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Recent Applications of Electrocoagulation in Treatment of Water and Wastewater—A Review

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Green and Sustainable Chemistry 2013年第2期3卷 89-121页

作者： Ville Kuokkanen Toivo Kuokkanen Jaakko Ramo ulla Lassi Department of Chemistry University of OuluOuluFinland Thule Institute University of OuluOuluFinland Kokkola University Consortium Chydenius KokkolaFinland

During the last two decades, and particularly during the last few years, the environmental sector has shown a largely growing interest in the treatment of different types of water and wastewater by electrocoagulation (EC). The aim of this work was to review studies, conducted mainly during 2008-2011, on the wide and versatile range of feasible EC applications employed in the purification of different types of water and wastewater. The EC applications discussed here were divided into 7 following categories: tannery, textile and colored wastewater;pulp and paper industry wastewater;oily wastewater;food industry wastewater;other types of industrial wastewater;surface water as well as model water and wastewater containing heavy metals, nutrients, cyanide and other elements and ions. In addition, this paper presents an overview of the optimum process conditions (treatment times, current densities, and initial pH) and removal efficiencies (mostly high) achieved for the EC applications discussed. In the vast majority of the studies discussed in this review, the aforementioned values were found to be in the range of 5-60 min (typically less than 30 min), 10-150 A/m2 and near neutral pH, respectively. Both operating costs and electrical energy consumption values were found to vary greatly depending on the type of solution being treated, being between 0.004 -6.74 €/m3 and 0.002-58.0 kWh/m3, but in general they were rather low (typically around 0.1-1.0 €/m3 and 0.4-4.0 kWh/m3).

关键词： Electrochemistry Electrocoagulation(EC) Water Treatment Wastewater Purification Technoeconomic Evaluation

Fault Ride-Through Capability of Full-Power Converter Wind Turbine

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Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 2010年第10期4卷 29-45页

作者： A.S. Makinen O. Raipala K. Maki S. repo H. Tuusa Department of Electrical Energy Engineering Tampere University Technology Tampere F1-33101 Finland

In order to ensure power system stability, modern wind turbines are required to be able to endure deep voltage dips. The specifications that determine the voltage dip versus time are called fault r/de-through （FRT） requirements. The purpose of this paper is not only to examine the FRT behavior of a full-power converter wind turbine but also to combine the power system viewpoint to the studies. It is not enough for the turbine to be FRT capable; the loss of mains （LOM） protection of the turbine must also be set to allow the FRT. Enabling FRT, however, means that the LOM protection settings must be loosen, which may sometimes pose a safety hazard. This article introduces unique real-time simulation environment and proposes an FRT method for a wind turbine that also takes the operation of LOM protection relay into account. Simulations are carried out using the simulation environment and results show that wind turbine is able to ride-through a symmetrical power system fault.

关键词： Wind turbine (WT) RTDS dSPACE fault ride-through (FRT) loss of mains (LOM) relay generator side converter(GSC) network side converter (NSC).

Reconstructive Surgery in the Lower Urinary Tract in Children: Can the Complication Rate Be Reduced?

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Open Journal of Urology 2014年第3期4卷 19-25页

作者： Sara Carlsson Maryam Moussavi ulla Sillen Gundela Holmdahl Kate Abrahamsson Pediatric Urology Section Pediatric Surgery Department The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden

Objective: Reconstructive surgery of the lower urinary tract in children is reported with a high complication rate. The aim was to evaluate the complication rate at our institution. Material and methods: Between 2000 and 2010, 41 boys and 19 girls were consecutively operated on with augmentation with ileum (45), alternative CIC-channel (57) and bladder neck plasty (42) in isolation or as combined procedures in individuals with neurogenic bladder dysfunction NBD (42), bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex BEEC (13), isolated epispadias IE (2) and posterior urethral valves, PUV (3). Median age at surgery was 11 years (range 1.3 -21) and median follow-up time 7 years (1 -10). Complications were consecutively observed at follow-up according to a structured protocol. As first line care, specially trained nurses followed the patients and daily bladder irrigation was included in the CIC follow-up regimen. Results: In individuals with augmentation with ileum, of which all but one performed CIC through an alternative channel, there were stones reported in 3/45 (7%), perforation in 2/45 (4%), reoperation of CIC channel in 5/57 (9%), bowel obstruction in 3/56 (5%) and rupture of BNP in 3/39 (8%). Re-augmentation was not needed and malignancy not found. No significant difference was seen between patients with NBD and BEEC/IE. Conclusion: Complication rates were among the lowest reported for stones, perforation and reoperations of CIC channels and were average for bowel obstruction. Bladder stones and perforation were seen in individuals with bad compliance to recommended CIC-and irrigation regimens.

关键词： Children Complications Augmentation CIC-Channel Bladder Neck Plasty

Hereditary Vesicoureteral Reflux: A Study of 66 Families

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2015年第4期5卷 304-313页

作者： Zsuzsa IBartik Agneta Nordenskjold Sofia Sjostrom Rune Sixt ulla Sillen The Pediatric Uro-Nephrologic Centre The Queen Silvia Children’s HospitalSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden Department of Women and Children Health Karolinska Institutet and Center of Molecular MedicineKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden

Purpose: We studied the inheritance pattern, clinical features and outcome in children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Characteristics of known familial VUR cases were also compared with those of sporadic VUR. Material and Methods: 726 patients were treated for VUR between 1990-2004. The families were contacted by letter inquiring if other members of the family were affected. The phenotype of all cases (familial and non-familial) was characterized in terms of presenting symptoms, reflux grade, recurrent urinary tract infections, kidney damage, and the natural course of reflux. Results: The response rate was 79%. A total of 99 individuals (22%) reported relatives with VUR. Since some of the 99 index cases belonged to the same family, the total number of families was ultimately 66. The distribution of relatives with VUR was: 38 siblings, 20 parents (15 mothers), 19 cousins, 15 aunts/uncles and 12 grandparents. The phenotype of VUR did not differ between familial and non-familial cases. However, VUR among relatives was of milder grade than index and sporadic cases. Conclusions: The proportion of hereditary reflux in our material was lower than in other studies (22%). We found a strong overrepresentation of maternal transmission of reflux. Severity of the disease did not differ between familial and non-familial VUR.

关键词： Vesicoureteral Reflux Heredity Phenotype

The Single-Item Measure of Stress Symptoms after Myocardial Infarction and Its Association with Fatigue

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Open Journal of Nursing 2015年第4期5卷 345-353页

作者： ulla Fredriksson-Larsson Eva Brink Gunne Grankvist Ingibjorg HJonsdottir Pia Alsen Department of Nursing Health and CultureUniversity WestTrollhattanSweden Institute of Health and Care Sciences University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden Centre for Person-Centred Care University of Gothenburg Department of Social and Behavioural Studies University WestTrollhattanSweden Institute of Stress Medicine Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden

Surviving a myocardial infarction (MI) can be a stressful event entailing challenges in daily life during the recovery period. Experiencing fatigue symptoms post-MI has been described as bothersome and occurs in nearly half of patients four months and two years after MI. The aetiology of fatigue disorder is unclear, but research has shown that fatigue plays an important role in the relationship between stress and perceived poor health. Previous findings indicate that having access to an easily administered stress measurement is worthwhile both in the clinic and in research. The single-item measure of stress symptoms has not been validated in persons treated for MI. The aim was to validate the single-item measure of stress symptoms and to explore its association with fatigue in a sample of persons treated for MI. Methods: 142 respondents completed the questionnaires of the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20, the single-item measure of stress symptoms and the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PPS-10) two months post-MI. Correlation analysis and t-tests were used to validate the single-item stress measure and its association with post-MI fatigue. Results: The convergent validity of the single-item measure of stress symptoms was confirmed. In analyses of relations between stress and fatigue, it was found that the single-item stress measure was strongly associated with both the global fatigue score and all four fatigue dimension scores (general, physical and mental fatigue as well as reduced activity). Conclusion: The single-item measure of stress symptoms was found to be a valid measure of post-MI stress. Also, the measure was useful in assessing associations between stress and fatigue and could therefore indicate that post-MI fatigue experiences should be further explored in full using multidimensional fatigue assessment.

关键词： Myocardial Infarction Fatigue Stress Symptom Research

Family and twin studies in inflammatory bowel disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第23期12卷 3668-3672页

作者： Leena Halme Paulina Paavola-Sakki ulla Turunen Maarit Lappalainen Martti Frkkil Kimmo Kontula Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland Research Program in Molecular Medicine Biomedicum HelsinkiDepartment of MedicineHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland Department of Gastroenterology Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland Research Program in Molecular Medicine Biomedicum HelsinkiFinland Research Program in Molecular Medicine Biomedicum HelsinkiDepartment of MedicineHelsinki University HospitalHelsinki Finland

Studies examining the inheritance of inflammatory bowel disease （IBD） within different family groups have been the basis for recent molecular advances in the genetics of IBD. The derived heritability in Crohn＇s disease （CD） is higher than in many other complex diseases. The risk of IBD is highest in first-degree relatives of a CD proband, but first-degree relatives of a proband suffering from ulcerative colitis （UC） and more distant relatives are also at increased risk. Disease concordance rates in IBD have been examined in multiplex families and in three large European twin studies.

关键词： Crohn's disease Family studies Genetics Twin studies Ulcerative colitis

Does a population-based multi-factorial lifestyle intervention increase social inequality in smoking? The Inter99 study

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2012年第3期2卷 394-402页

作者： Charlotta Pisinger Mette Aadahl ulla Toft Anne Helms Andreasen Torben Jorgensen Faculty of Health Science Copenhagen University Copenhagen Denmark Research Centre for Prevention and Health Glostrup University Hospital The Capital Region of Denmark Copenhagen Denmark

Introduction: The social inequality in smoking in the Western countries has been increasing. It has been suggested that the most important strategy to reduce health inequalities related to socio economic status (SEP) is to promote smoking cessation in persons with low SEP. One could fear that a smoking cessation intervention might benefit smokers with high SEP more, and thereby increase the social inequality in smoking. We wanted to investigate whether the effect differed across SEP. Methods: The study was an individual multi-factorial lifestyle intervention study with a control group, Inter99 (1999-2006), Copenhagen, Denmark. We included 1991 daily-smokers with self-reported information on education in the intervention group, and 1135 in the control group. Smokers in the intervention group were repeatedly offered individual life-style-counselling and group-based smoking cessation. We used generalised linear mixed models under the assumption of missing at random, including interaction term between intervention effect and SEP. Results: The gap in self-reported abstinence rates increased over time between persons with high and low education. Probability of abstinence was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group, at all follow-up-visits but the effect of the intervention changed over time. The differences in quit-rates across educational groups were not significantly different in the intervention than in the control group at any time. Conclusion: In this randomised population-based intervention study we found that smokers across all educational levels benefited from the anti-smoking intervention, and that the intervention did not increase the social inequality in smoking, as one could have feared.

关键词： Smoking Cessation Smoking Socioeconomic Factors Intervention Studies Inter99 Study

Urinary incontinence in Norwegian nursing home residents

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Open Journal of Nursing 2012年第2期2卷 116-122页

作者： Liv Heidi Skotnes Ragnhild Omli ulla Romild Ove Hellzen Esther Kuhry Department of Health Sciences Mid-Sweden UniversityOstersundSweden Department of Medicine Division of GeriatricsNord-Trondelag Health TrustNamsosNorway Department of Research and Development Nord-Trøndelag Health TrustNamsosNorway Nord-Trondelag University College NamsosNorway Department of Surgery St.Olavs HospitalTrondheimNorway

Urinary incontinence is a multi-factorial condition that has a high impact on older persons living in nursing homes. While urinary incontinence is common, only a small percentage of nursing home residents have an official diagnosis. Factors influencing urinary incontinence in this population are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of urinary incontinence in Norwegian nursing home residents and to study the factors associated with urinary incontinence in this population. Residents from six different nursing homes were included in this study. Data on sex, age, medication, comorbid illnesses, urinary incontinence and the use of absorbent pads was collected. Barthel`s Index of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) was used to estimate residents’ functional levels. Post-voiding residual urine was measured by means of a portable ultrasound. A questionnaire was completed by the nursing staff for each of the residents. In total, 173 residents participated in the study. One hundred and twenty-two residents (69%) were incontinent for urine and 144 used absorbent pads (83%). Fourteen percent of residents used absorbent pads ‘just to make sure’. They did not have a history of urinary incontinence. Low ADL score, dementia and urinary tract infection were significantly associated with incontinence for urine. The prevalence of urinary incontinence in Norwegian nursing homes is high. Absorbent products are frequently used without a history of urinary incontinence. Physical impairment, dementia and urinary tract infections are significantly associated with urinary incontinence.

关键词： Nursing Home Urinary Incontinence

Polymorphisms in NF-κB,PXR,LXR,PPARγ and risk of inflammatory bowel disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2011年第2期17卷 197-206页

作者： Vibeke Andersen Jane Christensen Anja Ernst Bent A Jacobsen Anne Tjφnneland Henrik B Krarup ulla Vogel Department of Medical Viborg Regional Hospital Institute of Cancer Epidemiology Danish Cancer Society Department of Clinical Biochemistry Aarhus University Hospital Department of Medical Gastroenterology Aarhus University Hospital National Food Institute Technical University of Denmark Institute for Science Systems and ModelsUniversity of Roskilde National Research Centre for the Working Environment

AIM:To investigate the contribution of polymorphisms in nuclear receptors to risk of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) . METHODS:Genotypes of nuclear factor(NF) -κB(NFKB1) NFκB-94ins/del(rs28362491) ;peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor(PPAR) -γ(PPARγ) PPARγPro12Ala(rs1801282) and C1431T(rs 3856806) ;pregnane X receptor(PXR) (NR1I2) PXR A-24381C(rs1523127) ,C8055T(2276707) ,and A7635G(rs 6785049) ;and liver X receptor(LXR) (NR1H2) LXR T-rs1405655-C and T-rs2695121-C were assessed in a Danish case-control study of 327 Crohn's disease patients,495 ulcerative colitis(UC) patients,and 779 healthy *** ratio(OR) and 95%CI were estimated by logistic regression models. RESULTS:The PXR A7635G variant,the PPARγPro12Ala and LXR T-rs2695121-C homozygous variant genotypes were associated with risk of UC(OR:1.31,95% CI:1.03-1.66,P=0.03,OR:2.30,95%CI:1.04-5.08,P=0.04,and OR:1.41,95%CI:1.00-1.98,P=0.05,respectively) compared to the corresponding homozygous wild-type *** never smokers,PXR A7635G and the LXR T-rs1405655-C and T-rs2695121-C variant genotypes were associated with risk of IBD(OR:1.41,95%CI:1.05-1.91,P=0.02,OR:1.63,95%CI:1.21-2.20,P=0.001,and OR:2.02,95%CI:1.36-2.99,P=0.0005,respectively) compared to the respective homozygous variant *** A7635G(rs6785049) variant genotype was associated with a higher risk of UC diagnosis before the age of 40 years and with a higher risk of extensive disease(OR:1.34,95%CI:1.03-1.75 and OR:2.49,95%CI:1.24-5.03,respectively) . CONCLUSION:Common PXR and LXR polymorphisms may contribute to risk of IBD,especially among never smokers.

关键词： Crohn's disease Genetic susceptibility Single nucleotide polymorphisms Smoking status Transcription factors Ulcerative colitis