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秦汉时期乡村借贷新探

史学集刊 2025年第1期 75-87页

作者：马新山东大学历史学院山东济南250100

秦汉乡村借贷既非古典借贷,亦非严格意义上的高利贷,它只是被当时乡村社会所普遍接受的特有借贷形式。这一借贷形式具有较强内循性,多以乡村居民间借贷为主,富商大贾以及城市商业资本难以介入;也有较强应急性,多是乡村居民生存急需时的... 详细信息

秦汉乡村借贷既非古典借贷,亦非严格意义上的高利贷,它只是被当时乡村社会所普遍接受的特有借贷形式。这一借贷形式具有较强内循性,多以乡村居民间借贷为主,富商大贾以及城市商业资本难以介入;也有较强应急性,多是乡村居民生存急需时的借贷行为,经营性或扩大再生产的借贷颇为少见;还有较强行政性,王朝官方既是重要放贷方,又是监管者与仲裁人,直接介入乡村经济事务。这些特点减少了商品经济对乡村社会的冲击,在一定时期内有利于乡村社会发展与繁荣。但是,从长时段视角看,它也影响乡村社会对外来经济要素的接纳,制约乡村社会进一步发展,使其长期处于简单再生产的循环之中。

关键词：秦汉乡村社会借贷关系

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence enhanced by macrocyclization

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Science China Chemistry 2025年

作者： Shuo Li Chenghao Zhu Lijun mao Xin Zhang Zecong Ye Chunju Li Da ma School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & institute for Advanced Studies Taizhou University School of Chemical Engineering and Light industry Guangdong University of Technology Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules Tianjin Normal University

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) depends on reverse intersystem crossing (RiSC) from the lowest triplet to the singlet excited state. Here, a macrocyclization strategy is developed to achieve TADF emission by promoting RiSC. 5-(9Hcarbazol-9-yl) isophthalonitrile, a fluorescent molecule, is coupled with 1,4-dimethoxybenzene by methylene bridges to form a macrocycle with TADF emission. Experimental results and theoretical calculation indicate that the macrocyclization strategy contributes to RiSC promotion and suppression of nonradiative decay, resulting in effective TADF emission transformed from prompt fluorescence. Three TADF luminophores are cyclized with the same strategy, and an enhanced TADF emission of up to3.8 folds is observed. The marriage of macrocycle chemistry and luminescent materials will provide new guidelines for designing efficient TADF materials.

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Multi-dimensional Bi@C electrocatalyst for Cr3+/Cr2+ redox reaction boosting high-performance iron-chromium flow batteries

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Science China Chemistry 2025年

作者： Min Wu Mingjun Nan Shumin Liu Caihe Zhong Lin Qiao Huamin Zhang Xiangkun ma Department of materials Science and Engineering Dalian Maritime University Division of Energy Storage Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences

With the increasing demand for energy storage technology, iron-chromium flow batteries（iCFBs） have been widely concerned because of their price advantage. However, the low electrochemical activity of Cr3+/Cr2+redox couples and the side hydrogen evolution reaction limit the industrial application of iCFBs. A multi-dimensional Bi/carbon composite electrocatalyst（Bi@C）for iCFB is designed and prepared to improve the electrochemical activity of Cr3+/Cr2+redox couples. Benefiting by using the Bimetal organic framework（Bi-MOF） with solid matrix as precursors, Bi nanospheres are highly dispersed on the Bi@C electrocatalyst that effectively enhances the electrochemical activity. The special morphology of Bi@C electrocatalyst helps the transfer of electrons and ions, significantly reducing the polarization of battery. Herein, the 3D porous carbon frames accelerate mass transfer, and the 2D carbon nanobelts and carbon layer coating on 0D Bi nanospheres improve the conductivity of Bi nanospheres. Therefore, the iCFB with multi-dimensional Bi@C electrocatalyst exhibits coulombic efficiency of 98.10% and energy efficiency of 79.14% at 140 ma cm-2, which is higher than iCFBs with commercial graphite carbon electrocatalyst and with heat treatment carbon felt. This work provides a simple and economical method to fabricate a high-performance multidimensional Bi@C electrocatalyst for Cr3+/Cr2+redox couples, boosting the development of iCFBs.

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Accurate manipulation of anthropomorphic robotic arm based on 3D human eye gazing with posture error compensation

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Science China Technological Sciences 2025年

作者： Quanlin Li Xianzong WANG Jiaji ma Qianjun HUANG Qizhi JiaNG Wenbin CHEN Caihua XiONG State Key Laboratory of intelligent manufacturing Equipment and Technology School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology institute of Medical Equipment Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology

As humans and robots work closer together than ever, anthropomorphic robotic arms with intuitive human-robot interaction interfaces have drawn massive attention to improving the quality of robot-assisted manipulation. in pursuit of this,we designed a dedicated 7-degrees-of-freedom (DoF) anthropomorphic robotic arm having three compact differential joints and a head-mounted gaze tracker enabling head-pose-tracked 3D gaze estimation. Moreover, two key challenges were addressed to achieve accurate robot-assisted manipulation of the object indicated by the direction of human gaze. First, a novel predictive pupil feature was proposed for 3D gaze estimation. Differing from most existing features subjected to the common paraxial approximation assumption, the proposed novel predictive pupil feature considered the light refraction at two corneal surfaces with a more realistic eye model, significantly improving the 3D gaze estimation accuracy when the eyeball rotates at large angles. Second, a novel optimization-based approach was developed to efficiently compensate for the posture errors of the designed 7-DoF anthropomorphic robotic arm for accurate manipulation. Compared with the existing Jacobian-based or optimization-based approaches with nominal joint values as iteration initial, the proposed approach computed the optimal iteration initial and realized faster convergence for real-time posture error compensation. With the posture error compensation in real time and 3D gaze estimated accurately, the human can command accurate robot-assisted manipulation using his eyes intuitively. The proposed system was successfully tested on five healthy subjects.

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Phytosociology of stratification in a lowland tropical rainforest occurring north of the Tropic of Cancer in Meghalaya, india

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Plant Diversity 2019年第5期41卷 285-299页

作者： uma Shankar Department of Botany North-Eastern Hill University

Stratification in lowland rainforests of Meghalaya,india,which represent the westernmost limit of the rainforests north of the Tropic of Cancer,was studied in horizontal and vertical planes to elucidate the patterns in stacking of species diversity and community attributes,and to draw comparisons with rainforests of‘indo-malaya’ecozone(biogeographical realm).All individuals≥10 cm GBH(girth at breast height)were enumerated in six transects of 10 m width and up to 500 m length covering 2.45 ha *** stratification of whole assemblage of species in vertical plane is referred to as‘storey structure’(=height class distribution),which explains structural *** horizontal plane,it is typically referred to as‘stand structure’(=girth class distribution),which explains structural *** stratification of an individual species in vertical plane is referred to as‘loftiness’and in horizontal plane,it is frequently referred to as‘population structure’.The stand structure was characterized by a negative exponential relationship or a reverse J-shaped curve,which is typical of a well regenerating forest *** storey structure was characterized by the low stature of the rainforest(ing in the canopy with dearth of discrete multi-stories,narrower widths of the stories and a thick *** cluster analysis and‘candlestick charts’showed that the dominant species spatially segregated in canopy height to profile three strata,viz.,an understory of juveniles and shrubs below 5 m,a middle-storey of intermediate trees between 5 and 15 m,and an overstory of large trees between 15 and 25 *** trees of a few species may reach up to 30 *** individuals tended to scatter in increasingly wider range of height classes from a lower to the next higher girth class,creating a‘torchlight scatter’pattern,with a tendency to concentrate towards smaller height classes due to stochastic factors,which potentially influence vertical growth proportionate t

关键词： Forest stratification Stand structure Storey structure Loftiness Population structure Northeast india

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CNKSR2 interactome analysis indicates its association with the centrosome/microtubule system

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第8期20卷 2420-2432页

作者： Lin Yin Yalan Xu Jie Mu Yu Leng Lei ma Yu Zheng Ruizhi Li Yin Wang Peifeng Li Hai Zhu Dong Wang Jing Li institute for Translational Medicine The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityMedical CollegeQingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina School of basic Medicine Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina College of Life Sciences and School of PharmacyMedical CollegeQingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina Department of Urology Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina

The protein connector enhancer of kinase suppressor of Ras 2(CNKSR2),present in both the postsynaptic density and cytoplasm of neurons,is a scaffolding protein with several protein-binding *** of the CNKSR2 gene have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders,particularly intellectual disability,although the precise mechanism involved has not yet been fully *** has demonstrated that CNKSR2 plays a role in facilitating the localization of postsynaptic density protein complexes to the membrane,thereby influencing synaptic signaling and the morphogenesis of dendritic ***,the function of CNKSR2 in the cytoplasm remains to be *** this study,we used immunoprecipitation and high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the interactors of *** a combination of bioinformatic analysis and cytological experiments,we found that the CNKSR2 interactors were significantly enriched in the proteome of the *** also showed that CNKSR2 interacted with the microtubule protein DYNC1H1 and with the centrosome marker *** colocalization analysis confirmed the centrosomal localization of *** we downregulated CNKSR2 expression in mouse neuroblastoma cells(Neuro 2A),we observed significant changes in the expression of numerous centrosomal *** manipulation also affected centrosome-related functions,including cell size and shape,cell proliferation,and ***,we found that CNKSR2 interactors were highly enriched in de novo variants associated with intellectual disability and autism spectrum *** findings establish a connection between CNKSR2 and the centrosome,and offer new insights into the underlying mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders.

关键词： autism spectrum disorder centrosome CNKSR2 intellectual disability interactome mass spectrometry microtubule neurodevelopmental disease protein complexes protein-protein interactions

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The Citron homology domain of maP4Ks improves outcomes of traumatic brain injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第11期20卷 3233-3244页

作者： Xiaoling Zhong Wenjiao Tai Meng-Lu Liu Shuaipeng ma Tianjin Shen Yuhua Zou Chun-Li Zhang Department of Molecular Biology University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA Peter O’Donnell Jr.Brain institute University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA

The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinases(maP4Ks)signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in axonal regrowth and neuronal degeneration following *** targeting this pathway is beneficial to brain injury remains *** this study,we showed that adeno-associated virus-delivery of the Citron homology domain of maP4Ks effectively reduces traumatic brain injury-induced reactive gliosis,tauopathy,lesion size,and behavioral *** inhibition of maP4Ks replicated the ameliorative effects observed with expression of the Citron homology ***,the Citron homology domain acted as a dominant-negative mutant,impeding maP4K-mediated phosphorylation of the dishevelled proteins and thereby controlling the Wnt/β-catenin *** findings implicate a therapeutic potential of targeting maP4Ks to alleviate the detrimental effects of traumatic brain injury.

关键词： adeno-associated virus Citron homology Citron homology domain gene therapy mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinases traumatic brain injury

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Multiplexing metal grating coupler based on MiM structure

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Optoelectronics Letters 2025年

作者： LiU Yang LiU Fei ma Yunxia ZHANG Ailing Engineering Research Center of Communication Devices and Technology， Ministry of Education， Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic and Communication Devices， School of integrated Circuit Science and Engineering， Tianjin University of Technology

We propose and numerically investigate a multiplexing metal grating coupler based on metal/insulator/metal （MiM） structure. The coupler consists of gold grating/silicon/gold layers， which combines with MiM waveguide， concurrently achieving path multiplexing and wavelength multiplexing through TMnmodes coupling. in visible light band， TM waves are coupled to the upper surface of gold plate， and the coupling efficiency reaches maximum of 31.67% at wavelength of 736 nm. in near infrared and mid infrared bands， TM waves are coupled into MiM waveguide， and the coupling efficiency reaches maximum of 53.57% at wavelength of 2550 nm. There can be four modes of TM0， TM1， TM2and TM3simultaneously in MiM waveguide， which are excited at different wavelengths. The preparation process of the structure designed in this article is simple， with dimensions at the micrometer level， easy to be integrated， and can be applied to be integrated optical circuits.

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Steel surface defect detection based on lightweight YOLOv7

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Optoelectronics Letters 2025年

作者： Shi Tao Wu Rongxin Zhu Wenxu ma Qingliang School of Electrical Engineering and Automation， Tianjin University of Technology North China University of Science and Technology， College of Electrical Engineering Guangzhou institute of Measurement and Testing Technology

Aiming at the problems of low detection efficiency and difficult positioning of traditional steel surface defect detection methods， a lightweight steel surface defect detection model based on YOLOv7 is proposed. First， a CSS Block module is proposed， which uses more lightweight operations to obtain redundant information in the feature map， reduces the amount of computation， and effectively improves the detection speed. Secondly， the improved SPPCSPC structure is adopted to ensure that the model can also pay attention to the defect location information while predicting the defect category information， obtain richer defect features. in addition， the convolution operation in the original model is simplified， which significantly reduces the size of the model and helps to improve the detection speed. Finally， using EiOU Loss to focus on high-quality Anchors， speed up convergence and improve positioning accuracy. Experiments were carried out on the NEU-DET steel surface defect dataset. Compared with the original YOLOv7 model， the number of parameters of this model was reduced by 40%， the FPS reached 112， and the average accuracy reached 79.1%.， the detection accuracy and speed have been improved， which can meet the needs of steel surface defect detection.

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