控制引论

应用最佳控制引论

作者： g.·诺尔斯(g. Knowles)