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People’s perception and socioeconomic determinants of soil erosion:A case study of Samanalawewa watershed, Sri Lanka

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International Journal of Sediment research 2010年第4期25卷 323-339页

作者： E.P.N. UDAYAKUMArA r.P.shrestha L.SAMArAKOON D.SCHMIDT-VOGT Natural resource Management Field of Study School of Environment Resources and Development Asian Institute of Technology Natural resources Management Field of Study School of Environment Resources and Development Asian Institute of Technology Geoinformatics Centre Asian Institute of Technology Centre of Mountain Ecosystem Studies Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences 3/F Library Building Heilongtan

Though soil erosion is an important concern in Sri Lanka, there is a dearth of baseline information on soil erosion in many ofits watersheds, which obstructs monitoring of soil erosion and mitigating its effects. In order to assess soil erosion in a critical watershed and to identify its determinants, the Samanalawewa watershed, which contains one of the main hydropower generating reservoirs in Sri Lanka, was selected for this study. remote-sensing (rS) and geographic information system (GIS) based modeling as well as field experiments were employed to assess and map soil erosion rates. results indicated that the current rate of soil erosion ranges from 0 to 289 t/ha/yr, and that the average rate of soil erosion has been declining from 20 to 4 t/ha/yr over a period from 1986 to 2008. The current rate of soil erosion is, however, still about 14 to 33 times greater than the natural soil generation rate. Socioeconomic factors and peoples’ perception of soil erosion and soil conservation measures were examined using data collected through a household survey. Multiple regression analysis with eighteen covariates of socioeconomic characteristics yielded eleven socioeconomic variables, viz. household size, farm labor, education, land tenure, conservation cost, training, committee membership, professional competencies, income, distance, and financial capital as the predictor variables of soil erosion. Farmers identified improper soil and crop management practices as the major causes of erosion. The adoption of conservation measures, their effectiveness, and their impact on ecosystem services were also examined.

关键词： Soil erosion People perception Determinants of soil erosion Conservation measures Sri Lanka

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The P-T-t-D evolution of the Mahabharat,east-central Nepal:The out-of-sequence development of the Himalaya

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Geoscience Frontiers 2022年第2期13卷 372-382页

作者： Kyle P.Larson Sudip shrestha Mathieu Soret Matthijs Smit Department of Earth Environmental and Geographic SciencesUniversity of British Columbia Okanagan3247 University WayKelownaBC V1V 1V7Canada Department of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver2020-2207 Main MallVancouverBC V6T 1Z4Canada

A garnet-bearing schist from the southernmost such exposure along the Himalaya in east central Nepal records prograde metamorphism at 32.4±0.3 *** equilibria modelling,combined with Ti-in-biotite and quartz caxis thermometry,outline a tight-to-hairpin pressure-temperature(P-T)path extending from~515℃ and 5.5 kbar to peak conditions at~575℃ and 7 kbar followed by deformation during the retrograde phase at 480-515℃ and 6-7 *** new geochronology data place an upper bound on the evolution of metamorphism and deformation in the frontal-most part of the Himalaya,which lasted until 17.5 Ma,as indicated by previously published ^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar *** P-T-time data from this part of the Himalaya,as well as that from more hinterlandward portions of the orogen,outline a progressive,stepwise,commonly out-of-sequence *** data from along the orogen indicates that this evolution is not a local phenomenon,but instead characterizes the tectonics of this system as a whole.

关键词： Himalaya Metamorphism Kinematics Lu-Hf Geochronology Nepal

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Signal or cue: the role of structural colors in flower pollination

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Current Zoology 2019年第4期65卷 467-481页

作者： Jair E. Garcia Mani shrestha Scarlett r. Howard Phred Petersen Adrian G. Dyer School of Media and Communication RMIT University Melbourne Victoria 3001 Australia Faculty of Information Technology Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia

Angle dependent colors, such as iridescenee, are produced by structures present on flower petals changing their visual appearanee. These colors have been proposed to act as signals for plantinsect communication. However, there is a paucity of behavioral data to allow for interpretations of how to classify these colors either as a signal or a cue when con sidering the n atural con ditions under which pollination occurs. We sampled flowers from 6 plant species across various viewpoints looking for changes in the visual appearanee of the petals. Spectral characteristics were measured with different instruments to simulate both the spectral and spatial characteristics of honeybee's vision. We show the presenee of color patches produced by angle dependent effects on the petals and the calyx of various species;however, the appearance of the angle dependent color patches significantly varies with viewpoint and would only be resolved by the insect eye at close distances. Behavior experiments with honeybees revealed that pollinators did not use angle dependent colors to drive behavior when presented with novel flower presentations. results show that angle dependent colors do not comply with the requirements of a signal for plant-pollinator communication since the information transmitted by these colors would be unreliable for potential, free-flying pollination vectors. We thus classify angle dependent colors produced by micro- and ultra-structures as being a cue (a feature which has not evolved for communication), and observe no evidence supporting claims of these angle dependent colors having evolved as visual signal.

关键词： approach angle color flower iridescence photography pollination vision

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Bamboo resources of Sikkim Himalaya: diversity, distribution and utilization

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Journal of Forestry research 2014年第4期25卷 929-934页

作者： Deo Kumar Tamang Dinesh Dhakal D. G. shrestha Sikkim State remote Sensing Application Centre Sikkim State Council of Science and Technology Development Area Gangtok 737101 Sikkim

We recorded 8 genera and over 30 species of bamboo in Sikkim of the reported 23 genera and 125 species in Indi＆ Thirty percent of bamboo species were recorded in tropical forests （0-900 m）, 40% of species in sub-tropical forests （900-1,800 m）, 17% of species in temper- ate forests （1,800-2,700 m）, 9% of species in sub-alpine forests （2,700-3,500 m） and 4% of species in alpine vegetation （3,500-4,500 m）. Bamboo is used for various purposes and its versatility qualifies it to be a multiple-use alternative to timber, food for villagers and for tribal in particular. Bamboo is also equally important to red Panda （Ailurusful- gens）, the state animal of Sikkim. We develop a list of bamboos occur- ring in Sikkim with their vernacular names, distributions and uses in the Himalayan state. However, more extensive study is required to fully describe the bamboo diversity of the Himalayan state.

关键词： bamboo Dendrocalamus diversity uses Sikkim

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Decadal glacial lake changes in the Koshi basin, central Himalaya, from 1977 to 2010, derived from Landsat satellite images

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Journal of Mountain Science 2017年第10期14卷 1969-1984页

作者： Finu shrestha GAO Xiao Narendra raj KHANAL Sudan Bikash MAHArJAN rajendra Bahadur.shrestha WU Li-zong Pradeep Kumar MOOL Samjwal ratna BAJrACHArYA International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) 44600 Kathmandu Nepal Cold and Arid regions Environmental and Engineering research Institute (CArEErI) CAS Lanzhou 730000 China Central Department of Geography Tribhuvan University 44600 Kirtipur Nepal Polar research Institute of China Shanghai 200135 China

Changes in glacial lakes and the consequences of these changes, particularly on the development of water resources and management of glacial lake outburst flood(GLOF) risk, has become one of the challenges in the sustainable development of high mountain areas in the context of global warming. This paper presents the findings of a study on the distribution of, and area changes in, glacial lakes in the Koshi basin in the central *** on the number of glacial lakes and their area was generated for the years 1977, 1990, 2000, and 2010 using Landsat satellite images. According to the glacial lake inventory in 2010, there were a total of 2168 glacial lakes with a total area of 127.61 km^2 and average size of 0.06 km^2 in the Koshi basin. Of these,47% were moraine dammed lakes, 34.8% bedrock dammed lakes and 17.7% ice dammed lakes. The number of glacial lakes increased consistently over the study period from 1160 in 1977 to 2168 in 2010, an overall growth rate of 86.9%. The area of glacial lakes also increased from 94.44 km^2 in 1977 to 127.61 km^2 in 2010, a growth rate of 35.1%. A large number of glacial lakes in the inventory are small in size(≤ 0.1km^2). End moraine dammed lakes with area greater than 0.1 km^2 were selected to analyze the change characteristics of glacial lakes in the basin. The results show that, in 2010, there were 129 lakes greater than 0.1 km^2 in area; these lakes had a total area of 42.92km^2 in 1997, increasing to 63.28 km^2 in 2010. The distribution of lakes on the north side of the Himalayas(in China) was three times higher than on the south side of the Himalayas(in Nepal).Comparing the mean growth rate in area for the 33 year study period(1977-2010), the growth rate on the north side was found to be a little slower than that on the south side. A total of 42 glacial lakes with an area greater than 0.2 km^2 are rapidly growing between 1977 and 2010 in the Koshi basin, which need to be paid more attention to monitoring in the future an

关键词： Glacial lake Decadal glacial lake GLOF Inventory Landsat Koshi basin Nepal China

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Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Low- Dose Azathioprine Therapy for the Induction of remission in Steroid- Dependent Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Patients and Analyzing Its Cost-effectiveness

Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Low- Dose Azathioprine ...

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作者： Sajja shrestha 昆明医科大学

学位级别：硕士

Background:Inflammatory Bowel Disease （IBD） is a group of non- specific chronic, inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, including Ulcerative Colitis （UC） and Crohn’s disease （CD）;are the two primary types of IBD. The two diseases share many clinical, patho genetic, and epidemiological characteristic, suggesting that underlying causes may be similar and both share same drugs in their management. While the etiology has remained unknown, several areas of possible importance, such as genetic, infectious, immunologic and inflammatory factors may play the role. The incidence and prevalence rates for Asian population;affecting IBD are much lower in comparison. But more recent data;however, have shown significantly higher rates in Asians, may be due to westernization of lifestyle, including changes in dietary habits and environmental changes and industrialization. The last few decades have seen a gradual increase in the number of drugs available for the use in the treatment of IBD. Among them;Immunomodulator therapy;which includes Azathioprine and 6-Mercaptopurine remains the mainstay of therapy for the maintenance of a steroid-free remission in patients with IBD. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety in the patients with IBD treated with Azathioprine and follow up in our clinic at the interval of 3mnths,6mnths,1 year and 2 year consecutatively and also assessing its adverse-effect. Hospitalization accounts for 50%-60% of total medical costs and economic burden of patients in relapse is 3-9 times higher for patients in remission. On the other hand;we try to evaluate that the use of AZA reduce resource consumption, including hospitalization, surgery, diagnostic endoscopic procedure and out-patient visits and presenting the possibility of using AZA might prove to be a cost-effective *** 1 Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Low-dose Azathioprine Therapy for the Induction of remission in Steroid-dependent Inflammatory Bowel Disease

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revisiting Emergency Food reserve Policy and Practiceunder Disaster and Extreme Climate Events

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International Journal of Disaster risk Science 2019年第1期10卷 1-13页

作者： Jonatan A.Lassa Paul Teng Mely Caballero-Anthony Maxim shrestha Emergency and Disaster Management Studies Charles Darwin University Natural Sciences and Science Education National Institute of Education Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) Nanyang Technological University

All food systems will continue to be affected by disasters and extreme climate events. Triggered by recent food crises around the world and climate change concerns,some governments have been trying to develop more robust and resilient food systems. One of the oldest options for many governments is to stockpile emergency food reserves for the purpose of food security and disaster preparedness. In the aftermath of the world food price crises in2007–2008 and 2011, some governments in Asia have been maintaining emergency food reserves to ensure greater supply and price stability. Disasters and extreme climate events help governments to justify emergency food reserves. This research examined emergency food reserve policies in Indonesia, the Philippines, and *** food reserves emerged as a practice where the shared objectives of development, disaster risk reduction,and climate change adaptation have been demonstrated by governments. The findings suggest that most governments maintain the strong view that adequate emergency food reserves can buffer national food price shocks and shocks from disasters and climate change, and soften disruptions in trade due to export bans during times of disasters and climate *** global climate change scenarios, food security is at risk and volatile(Porter et al. 2014). The expected increase in climate extremes has generated anticipatory actions from governments, including a new push for EFr policy adoption. Triggered by recent disasters and climate change concerns, some governments have been trying to develop more robust and resilient food systems(Fan and Brzeska 2014; Porter et al. 2014). For many countries in Asia, this means the renewed adoption of EFr. Unfortunately, we argue that this is not well understood in climate change adaptation studies as well as contemporary disaster *** Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)first initiated a Food Security reserve Agreement in 1979,with the purpose of

关键词： Climate change adaptation Disaster preparedness Emergency food reserves Food security Food stockpiling Southeast Asia

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Prevalence of Herpes Zoster Hospitalization in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University

Prevalence of Herpes Zoster Hospitalization in the First Aff...

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作者： MEErA shrestha 重庆医科大学

学位级别：硕士

Background:Herpes Zoster is a very common infection caused by reactivation of the dormant varicella-zoster *** occurs at all ages but most commonly seen in elderly and immunocompromised ***:To determine the prevalence of herpes zoster hospitalization and discuss the clinical characteristics of herpes zoster hospitalized patients in our ***:The clinical data of 477 patients who were admitted with the primary diagnosis of herpes zoster over a period of 3 years(January 2015 through December 2017)were collected from the inpatient clinical *** information on all the patients and the clinical characteristics of herpes zoster were analyzed ***:The prevalence of herpes zoster in our study was 13.2 per 100 patients admitted to the Dermatology *** age of patients was 61.92±16.13 years *** male or female preponderance of herpes zoster was *** year round admission of HZ was seen with a slightly higher frequency in *** patients had a declined immune *** was the most common primary symptom experienced by the *** common involved dermatome was thoracic(34.2%),followed by Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve(19.3%).The duration of hospitalization ranged from 1 day to 30 *** average duration of hospitalization was 8.33 ±3.45 ***(33.5%)was the most common comorbid condition associated with herpes zoster followed by Diabetes mellitus(16.8%),liver diseases(9%)and so ***:Our study revealed that most of the patients admitted with herpes zoster were older people,with equal male and female *** had a slight increase in the frequency of *** was the most common comorbidity associated with hospitalized herpes zoster patients.

关键词： herpes zoster hospitalized patients prevalence varicella zoster virus

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A Comparative Study of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque Features of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Patients by 3.0T MrI

A Comparative Study of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque Featur...

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作者： Ashish shrestha 吉林大学

学位级别：硕士

Background and purpose: recent research has suggested the importance of plaque features to identify symptomatic patients from *** study aims to compare specific plaque features on 3T carotid Mr imaging for differentiation between symptomatic and asymptomatic *** and method:Thirty consecutive patients（symptomatic: 12;asymptomatic: 18）with 50%–99% stenosis by sonography or CT angiography underwent carotid plaque imaging combined with MrA at *** symptomatic carotid artery or the most stenotic asymptomatic carotid artery was chosen to be *** the images were assessed by two radiologists with more than 10 years of experience in a double-blind *** was recorded along with lipid-rich necrotic core,fibrous cap and ulceration,determined according to previously published criteria based on relative tissue signal intensities on TOF,pre-and postcontrast T1 WI,T2WI. Plaque features were compared between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with ≥50% *** and size of plaque features were compared between patients with stenosis by using either a Fisher test for categoric variables or a student t test for continuous ***:In 30 patients with ≥50% stenosis,divided into symptomatic and asymptomatic group,the difference of IPH and thin or ruptured fibrous cap is statistically significant: intra plaque hemorrhage 83% versus29% with P value of 0.002,thin or ruptured fibrous cap 67% versus 29% with P value of 0.024,the percentage volume of IPH 18.5±12.2 versus 6.6±11.3 with P value of ***:This study demonstrates that the incidence of several plaque components is different in symptomatic and asymptomatic *** presence of IPH,the percentage volume of IPH and thin or ruptured fibrous cap are more likely to occur in symptomatic *** carotid Mr imaging may help to decide for symptomatic patients to undergo necessary interventions and prevent the future stroke or TIA.

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Impact of global climate change on stream low flows:A case study of the great Miami river watershed, Ohio, USA

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2019年第1期12卷 84-95页

作者： Sabin shrestha Suresh Sharma rishabh Gupta rabin Bhattarai Civil and Environmental Program Youngstown State UniversityYoungstownOH 44555USA Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL 61801USA

Climate change will profoundly affect hydrological processes at various temporal and spatial *** study is focused on assessing the alteration of water resources availability and low flows frequencies driven by changing climates in different time periods of the 21st *** study evaluates the adaptability of prevailing Global Circulation Models(GCMs)on a particular watershed through streamflow *** analysis was conducted in the Great Miami river Watershed,Ohio by analyzing historical and future simulated streamflow using 10 climate model outputs and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT).The climate change scenarios,consisting of ten downscaled Coupled Model Intercomparision Project Phase 5(CMIP5)climate models in combination with two representative Concentration Pathways(rCP 4.5 and rCP 8.5)were selected based on the correlation between observed records and model *** for three future periods,2016-2043,2044-2071 and 2072-2099,were independently analyzed and compared with the baseline period(1988-2015).results from the average of ten models projected that 7-day low flows in the watershed would increase by 19%in the 21st century under both *** trend was also consistent for both hydrological(7Q10,1Q10)and biological low flow statistics(4B3,1B3).Similarly,average annual flow and monthly flows would also increase in future periods,especially in the *** flows simulated by SWAT in response to the majority of climate model projections showed a consistent increase in low flow ***,the flow estimates using the Max-Planck-Institute Earth System Model(MPI-ESM-Lr)climate output resulted in the biological based low flows(4B3,1B3)decreasing by 22.5%and 33.4%under rCP 4.5 and 56.9%and 63.7%under rCP 8.5,respectively,in the future when compared to the baseline ***,the low flow ensemble from the 10 climate models for the 21st century seemed to be slightly higher than that of historical low flows.

关键词： climate change low flows SWAT climate models Great Miami river Watershed

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