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Advancing the Disaster and Development Paradigm

International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2018年第4期9卷 486-495页

作者： andrew e.Collins Department of Geography and environmental Sciences /Disaster and Development Network (DDN) Northumbria University

Consolidation of disaster and development studies as an integrated field of action research that influences policy has proved to be fundamental to global disaster risk reduction, sustainable development, climate change, and humanitarian agreements. However, challenges in achieving targets, such as those of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals, requires further advances of the disaster and development paradigm underpinning these aspirations. This article presents perspectives that grew primarily from local action research, particularly research carried out with marginalized and highly at-risk groups of people in Southern Africa and South *** fronts from these findings emphasize disaster and development risk assessment opportunities that consolidate earlier ideas and extend understanding of disaster and development-related risk intervention options. These acknowledge severe shortcomings in disaster risk reduction progress while including greater use of hope as an active ingredient. This process of paradigm exploration remains fundamental to achieving disaster risk reduction, sustainable development, and associated policy objectives. The analysis presented here reiterates earlier groundings in people-centric perspectives, emphasizing social relations and systems of meaning as essential active ingredients for challenging power structures, technology, education, and human behavior. The analysis proposes some consequent thematic fronts for increased investment. These includeinvesting in early buildup of well-being before a disaster,better living with uncertainty, and overcoming the barriers to desired disaster and development outcomes. The article is intended to contribute to an ever-evolving paradigm of disaster and development risk that requires impetus from personal and collective values beyond calculations of disaster and development.

关键词： Disaster and development paradigm Disaster risk reduction Disaster risk management Local action research

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Development of Surfactants and Builders in Detergent Formulations

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Chinese Journal of Chemical engineering 2008年第4期16卷 517-527页

作者：于养信赵瑾 andrew e. Bayly Department of Chemicai engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084China P＆G Technology （Beijing）.Co. Ltd. Beijing 100085 China P＆G Technical Centres Ltd Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 9TS UK

Surfactants and builders are the two most important ingredients in laundry, household and personal-care cleaning products. They play a key role in washing processes. The development of various surfactants （e.g., anionic, nonionic, cationic, zwitterionic, and silicone surfactants） and builders （inorganic, organic and polymeric builders）used in the detergent compositions are reviewed and their detergency performance and biodegradability are discussed. In the future, the development of the surfactants and builders used in detergent compositions should be based on economic and environmental considerations. The use of the eco-friendly surfactants and builders derived from inexpensive renewable resources （e.g., alkyl polyglucosides and bio-based polyesters） in detergent compositions is the developing trends in detergent industry.

关键词： detergent surfactant builder detergency performance biodegradability

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Ca2+ signaling during vertebrate somitogenesis

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Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2006年第7期27卷 781-790页

作者： Sarah e WeBB andrew L MILLeR Department of Biology the Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong Kong SARChina

A variety of Ca2+signals,in the form of intercellular pulses and waves,have beenreported to be associated with the various sequential stages of somitogenesis:from convergent extension and the formation of the paraxial mesoderm;during thepatterning of the paraxial mesoderm to establish segmental units;throughout theformation of the morphological boundaries that delineate the segmental units,andfinally from within the maturing somites as they undergo subsequent develop-ment and *** to both the technical challenges presented in imag-ing intact,developing embryos,and the subtle nature of the Ca2+transientsgenerated,they have proved to be difficult to ***,a combinationof cultured cell preparations and improvements in explant and whole embryo im-aging techniques has begun to reveal a new and exciting class of developmentalCa2+*** this chapter,we review the small,but expanding,number ofreports in the literature and attempt to identify common characteristics of thesomitogenic Ca2+transients,such as their mode of generation,as well as theirspatial and temporal *** may help to elucidate the significance andfunction of these intriguing Ca2+transients and thus integrate them into the com-plex signaling networks that orchestrate early developmental events.

关键词： Ca2+ signaling somitogenesis zebrafish Xenopus mouse chick

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Sources and significance of variation in basal,summit and maximal metabolic rates in birds

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Current Zoology 2010年第6期56卷 741-758页

作者： andrew e. MCKeCHNIe David L. SWANSON DST/NRF Centre of excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of Pretoria Department of Biology University of South Dakota

The rates at which birds use energy may have profound effects on fitness, thereby influencing physiology, behavior, ecology and evolution. Comparisons of standardized metabolic rates （e.g., lower and upper limits of metabolic power output） present a method for elucidating the effects of ecological and evolutionary factors on the interface between physiology and life history in birds. In this paper we review variation in avian metabolic rates [basal metabolic rate （BMR; minimum normothermic metabolic rate）, summit metabolic rate （Msum; maximal thermoregulatory metabolic rate）, and maximal metabolic rate （MMR; maximal exercise metabolic rate）], the factors associated with this variation, the evidence for functional links between these metabolic traits, and the ecological and evolutionary significance of avian metabolic diversity. Both lower and upper limits to metabolic power production are phenotypically flexible traits, and vary in association with numerous ecological and evolutionary factors. For both inter- and intraspecific comparisons, lower and upper limits to metabolic power production are generally upregulated in response to energetically demanding conditions and downregulated when energetic demands are relaxed, or under conditions of energetic scarcity. Positive correlations have been documented between BMR, Msum and MMR in some, but not all studies on birds, providing partial support for the idea of a functional link between lower and upper limits to metabolic power production, but more intraspecific studies are needed to determine the robustness of this conclusion. Correlations between BMR and field metabolic rate （or daily energy expenditure） in birds are variable, suggesting that the linkage between these traits is subject to behavioral adjustment, and studies of the relationship between field and maximal metabolic rates are lacking. Our understanding of avian metabolic diversity would benefit from future studies of：（1） the functional and mechanistic li

关键词： Phenotypic flexibility Reaction norms Basal metabolic rate Maximal metabolic rate Birds

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Targeting 14-3-3 adaptor protein-protein interactions to stimulate central nervous system repair

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Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第7期12卷 1040-1043页

作者： andrew Kaplan Alyson e.Fournier Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Montreal Neurological Institute McGill University Montr6al Qu4bec Canada

The goal of developing treatments for central nervous system（CNS）injuries is becoming more attainable with the recent identification of various drugs that can repair damaged *** discoveries have stemmed from screening efforts,large expression datasets and an improved understanding of the cellular and molecular biology underlying axon *** will be important to continue searching for new compounds that can induce axon *** we describe how a family of adaptor proteins called 14-3-3s can be targeted using small molecule drugs to enhance axon outgrowth and regeneration.14-3-3s bind to many functionally diverse client proteins to regulate their *** highlight the recent discovery of the axon-growth promoting activity of fusicoccin-A,a fungus-derived small molecule that stabilizes 14-3-3 interactions with their client *** we discuss how fusicoccin-A could serve as a starting point for the development of drugs to induce CNS repair.

关键词： axon regeneration 14-3-3 gcnl, fusicoccin optic nerve spinal cord injury

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Predictability of US tornado outbreak seasons using eNSO and northern hemisphere geopotential height variability

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Geoscience Frontiers 2016年第1期7卷 21-31页

作者： Kent H.Sparrow andrew e.Mercer Department of Geosciences Mississippi State University

The predictability of dangerous atmospheric phenomena such as tornado outbreaks has generally been limited to a week or less. However, recent work has demonstrated the importance of the Rossby wavetrain phasing over the United States in establishing outbreak-favorable environments. The predictability of Rossby wavetrain phasing is strongly related to numerous climate-scale interannual variability indices, which are predictable many months in advance. To formalize the relationship between interannual variability indices and seasonal tornado outbreak frequency, indices derived from monthly mean Northern Hemisphere 500-hPa and 1000-hPa geopotential height fields and Ni？o 3.4 indices for eNSO phase were compared to annual tornado outbreak seasonal frequencies. Statistical models predicting seasonal outbreak frequency were established using linear（stepwise multivariate linear regressione SMLR） and nonlinear（support vector regressione SVR） statistical modeling *** stepwise methodology revealed predictors that are important in establishing outbreak-favorable environments at long lead times. Additionally, the results of the statistical modeling revealed that the nonlinear SVR technique reduced root mean square errors produced by the control SMLR technique by 28% and provided more consistent forecasts. A preliminary physical analysis revealed that years with high outbreak frequencies were associated with the presence of 500-mb troughs over the central and western US during the peak of outbreak season, while lower frequencies were consistent with ridging over the US or northwest flow over the Plains. These patterns support the results of the statistical modeling, which demonstrate the utility of geopotential height variability as a predictability measure of outbreak frequency.

关键词： Interannual variability Support vector regression Climate predictability Tornado outbreaks

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Viral-mediated gene therapy for spinal cord injury(SCI) from a translational neuroanatomical perspective

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Neural Regeneration Research 2016年第5期11卷 743-744页

作者： andrew P Tosolini Renée Morris Translational Neuroscience Facility School of Medical Sciences the University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia) Sydney Australia Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders Institute of Neurology University College London London UK

Repairing spinal cord injury（SCI）is one of the most challenging endeavours currently faced by *** promising therapeutic avenue to reverse this once considered permanent condition is gene therapy,however progress has been hampered by the anatomica intricacy of the spinal cord itself as well as by the sheer complexity of the molecular cascades of events that take place in the injured cord.

关键词： gene SCI Viral-mediated gene therapy for spinal cord injury from a translational neuroanatomical perspective

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evolution of surgical skills training

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第20期12卷 3219-3224页

作者： Kurt e Roberts Robert L Bell andrew J Duffy Department of Surgery Yale University School of Medicine 40 Temple StreetSuite 3ANew HavenCT 06510United Staets

Surgical training is changing： one hundred years of tradition is being challenged by legal and ethical concerns for patient safety, work hours restrictions, the cost of operating room time, and complications. Surgical simulation and skills training offers an opportunity to teach and practice advanced skills outside of the operating room environment before attempting them on living patients. Simulation training can be as straight forward as using real instruments and video equipment to manipulate simulated ＂tissue＂ in a box trainer. More advanced, virtual reality simulators are now available and ready for widespread use. early systems have demonstrated their effectiveness and discriminative ability. Newer systems enable the development of comprehensive curricula and full procedural simulations. The Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical education＇s （ACGMe） has mandated the development of novel methods of training and evaluation. Surgical organizations are calling for methods to ensure the maintenance of skills, advance surgical training, and to credential surgeons as technically competent. Simulators in their current form have been demonstrated to improve the operating room performance of surgical residents. Development of standardized training curricula remains an urgent and important agenda, particularly for minimal invasive surgery. An innovative and progressive approach, borrowing experiences from the field of aviation, can provide the foundation for the next century of surgical training, ensuring the quality of the product. As the technology develops, the way we practice will continue to evolve, to the benefit of physicians and patients.

关键词： Surgery Training Certification Skills Simulation Curriculum

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Controversies in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux and achalasia

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第20期12卷 3155-3161页

作者： Kurt e Roberts andrew J Duffy Robert L Bell Department of Surgery Yale University School of Medicine 40 Temple St. Suite 3 ANew HavenCT 06510United States

The immense success of laparoscopic surgery as an effective treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease （GeRD） and achalasia has established minimal invasive surgery as the gold standard for these two conditions with lower morbidity and mortality, shorter hospital stay, faster convalescence, and less postoperative pain. One controversy in the treatment of GeRD evolves around laparoscopic antireflux surgery （LAP, S） as the preferred treatmerit for Barrett＇s esophagus and the procedure＇s potential to reduce the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. GeRD has also been associated with respiratory symptoms, asthma and laryngeal injury, and a second controversy prompts discussions about whether total or partial fundoplication is the more appropriate treatment for GeRD. A new and promising alternative in the treatment of GeRD is endoluminal therapy. Three types of this new treatment option will be discussed： radiofrequency energy delivered to the lower esophageal sphincter, the creation of a mechanical barrier at the gastroesophageal junction, and the direct endoscopic tightening of the lower esophageal sphincter. Laparoscopic surgery is discussed not only as a very effective treatment for GeRD but also as permanent cure for achalasia. This review analyzes the three most important treatment options for achalasia： medications, pneumatic dilatation, and surgical therapy. Medications as the only true non-invasive option in the treatment of achalasia are not as effective as LAPS because of their short half-life and variable absorption due to the poor esophageal emptying. The second treatment option, pneumatic dilatation, involves the stretching of the lower esophagus and is still considered the most effective nonsurgical treatment for achalasia. Finally, surgical therapy for achalasia and the two major controversies concerning this laparoscopic treatment are discussed. The first involves the extent to which the myotomy is extended onto the stomach, and the second concer

关键词： Gastroesophageal reflux disease Nissen Toupet Fundoplication Achalasia Heller myotomy

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Developmental environment contributes to rapid trait shifts among newly colonized subterranean habitats

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Zoological Research 2023年第4期44卷 808-820页

作者： Nathan e.Swanson andrew G.Gluesenkamp Alexandra e.Donny Suzanne e.McGaugh Department of Fisheries Wildlife and Conservation BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMN 55108USA Department of ecology and evolutionary Biology University of California IrvineIrvineCA 92697-2525USA Center for Conservation and Research San Antonio ZooSan AntonioTexas 78212USA ecology Evolutionand BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMN 55108USA Department of Biology Stanford UniversityStanfordCA 94305USA

Recent colonization of extreme environments provides unique opportunities to study the early steps of adaptation and the potential for rapid convergent ***,phenotypic shifts during recent colonization may also be due to plasticity in response to changes in the rearing ***,we analyzed a suite of morphological and behavioral traits in paired surface,subterranean,and facultatively subterranean Mexican tetras(Astyanax mexicanus)from recent introductions in two separate watersheds outside of their native *** found a variety of phenotypic and behavioral shifts between subterranean and surface populations that are similar to those observed in relatively ancient populations in *** this rapid morphological divergence,we found that most of these trait differences were due to plasticity in response to rearing *** most trait assays in common-garden,lab-raised fish indicated that phenotypic shifts in wild fish were the result of plasticity,we also found evidence of genetic control in several traits present in subterranean ***,wall-following behavior,an important subterranean foraging behavior,was greater in lab-born subterranean fish than in lab-born surface fish,suggesting rapid divergence of this trait between subterranean and surface ***,this study sheds light on the early steps of subterranean evolution,identifies potential rapid behavioral evolution,and suggests that plasticity in traits involving exploratory behavior may facilitate subterranean colonization.

关键词： Plasticity Adaptation Subterranean Cavefish evolution Common garden

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