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作者： ahmed usman 扬州大学

学位级别：硕士

本论文旨在无人工干预的情况下生成对各种图像的描述。图像可以描述任何事物,可以对“猫正坐着”或者“斑马正站在田野上”等简单的场景进行描述,也可以对诸如“一只猫在沙发上跳跃”等复杂的事物关系进行描述。然而,这种对图像进行描...

本论文旨在无人工干预的情况下生成对各种图像的描述。图像可以描述任何事物,可以对“猫正坐着”或者“斑马正站在田野上”等简单的场景进行描述,也可以对诸如“一只猫在沙发上跳跃”等复杂的事物关系进行描述。然而,这种对图像进行描述实现起来并非易事,因为需要清楚地了解3D对象的动态结构。基于编码器和解码器的架构是图像描述的常用规范。卷积神经网络(CNN)已用于编码器,循环神经网络(RNN)已用于解码器。其中,CNN将图像编码为矢量,RNN则依次解码该矢量以便于预测后续的序列。本文提出了一种名为VisionXLM-R新架构,该架构不再依赖于序列。该VisonXLM-R架构是一种基于编码器-解码器架构的变换器,其主要目的是解决广泛背景下对图像描述的复杂任务。图像描述的主要目标是实现对场景的理解以及自动生成对相机捕获图像的描述。在任何图像描述任务中,图像描述生成系统的操作结构均遵循对图像中所含对象的类型识别,以及所含对象正在进行的动作,以便最终确定图像中的目标对象与图像中其他对象或者背景中对象的关系。图像描述的生成具有挑战性,因为如同机器翻译任务一样,一个图像可以有多种可能的描述。因此,图像描述系统必须能够识别出最相关的描述,还应需具备语法检查的功能。对图像进行描述,是一个多步骤的处理过程,一般使用计算机视觉的概念来对图像进行检测和分类,然后使用自然语言处理的方法生成对图像的描述。CNN和LSTM等深度学习技术被广泛用于解决这一难题。本文进一步扩展了这些深度学习的技术,并使用新型图像变换器作为调查图像描述任务的基础。在以往的研究中,使用最为广泛的序列转换模型采用的是具有编码和解码结构的复杂递归或卷积神经网络,以及其他相关技术。在最优模型中,关注机制与编码器、解码器相连,提供了附加的便利层。因此,变换器的操作可以完全依赖于关注机制,从而有效避免了递归和卷积。本文研究中将采用端到端的图像和语言表示方法。变换器架构则通过编码器和解码器实现其目标。翻译和文本的生成都受益于架构于全局层面的从一个序列到另一个序列的学习表示能力。图像变换过程中将产生网格,随后与它们嵌入的位置一起依次传送至变换器,从而实现更精准的目标对象定位。本研究的新颖之处在于它基于变换器构架并使用预训练的编码器和解码器来解决场景理解的难题。与变换器架构相比,图像变换器需要对大量的数据进行深度训练后,方可应用于各种中小型的图像识别中(如VTAB,ImageNet,CIFAR-100等)。与这些网络相比,视觉变换器(ViT)是一种类似于基于变换器的语言模型的图像变换器。在训练过程中可以占用较少的计算资源,并具有出色的识别结果,从而显著节省成本。因此处理图像分类和标题生成等任务时,基于视觉任务的处理方法是其理想选择。设计图像变换器解码器架构的关键因素是,要在将图像传递到带有位置嵌入的编码器之前,图像变换器的编码器需要将图像划分成网格。本文提出的解码器架构,采用的是变换器架构,而非RNNs和LSTMs。多年来,变换器模型在文本生成、序列分类、以及自然语言理解等任务中一直处于领先地位。在开发过程中,这些变换器语言模型暴露于大量文本数据后,对从网络、书本、以及其他转储数据中获取的大量文本数据进行预训练。这些模型能够生成类似于人类语言的文本。当结合其他语言时,如在处理广泛的交叉语言时,正如XLM-R所证明,多语言的语言模型通过大规模预训练可以显著提高性能。XLM-R是一个掩码语言模型,它使用一百种语言且超过2 TB的过滤CommonCrawl数据进行训练,该数据源自CommonCrawl 数据库。在本项研究中,预训练图像变换器的图像特征提取能力与大型预训练语言模型架构的语言表示能力相结合,创建了一个更强大的图像到文本描述生成系统。使用图像的网格特征以及将它们输入到变换器编码器以生成对图像网格的准确描述是设计的关键性原则。之后,解码器生成序列,并密切关注编码器的输出和之前的序列。本学位论文的主要工作包括以下方面:1.介绍了一种称为VisionXLM-R的新型图像描述架构。该架构基于在自然语言处理领域中流行的神经网络变换器。它由两个主要构建块组成,即编码器和解码器。变换器编码器的设计方式要求具有位置嵌入和注意力图的顺序输入。因此,编码器被修改为以序列中16x16块的形式获取图像输入。编码器输出特征迭代地输入到解码器层中。解码器是一个序列生成器,它通过交叉注意,利用编码器的特性,迭代地生成单词。2.分析了使用预训练权重对变换器编码器和解码器初始化的影响。预训练的变换器的权重允许更快收敛,而使用随机初始化从头开始训练则会增加训练时间。与从头开始训练相比,对图像标题等下游任务进行微调可以显着提高图像描述系统的准确性。因此,VisionXLM-R使用视觉变换器和XLM-R变换器模型的预训练权重进行了初始化3.研究

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Classification of Electrocardiogram Signals for Arrhythmia Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第12期77卷 3817-3834页

作者： Muhammad Aleem Raza Muhammad Anwar Kashif Nisar Ag.Asri Ag.Ibrahim usman ahmed Raza Sadiq Ali Khan Fahad Ahmad Department of Computer Science and IT Lahore Lead UniversityLahore54000Pakistan Department of Information Sciences Division of Science and TechnologyUniversity of EducationLahore54000Pakistan Faculty of Computing and Informatics University Malaysia SabahJalan UMSKota KinabaluSabah88400Malaysia Computer Science Department UBIT Karachi UniversityKarachi75270Pakistan Department of Basic Sciences Deanship of Common First YearJouf UniversitySakakaAljouf72341Saudi Arabia

With the help of computer-aided diagnostic systems,cardiovascular diseases can be identified timely manner to minimize the mortality rate of patients suffering from cardiac ***,the early diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmia is one of the most challenging *** manual analysis of electrocardiogram(ECG)data with the help of the Holter monitor is ***,the Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)is receiving considerable attention from researchers for automatically identifying ECG *** paper proposes a 9-layer-based CNN model to classify the ECG signals into five primary categories according to the American National Standards Institute(ANSI)standards and the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instruments(AAMI).The Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Beth Israel Hospital(MIT-BIH)arrhythmia dataset is used for the *** proposed model outperformed the previous model in terms of accuracy and achieved a sensitivity of 99.0%and a positivity predictively 99.2%in the detection of a Ventricular Ectopic Beat(VEB).Moreover,it also gained a sensitivity of 99.0%and positivity predictively of 99.2%for the detection of a supraventricular ectopic beat(SVEB).The overall accuracy of the proposed model is 99.68%.

关键词： Arrhythmia ECG signal deep learning convolutional neural network physioNet MIT-BIH arrhythmia database

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Economic Assessment and Review of Waterless Fracturing Technologies in Shale Resource Development: A Case Study

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Journal of Earth Science 2017年第5期28卷 933-948页

作者： Iman Oraki Kohshou Reza Barati Meaghan Cassey Yorro Tim Leshchyshyn Adebola T. Adejumo usman ahmed Imre Kugler Murray Reynolds James McAndrew University of Wyoming Department of Petroleum Engineering Laramie WY 82071 USA Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 USA Forum Energy Technologies Houston TX 77024 USA FracKnowledge//Fracturing Horizontal Well Completions Inc. Calgary AB 72G 0X8 Canada Halliburton Houston TX 77032 USA Unconventional Oil and Gas technology and Development and WellDog Laramie WY 82070 USA IHS Markit Houston TX 77077 USA Ferus Calgary AB T2P 3C5 Canada AirLiquide Greater Philadelphia Area Philadelphia 19019 USA

Our database tracking of USA water usage per well indicates that traditionally shale operators have been using, on average 3 to 6 million gallons of water; even up to 8 million for the en- tire life cycle of the well based on its suitability for re-fracturing to stimulate their long and lateral ho- rizontal welis. According to our data, sourcing, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal of this large volume of water could account for up to 10% of overall drilling and completion costs. With in- creasingly stringent regulations governing the use of fresh water and growing challenges associated with storage and use of produced and flowback water in hydraulic fracturing, finding alternative sources of fracturing fluid is already a hot debate among both the scientific community and industry experts. On the other hand, waterless fracturing technology providers claim their technology can solve the concerns of water availability for shale development. This study reviews high-level technical issues and opportunities in this challenging and growing market and evaluates key economic drivers behind water management practices such as waterless fracturing technologies, based on a given shale gas play in the United States and experience gained in Canada. Water costs are analyzed under a variety of scenarios with and without the use of （fresh） water. The results are complemented by surveys from several oil and gas operators. Our economic analysis shows that fresh water usage offers the greatest economic return. In regions where water sourcing is a challenge, however, the short-term economic advantage of using non-fresh water-based fracturing outweighs the capital costs required by waterless fracturing methods. Until waterless methods are cost competitive, recycled water usage with low treatment offers a similar net present value （NPV） to that of sourcing freshwater via truck, for in- stance.

关键词： shale gas gas exploration fracturing techology fracturing fluid waterless fracturing.

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Synchronization in Wireless Networks for Practical MIMO-OFDM Systems

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International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences 2010年第5期3卷 483-487页

作者： Muhammad Khurram Kiyani Muhammad usman ahmed Asim Loan 不详

In this paper a frequency offset estimation technique for Wireless Local Area and Wireless Metropolitan Ar- ea Networks is presented. For frequency offset estimation, we have applied a low-complexity frequency offset estimator for simple AWGN channels to fading channels for MIMO-OFDM systems. Simulation results have shown that the performance of the proposed estimator is better than the low complexity frequency offset estimator designed for AWGN channels.

关键词： Synchronization Multiple Input Multiple Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Wireless Local Area Networks Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks Stanford University Interim Channels

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Parametic Model for Optimization of Battery Capacity and Power Transmitters of On-line Electric Vehicles in Closed/Open Environments

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2023年第1期9卷 185-196页

作者： Fatima Nisar Syed Haider Imtiaz Alam Asad Waqar Toqeer ahmed Mudassar usman Department of Electrical Engineering School of Engineering&Applied Sciences(BSEAS)Bahria UniversityIslamabadPakistan Department of Centre for Advanced Electronics and Photovoltaic Engineering(CAEPE) International Islamic Universityand School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Science(SINES)National University of Science and Technology(NUST)IslamabadPakistan

An on-line electric vehicle(OLEV)uses a wireless charging phenomenon,in which power transmitters are installed beneath the road and the OLEV’s battery is charged *** paper deals with the optimization of two key economic and design parameters,i.e.,the size of the battery and the power transmitters allocation.A complete model configuration of the OLEV system,including the vehicle design and power transmitter,is implemented using MATLAB/*** battery’s state of charge(SOC)rises and drops according to the vehicle’s velocity and power collection and *** mixed integer programming(MIP)model is used for cost ***,with the help of the SOC graph and MIP model,the battery size and the number of power transmitters,along with their placements,are *** proposed model is applicable to both closed and open environments as it accepts both regulated and deregulated *** test cases are performed for this *** first test case deals with regulated velocity for which we have applied the KAIST campus OLEV’s velocity along with its 13 kWh battery size and 4 power transmitters,and then applied the suggested solution with the same velocity and route i.e.,8 power transmitters with shorter lengths and reduced battery size(3.25 kWh;one-fourth of the first case).SOC is found within limits at the end of the route,saving$1600 and validating the proposed model in this *** the second test case,we use deregulated velocity and optimize both parameters,using the same approach.

关键词： Closed and open environments mixed integer programming on-line electrical vehicle power transmitters state of charge wireless charging

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National guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2024年第9期30卷 1018-1042页

作者： Faisal Saud Dar Zaigham Abbas Irfan ahmed Muhammad Atique usman Iqbal Aujla Muhammad Azeemuddin Zeba Aziz Abu Bakar Hafeez Bhatti Tariq Ali Bangash Amna Subhan Butt Osama Tariq Butt Abdul Wahab Dogar Javed Iqbal Farooqi Faisal Hanif Jahanzaib Haider Siraj Haider Syed Mujahid Hassan Adnan Abdul Jabbar Aman Nawaz Khan Muhammad Shoaib Khan Muhammad Yasir Khan Amer Latif Nasir Hassan Luck Ahmad Karim Malik Kamran Rashid Sohail Rashid Mohammad Salih Abdullah Saeed Amjad Salamat Ghias-un-Nabi Tayyab Aasim Yusuf Haseeb Haider Zia Ammara Naveed Department of Hepatopancreatic Biliary Surgery&Liver Transplant Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute&Research CentreLahore 54000Pakistan Department of Hepatogastroenterology and Liver Transplantation Dr.Ziauddin University HospitalKarachi 75600SindhPakistan University of Aberdeen Aberdeen B243FXUnited Kingdom Department of Pathology Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute&Research CentreLahore 54000Pakistan Department of Gastroenterology&Hepatology Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute&Research CentreLahore 54000Pakistan Department of Radiology Aga Khan UniversityKarachi 74800Pakistan Department of Oncology Hameed Latif HospitalLahore 54000Pakistan Division of Hepatopancreatic Biliary Surgery&Liver Transplantation Shifa International HospitalIslamabad 44000Pakistan Department of Hepatopancreatic Biliary Surgery&Liver Transplant Shaikh Zayed Hospital and Post Graduate Medical InstituteLahore 54000Pakistan Department of Medicine Aga Khan University HospitalKarachi 74800Pakistan Department of Liver Transplant Pir Abdul Qadir Shah Jeelani Institute of Medical SciencesGambat 66020Pakistan Department of Medicine&Gastroenterology Lifecare Hospital and Research CentrePeshawar 25000Khyber PakhtunkhwaPakistan Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary&Liver Transplant Bahria International HospitalLahore 54000Pakistan Department of Surgery Hepatopancreatobiliary&Liver TransplantDow University of Health SciencesKarachi 74800Pakistan Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology&NutritionPir Abdul Qadir Shah Jeelani Institute of Medical SciencesGambat 66020Pakistan Department of Oncology Dr.Ziauddin HospitalKarachi 74800Pakistan Department of Radiology Rehman Medical InstitutePeshawar 25000Pakistan Army Liver Transplant Unit Pak Emirates Military HospitalRawalpindi 46000Pakistan Department of Gastroenterology Sindh Institute of Urology and TransplantationKarachi 75500Pakistan Rashid Nursing Home and Cancer Clinic Rashid Nursing Home and Cancer ClinicRawalpindi 46000Pakistan Department of Gastroentero

A consensus meeting of national experts from all major national hepatobiliary centres in the country was held on May 26,2023,at the Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute&Research Centre(PKLI&RC)after initial consultations with the *** Pakistan Society for the Study of Liver Diseases(PSSLD)and PKLI&RC jointly organised this *** effort was based on a comprehensive literature review to establish national practice guidelines for hilar cholangiocarcinoma(hCCA).The consensus was that hCCA is a complex disease and requires a multidisciplinary team approach to best manage these *** coordinated effort can minimise delays and give patients a chance for curative treatment and effective *** diagnostic and staging workup includes high-quality computed tomography,magnetic resonance imaging,and magnetic resonance *** cytology or biopsy utilizing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a mainstay for ***,histopathologic confirmation is not always required before *** ultrasound with fine needle aspiration of regional lymph nodes and positron emission tomography scan are valuable adjuncts for *** only curative treatment is the surgical resection of the biliary tree based on the Bismuth-Corlette *** patients with unresectable hCCA can be considered for liver *** chemotherapy should be offered to patients with a high risk of *** use of preoperative biliary drainage and the need for portal vein embolisation should be based on local multidisciplinary *** with acute cholangitis can be drained with endoscopic or percutaneous biliary *** chemotherapy with cisplatin and gemcitabine has shown improved survival in patients with irresectable and recurrent hCCA.

关键词： Hilar cholangiocarcinoma Bismuth-Corlette classification Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre Staging Preoperative biliary drainage Portal vein embolisation Surgical resection Hepatectomy

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A Deep Learning Based Sentiment Analytic Model for the Prediction of Traffic Accidents

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第11期77卷 1599-1615页

作者： Nadeem Malik Saud Altaf Muhammad usman Tariq Ashir ahmed Muhammad Babar University Institute of Information Technology PMAS Arid Agriculture UniversityRawalpindi46000Pakistan Department of Marketing Operationsand Information SystemAbu Dhabi UniversityAbu Dhabi6844United Arab Emirates College of Computer and Information Sciences Prince Sultan UniversityRiyadh11442Saudi Arabia Robotics and Internet of Things Lab Prince Sultan UniversityRiyadh11442Saudi Arabia

The severity of traffic accidents is a serious global concern,particularly in developing *** the main causes and contributing circumstances may reduce the severity of traffic *** exist many machine learning models and decision support systems to predict road accidents by using datasets from different social media forums such as Twitter,blogs and *** such approaches are popular,there exists an issue of data management and low prediction *** article presented a deep learning-based sentiment analytic model known as Extra-large Network Bi-directional long short term memory(XLNet-Bi-LSTM)to predict traffic collisions based on data collected from social ***,a Tweet dataset has been formed by using an exhaustive keyword-based searching *** the next phase,two different types of features named as individual tokens and pair tokens have been obtained by using POS tagging and association rule *** output of this phase has been forwarded to a three-layer deep learning model for final *** experiment has been performed to test the efficiency of the proposed XLNet-Bi-LSTM *** has been shown that the proposed model achieved 94.2%prediction accuracy.

关键词： Accident XLNet Bi-LSTM association rule mining Twitter

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Energy-efficient Virtual Machine Allocation Technique Using Flower Pollination Algorithm in Cloud Datacenter:A Panacea to Green Computing

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2019年第2期16卷 354-366页

作者： Mohammed Joda usman Abdul Samad Ismail Hassan Chizari Gaddafi Abdul-Salaam Ali Muhammad usman Abdulsalam Yau Gital Omprakash Kaiwartya ahmed Aliyu Department of Maths Bauchi State University GadauBauchi 81007Nigeria Department of Computer Science Universiti Teknology MalaysiaSkudai Johor 81310Malaysia School of Computing and Technology Park CampusUniversity of Gloucestershire Cheltenham GL50 4SHUK Department of Computer Science Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasi 00233Ghana Department of Maths and Computer Federal College of Education Technical GombeGombe 072158Nigeria Department of Maths Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University BauchiBauchi 81027Nigeria Department of Computer and Information Technology Northumbria UniversityNewcastle NE1SSTUK

Cloud computing has attracted significant interest due to the increasing service demands from organizations offloading computationally intensive tasks to ***,datacenter infrastructure comprises hardware resources that consume high amount of energy and give out carbon emissions at hazardous *** cloud datacenter,Virtual Machines(VMs)need to be allocated on various Physical Machines(PMs)in order to minimize resource wastage and increase energy *** allocation problem is *** finding an exact solution is complicated especially for large-scale *** this con text,this paper proposes an Energy-oriented Flower Pollination Algorithm(E-FPA)for VM allocation in cloud datacenter environments.A system framework for the scheme was developed to enable energy-oriented allocation of various VMs on a *** allocation uses a strategy called Dynamic Switching Probability(DSP).The framework finds a near optimal solution quickly and balances the exploration of the global search and exploitation of the local *** considers a processor,storage,and memory constraints of a PM while prioritizing energy-oriented allocation for a set of *** performed on MultiRecCloudSim utilizing planet workload show that the E-FPA outperforms the Genetic Algorithm for Power-Aware(GAPA)by 21.8%,Order of Exchange Migration(OEM)ant colony system by 21.5%,and First Fit Decreasing(FFD)by 24.9%.Therefore,E-FPA significantly improves datacenter performance and thus,enhances environmental sustainability.

关键词： virtualization green computing cloud datacenter energy optimization

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3-D seismic interpretation of stratigraphic and structural features in the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous sequence of the Gullfaks Field,Norwegian North Sea:A case study of reservoir development

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Energy Geoscience 2021年第4期2卷 287-297页

作者： Muhammad usman Numair ahmed Siddiqui Eduardo Garzanti Muhammad Jamil Qazi Sohail Imran Luqman ahmed Laboratory for Provenance Studies Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Milano-BicoccaPiazza Della Scienza 420126MilanoItaly Geoscience Department Universiti Teknologi PETRONASSeri Iskandar32610PerakMalaysia Shale Gas Research Group Institute of Hydrocarbon RecoveryUniversiti Teknologi PETRONASSeri Iskandar32610PerakMalaysia Institute of Geology University of the PunjabLahore56300Pakistan

The 3-D seismic dataset is a key tool to analyze and understand the mechanism of structural and stratigraphic hydrocarbon(HC)trapping in the *** used subsurface seismic characterization methods for fractures are based on the theory of effective anisotropy *** aim of this work is to improve the structural images with dense sampling of 3-D survey to evaluate structural and stratigraphic models for reservoir development to predict reservoir *** present study of the Gullfaks Field,located in the Norwegian North Sea Gullfaks sector,identifies the shallowest structural *** steepness of westward structural dip decreases eastward during the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous *** sands consist of the Middle Jurassic deltaic deposits and Lower Jurassic fluvial channel and delta plain *** supply steadily prevails on sea-level rise and the succession displays a regressive trend indicated by a good continuous stacking *** key factor for the development of reservoirs in the Gullfaks Field is fault transmissibility with spatially distributed *** majority of mapped faults with sand-to-sand contacts are non-sealing,which provide restriction for the HC flow between the fault *** traps for HC accumulation occur between the post-rift and syn-rift strata,*** set by extensional system,unconformity trap at the top of syndeposition,and structural trap due to normal *** reservoir quality in the studied area is generally excellent with average 35%porosity and permeability in the Darcy *** findings are useful to better understand the development of siliciclastic reservoirs in similar geological settings worldwide.

关键词： 3-D seismic model Mesozoic stratigraphic boundary Structural trap Reservoir quality Gullfaks Field

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Dynamics of CO_2 Emission and Biochemical Properties of a Sandy Calcareous Soil Amended with Conocarpus Waste and Biochar

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Pedosphere 2015年第1期25卷 46-56页

作者： Mohamed EL-MAHROUKY ahmed Hamdy EL-NAGGAR Adel Rabie usman Mohammad Al-WABEL Soil Science Department College of Food & Agriculture Sciences King Saud University Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agriculture Ain Shams University Department of Soils and Water Faculty of Agriculture Assiut University

Biochar is a carbon-rich product obtained by biomass pyrolysis and considered a mean of carbon sequestration. In this research, a sandy calcareous soil from the Farm of the College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, was amended with either woody waste of Conocarpus erectus L.(CW) or the biochar(BC) produced from CW at rates of 0(control), 10, 30 and 50 g kg-1. The effects of the amendments on soil p H, dissolved organic carbon(DOC), microbial biomass carbon(MBC), CO2 emission and metabolic quotient(q CO2) of the sandy calcareous soil were studied in a 60-d incubation experiment. The results showed that the addition of CW led to a significant decrease in soil p H compared to the control and the addition of BC. The CO2-C emission rate was higher in the first few days of incubation than when the incubation time progressed. The cumulative CO2-C emission from the soil amended with CW, especially at higher rates, was higher(approximately 3- to 6-fold) than that from the control and the soil amended with BC. The BC-amended soil showed significant increases in CO2-C emission rate during the first days of incubation as compared to the non-amended soil, but the increase in cumulative CO2-C emission was not significant after 60 d of incubation. On the other hand, CW applications resulted in considerably higher cumulative CO2-C emission, MBC and DOC than the control and BC applications. With the exception of 0 day(after 1 h of incubation), both CW and BC applications led to lower values of q CO2 as compared to the control. The power function kinetic model satisfactorily described the cumulative CO2-C emission. Generally, the lowest values of CO2 emission were observed in the soil with BC, suggesting that the contribution of BC to CO2 emission was very small as compared to that of CW.

关键词： dissolved organic carbon metabolic quotient microbial biomass carbon power function kinetic model soil pH

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