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Energy Efficient Load Balancing and Routing Using Multi-Objective Based Algorithm in WSN

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Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 2023年第3期35卷 3227-3239页

作者： Hemant Kumar Vijayvergia uma shankar modani Department of Electronics&Communication Engineering Govt.Mahila Engineering CollegeAjmerRajasthanIndia Department of Electronics&Communication Engineering Govt.Engineering CollegeAjmerIndia

In wireless sensor network(WSN),the gateways which are placed far away from the base station(BS)forward the collected data to the BS through the gateways which are nearer to the *** leads to more energy consumption because the gateways nearer to the BS manages heavy trafﬁc ***,to over-come this issue,loads around the gateways are to be balanced by presenting energy efﬁcient clustering ***,to enhance the lifetime of the net-work,optimal routing path is to be established between the source node and *** energy efﬁcient load balancing and routing,multi objective based beetle swarm optimization(BSO)algorithm is presented in this *** this algo-rithm,optimal clustering and routing are performed depend on the objective func-tions routingﬁtness and clusteringﬁ*** approach leads to decrease the power *** results show that the performance of the pro-posed BSO based clustering and routing scheme attains better results than that of the existing algorithms in terms of energy consumption,delivery ratio,through-put and network ***,the proposed scheme increases throughput to 72%and network lifetime to 37%as well as it reduces delay to 37%than the existing optimization algorithms based clustering and routing schemes.

关键词： Wireless sensor network(WSN) load balancing clustering routing beetle swarm optimization(BSO)

3D and 2D topographic correction to estimated geothermal gradient from the base of gas hydrate stability zone in the Andaman Forearc Basin

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Energy Geoscience 2024年第2期5卷 314-320页

作者： uma shankar Department of Geophysics Institute of ScienceBHUVaranasiIndia

Methane gas hydrate related bottom-simulating reflectors(BSRs)are imaged based on the in-line and cross-line multi-channel seismic(MCS)data from the Andaman Forearc *** depth of the BSR depends on pressure and temperature and pore water *** these assumptions,the BSR depth can be used to estimate the geothermal gradient(GTG)based on the availability of in-situ temperature *** calculation is done assuming a 1D conductive model based on available in-situ temperature measurement at site NGHP-01-17 in the study ***,in the presence of seafloor topography,the conductive temperature field in the subsurface is affected by lateral refraction of heat,which focuses heat in topographic lows and away from topographic *** 1D estimate of GTG in the Andaman Forearc Basin has been validated by drilling results from the NGHP-01 expedition.2D analytic modeling to estimate the effects of topography is performed earlier along selected seismic profiles in the study *** study extended to estimate the effect of topography in 3D using a numerical *** corrected GTG data allow us to determine GTG values free of topographic *** difference between the estimated GTG and values corrected for the 3D topographic effect varies up to~5℃/*** conclude that the topographic correction is relatively small compared to other uncertainties in the 1D model and that apparent GTG determined with the 1D model captures the major features,although the correction is needed prior to interpreting subtle features of the derived GTG maps.

关键词： Gas hydrate BSR Geothermal gradient 3D and 2D topographic modeling Andaman Forearc Basin

Gas hydrate saturation from NGHP 02 LWD data in the Mahanadi Basin

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Energy Geoscience 2024年第2期5卷 279-289页

作者： uma shankar Pradeep Kumar Yadav Sneha Devi Udham Singh Yadav Department of Geophysics Institute of ScienceBHUVaranasi221005India Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. Gas Hydrate Research&Technology Centre(GHRTC)Panvel410221Navi MumbaiIndia

During the Indian National Gas Hydrate Program(NGHP)Expedition 02,Logging-while-drilling(LWD)logs were acquired at three sites(NGHP-02-11,NGHP-02-12,and NGHP-02-13)across the Mahanadi Basin in area *** applied rock physics theory to available sonic velocity logs to know the distribution of gas hydrate at site NGHP-02-11 and *** physics modeling using sonic velocity at well location shows that gas hydrate is distributed mainly within the depth intervals of 150-265 m and 100 -215 mbsf at site NGHP-02-11 and NGHP-02-13,respectively,with an average saturation of about 4%of the pore space and the maximum concentration of about 40%of the pore space at 250 m depth at site NGHP-02-11,and at site NGHP-02-13 an average saturation of about 2%of the pore space and the maximum concentration of about 20%of the pore space at 246 m depth,as gas hydrate is distributed mainly within 100-246 mbsf at this *** of gas hydrate estimated from the electrical resistivity method using density derived porosity and electrical resistivity logs from Archie's empirical formula shows high saturation compared to that from the sonic ***,estimates of hydrate saturation based on sonic P-wave velocity may differ significantly from that based on resistivity,because gas and hydrate have higher resistivity than conductive pore fluid and sonic P-wave velocity shows strong effect on gas hydrate as a small amount of gas reduces the velocity significantly while increasing velocity due to the presence of *** site NGHP-02-11,gas hydrate saturation is in the range of 15%e30%,in two zones between 150-180 and 245-265 *** NGHP-02-012 shows a gas hydrate saturation of 20%e30%in the zone between 100 and 207 *** NGHP-02-13 shows a gas hydrate saturation up to 30%in the zone between 215 and 246 *** observations from rock physics modeling and Archie’s approximation show the gas hydrate concentrations are relatively low(<4%of the pore space)at the sites of the

关键词： Mahanadi Basin Gas hydrate Sonic log Effective medium modeling Electrical resistivity log Archie’s analysis Gas hydrate saturation

Comparative measurement of CO_(2),CH_(4)and CO at two traffic interjunctions having inflated vehicular flow in Delhi

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第7期141卷 314-329页

作者： Komal Daya Soni Khem Singh shankar G.Aggarwal CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Dr.K.S.Krishnan MargNew Delhi 110012India Academy of Scientific&Innovative Research(AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002India

Vehicular emissions are considered one of the major anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gases and poor air quality in metropolitan *** study aims to see the correlation of CO_(2),CH_(4),and CO through monitoring over a period from December 2020 to October 2021 covering three seasons’winter,summer,and monsoon at two different traffic locations of Delhi having different traffic volumes,road patterns,and traffic *** annual average morning concentration of CO_(2),CH_(4)and CO was found(533±105),(7.3±3.1),(10.7±3.0)ppm at Najafgarh and(480±70),(5.2±1.8),(7.8±2.8)ppm at Rajendra Place,respectively.A relationship between concentration of all three gases and meteorological parameters such as temperature,humidity,wind speed and wind direction has also been investigated using Pearson correlation coefficient and pollution rose diagram.A comparable pattern in concentration was observed for all three gases in spatial(location)and temporal(diurnal)*** concentration trend of CO_(2)in different seasons is winter>summer>monsoon,while in the case of CH_(4)winter=summer>monsoon but not any seasonal trend was noted in CO *** is observed that CO_(2)has a good relation with CO(a tracer for vehicular emission)in terms of diurnal variation,whereas,CH_(4)does not represent a relation with CO and CO_(2)diurnally,suggesting that vehicles are the source of CO_(2)but not much contributing to other greenhouse gases like CH_(4).

关键词： Vehicular emission Greenhouse gases Harmful pollutants Meteorological parameters