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Effect of diminazene aceturate,levamisole and vitamin C combination therapy in rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2014年第6期7卷 438-445页

作者： Adieme Ijeoma Chekwube Ezeh ikenna Onyema ugochukwu emmanuel ikenna Romanus Chukwuduruo Ezeokonkwo Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Nigeria Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology University of Nigeria

Objective:To investigate the effect of diminazene aceturale(DA) alone or in combination with either levamisole and/or Vitamin C in albino rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei ***:Thirty adult male albino rats,randomly assigned into 6 groups(A—F) of 5rats each were *** were either infected with 1×10~a trypanosomes intraperitoneally(groups A-E) or uninfected(group F).The different groups were treated respectively as follows:group A-with 3.5 mg/kg DA;group B-3.5 mg/kg DA and 7.5 mg/kg levamisole;group C-3.S mg/kg DA and 100 mg/kg vitamin C;and group D-3.S mg/kg DA and 7.S mg/kg levamisole and 100 mg/kg vitamin *** E was left *** assessed include:rectal temperature,body weight changes,packed cell volume(PCV),Haemoglobin concentration(Hb),total leucocyte count(TLC) differential leucocyte count(DLC),parasitaemia,clinical signs and ***:Average pre-patent period of 5 days was *** in the blood were cleared in all treated groups(A-D) within 48 hours post treatment(PT).Untreated rats in group E died between25 and 32 days post infection(PI).Relapse was not recorded in all the treated groups(A-D).The initial reduction in PCV,Hb,TLC and increases in rectal temperature following infection were reversed by the *** rats that received drug combinations(groups B,C and D)showed faster and higher recovery rates than the uninfected control and group ***:Levamisole and/or Vitamin C combination with DA were more effective in the treatment of rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei.

关键词： Diminazene aceturate Levamisole Vitamin C Therapy Trypanosoma brucei brucei Rats

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A Modified Replacement Model for Items That Fail Suddenly with Variable Replacement Costs

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American Journal of Operations Research 2018年第6期8卷 457-473页

作者： Samuel ugochukwu Enogwe Ben Ifeanyichukwu Oruh emmanuel John Ekpenyong Department of Mathematics/Statistics Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri Imo State Nigeria Department of Statistics Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike Abia State Nigeria

Several researches have been done to provide better alternative to the existing replacement models, but the research works did not adequately address the replacement problem for items that fail suddenly. Hence, a modified replacement model for items that fail suddenly has been proposed using the knowledge of probability distribution of failure times as well as that of variable replacement cost. The modified cost functions for implementing both individual and group replacements were derived. The modified cost functions were minimized using the principle of classical optimization in order to find the age at which replacement of items would be appropriate. Conditions under which the individual and group replacement policies should be adopted were derived. Two real data sets on failure time of LED bulbs and their replacement costs were used to validate the theoretical claims of this work. In essence, goodness-of-fit test was used to select appropriate probability distribution of failure times as well as that of replacement costs for data sets I and II respectively. The goodness-of-fit results showed that failure times of LED bulbs follow the Smallest Extreme Value and Laplace distributions for data sets I and II respectively. Similarly, it was observed that individual replacement cost followed the two-parameter Gamma and Largest Extreme Value distributions for data sets I and II respectively. Further, the group replacement cost was found to follow the log-normal and two-parameter Weibull distributions for data sets I and II respectively. Based on the empirical study, we observed that individual replacement policy is better than group replacement policy in terms of cost minimization for both existing model and the proposed model. In view of the results, the proposed replacement policy was recommended over the existing one because it yielded lower replacement costs than the existing replacement model.

关键词： Probability Distribution Failure Times Variable Replacement Cost Goodness-of-Fit Test Group Replacement Individual Replacement

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Phytochemical and Toxicity Study of the Root of Boscia senegalensis Plant: With Indepth Testicular Histopathological Screening

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2022年第3期10卷 228-239页

作者： Peter Ndukaku Osuala Raymond ugochukwu Okolo emmanuel Udo Etuk Shaibu Oricha Bello Maxwell Osaronowen Egua Department of Pharmacology College of Health Sciences Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto Nigeria Department of Anatomy College of Health Sciences Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto Nigeria

Beyond the efficacy of herbal remedies, there is always a serious concern for safety. A safety study was carried out on the root of Boscia senegalensis (per) plant prior to its intended use in a bioassay. The root of Boscia senegalensis per (capparaceae) was collected from Tureta Local Government Area of Sokoto State in August, 2011 and pulverized into a dry powder. About 700 g of the powder was extracted with methanol for six hours using Soxhlet extractor. The phytochemical study of the plant material was conducted and the median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was determined in rats orally according to modified Lorkes’ method. A sub-acute toxicity study was carried out with male albino rats dosed 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg body weights daily for 28 days of the extract. The animals were sacrificed on the 29th day and blood collected through cardiac puncture for hematological and biochemical screening for renal and hepatic status. The testes, liver and kidney were collected and stored in 10 percent formalin for histopathological examination. The phytochemicals present in the root alcoholic extract of Boscia senegalensis were alkaloids, phytosteroids and triterpenoids in appreciable quantity, saponins anthraquinones and tannins in moderate quantity while flavonoids were absent. The LD50 is equal to or above 5000 mg/kg body weight. Supportive of the safety profile of the plant, a 28-day oral administration of the extract produced no significant effect on the creatinine, albumin, total protein concentration at all doses and there was a significant reduction in liver enzymes. The hematological evaluation showed that the extract on a prolonged administration had no significant effect. The histology of the kidney and liver were normal. There was a significant increase in the relative weight of the testis, area of the interstitial space and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules when compared to the control group histologically. The plant r

关键词： Phytochemical Methanol Lethal Dose Safety Toxicity

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Investigating Temperature and Nutrients as Drivers of Primary Productivity in Aquatic Environment

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2019年第7期7卷 92-107页

作者： Dike Henry Ogbuagu ugochukwu Obioma Nwahiri emmanuel Chikezie Osuebi Iheoma Ezichi Mbuka-Nwosu Chinwe Grace Onwuagba Department of Environmental Technology Federal University of Technology Owerri Nigeria

An investigation into the relationship between temperature and the nutrients (,, and ) in pelagial primary productivity of the middle reaches of Otamiri River in Owerri, Southeastern Nigeria was carried out between October and November, 2018 at ten sampling points (OTP 1-OTP 10). The estimation of productivity was made with the light and dark bottle technique. Maximum yields in Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) (0.8738 mgCL-1d-1), Net Primary Productivity (NPP) (0.8513 mgCL-1d-1), as well as Community Respiration (CR) (0.1613 mgCL-1d-1) were recorded at OTP 3, OTP 3 and OTP 8 respectively that had more vegetation covers than in segments without cover. GPP is correlated withions (r = 0.400),ions (r = 0.418), and water temperature (r = 0.379) (p 0.05), while CR is correlated with ions (r = 0.500) (p 0.01). The variability of GPP increased mildly with increasing temperature and the nutrients;with predicted regression model productivities of 0.1388, 0.5621, and 0.6066 mgCL-1d-1, corresponding with mean values of 28.41℃, 0.33 mg/L, 1.04 mg/L and 10.25 mg/L recorded for temperature,,, and ions concentrations. Mean GPP was estimated to result in a comparatively low annual productivity of 188.75 mgCL-1yr-1. Conservation and restoration of riparian vegetation covers in watershed corridors of the river for optimal driver roles were recommended.

关键词： Eutrophication Riparian vegetation Primary productivity Nutrients Otamiri River

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Previable Premature Rupture of Membranes in Dichorionic Diamniotic Twin Gestation, Loss of Leading Twin, Emergency Cervical Cerclage and Ceaserean Delivery at Term

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Case Reports in Clinical Medicine 2023年第1期12卷 14-21页

作者： Darlington-Peter Chibuzor Ugoji ugochukwu Sunday Julius Ezenyirioha Ifeanyichukwu Jude Ofor Chukwuemeka Joseph Nwoye God’s Miracle David Banso Sunday emmanuel Ucha Ugochi Chimerem Ugoji Julius Ezenyirioha Memorial Hospital and Maternity Abakpa Nike Enugu State Nigeria Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Ebonyi State Nigeria Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Enugu State University College of Medicine Parklane Enugu State Nigeria School of Nursing Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Ebonyi State Nigeria

Introduction: Multiple pregnancies have a higher risk of premature delivery and a weakened cervix has been associated with it. In most cases, emergency cerclage has proved to be beneficial as the birth of the first twin is usually followed by the unavoidable delivery of the second twin and most fetus dies shortly after delivery. Studies have noted that delayed delivery of the second fetus in a twin pregnancy is an effective management choice and the use of cervical cerclage after the first delivery is associated with a longer inter-delivery interval. We present a case of previable premature rupture of membrane of a dichorionic diamniotic twin gestation leading to the loss of the leading twin and subsequently having emergency cervical cerclage for the second twin and caesarean delivery at term. Case Presentation: She was a case of a 29 years old, G6P1+4 with 1 living child at a gestational age of 17 weeks plus 5 days who initially was diagnosed with dichorionic diamniotic twin gestation following an early ultrasound but presented with a history of bleeding and passage of liquor per vaginam. Ultrasound done on admission showed cervical funneling and a stable state of the second twin. She subsequently had emergency cervical cerclage after stabilization on account of previable premature rupture of membrane of a dichorionic diamniotic twin gestation with the loss of the leading twin. A repeat ultrasound done prior to discharge showed closed cervical os and a good state of the fetus. She then had elective caesarean delivery at term with a good feto-maternal outcome. Conclusion: Emergency cervical cerclage should be part of the options of management after stabilization in cases of previable premature rupture of membrane in a dichorionic or multichoronic gestation so as to save the viable once.

关键词： Previable Premature Rupture of Membrane Cervical Cerclage Twin Gestation Multiple Gestation Multiple Pregnancy Twin Preterm Delivery Cervical Incompetence Cerclage Interval Delivery

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Knowledge, Attitude and the Prevalence of HIV Counselling and Testing among Secondary In-School Adolescents in Orlu Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria

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World Journal of AIDS 2017年第2期7卷 77-91页

作者： Anthony C. Iwu Henry N. Chineke Kevin C. Diwe Chukwuma B. Duru Kenechi A. Uwakwe emmanuel C. Azuike ugochukwu C. Madubueze Chukwuyem Abejegah emmanuel U. Ndukwu Ikechi Ohale Department of Community Medicine Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu Nigeria Department of Family Medicine Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu Nigeria Department of Community Medicine Imo State University Owerri Nigeria Department of Community Medicine Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Anambra Nigeria Department of Community Medicine Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Nigeria Department of Community Medicine Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital Irrua Nigeria

Background: Adolescence is a period of vulnerability with the onset of multiple risky behaviour which exposes them to HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases and as such, the timely introduction and uptake of strategies like HIV Counselling and Testing will reduce transmission and provide access to preventive services. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and prevalence of HIV Counselling and Testing among secondary in-school adolescents in Orlu Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross sectional analytical study design was used that selected students aged 13 - 19 years in senior classes SS1 to SS3 attending secondary schools. Data was collected using a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive analyses were done with frequencies and summary statistics. Chi square statistic was computed and p value was set at 0.05 significant level. Results: Though most of the respondents were aware of HIV/AIDS (99%) and HIV Counselling and Testing (92%), the majority of the respondents had a poor level of overall knowledge (61%) and attitude (70%) towards HIV Counselling and Testing. The prevalence of HIV Counselling and Testing amongst the respondents was very low (7%). Furthermore, there was a statistically significant relationship between the level of overall knowledge and level of overall attitude towards HIV Counselling and Testing (p Conclusion: Identifying and closing the gaps in their knowledge and attitude towards HIV Counselling and Testing, will form the basis for the introduction of adolescent-tailored strategies that will further encourage and improve voluntary and confidential uptake of HIV Counselling and Testing among the adolescents.

关键词： HCT Knowledge Attitude Prevalence Adolescents Nigeria

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The Practice of Exclusive Breastfeeding and Its Sociodemographic Determinants amongst Nursing Mothers at a Tertiary Health Care Institution in South East, Nigeria

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2017年第4期7卷 63-73页

作者： Henry N. Chineke Anthony C. Iwu Kevin C. Diwe Chukwuma B. Duru Kenechi A. Uwakwe Eyitayo E. emmanuel Uche R. Oluoha ugochukwu C. Madubueze emmanuel U. Ndukwu Ikechi Ohale Department of Family Medicine Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu Nigeria Department of Community Medicine Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu Nigeria Department of Community Medicine Imo State University Owerri Nigeria Department of Epidemiology and Community Health Ekiti State University Ado Ekiti Nigeria Department of Community Medicine Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Nigeria

Background: Breastfeeding is a natural and critical act that provides nutrients and energy for the infant and young child;and through a public health intervention such as exclusive breastfeeding, it improves the survival rates of the infant. Objective: To determine the breastfeeding practices and the sociodemographic determinants of exclusive breastfeeding amongst nursing mothers present at the Imo state university teaching hospital Orlu. Methods: A cross sectional analytical study design was used that included all nursing mothers present within a 4 week study period. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive analyses were done with frequencies and summary statistics. Chi square statistics were computed to determine significant associations and binary logistic regression was used to determine sociodemographic predictors of exclusive breastfeeding practice. P value was set at 0.05 significant level. Results: While most of the respondents were aware of exclusive breastfeeding (92.5%), only 24% of the respondents were practicing exclusive breastfeeding. Work and school activities, and the feeling that breast milk was insufficient for the needs of the baby were the reasons for not practicing exclusive breastfeeding for a majority of the respondents (56.6%). Furthermore, 61% of those that were practicing non-exclusive breast feeding gave a cereal or infant formula in addition to the breast milk for 3 to 6 months. It was further revealed that there were statistically significant relationships between breastfeeding practice and maternal age (p = 0.003), level of maternal education (p = 0.005) and maternal occupation (p = 0.006). Conclusion: Understanding and taking into cognizance the sociodemographic characteristics will enable the design, and adequate delivery of appropriate and effective strategies that improve exclusive breastfeeding practice.

关键词： Exclusive Breastfeeding Sociodemographic Determinants Nigeria

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The Bacteriological Profile of Surgical Site Infections in Orthopaedic Implant Surgeries in South-East Nigeria

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2019年第9期7卷 19-27页

作者： Kelechukwu A. Okoro Osita Ede emmanuel C. Iyidobi ugochukwu U. Enweani Cajetan U. Nwadinigwe Gabriel O. Eyichukwu Udo E. Anyaehie Francis N. Ahaotu Richard C. Ezeh Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma National Orthopaedic Hospital Enugu Nigeria City Clinics Enugu Nigeria

Background: Knowledge of the common bacteria that cause surgical site infection (SSI) and their antibiotic sensitivity is mandatory if treatment of surgical infection is to be successful. The threat of the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria is ever-present. Hence, a sensitivity directed therapy is paramount for the successful eradication of organisms with minimal risk of development of antibiotic resistance. Aim: The aim is to identify the common bacteria that cause SSI in orthopaedic implant surgeries in our hospital. Method: This is a prospective longitudinal study that includes all orthopaedic surgeries involving the use of implants within one year. Patients that had major orthopaedic surgeries involving implant were followed up and their wounds inspected for signs of SSI on postoperative days 3, 7, 14, 42 and 90. Wound swab was taken for microscopy, culture and sensitivity analysis from those who had wound infection, based on the CDC guidelines. Results: One-hundred and sixteen patients met our inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. There were 62 males and 54 females. The mean age of the participant was 39.62 years (SD = 15.02 years). Fracture fixation with plates and screws was the most common implant surgery done. The incidence of SSI was 2.6%, and Escherichia coli was the most common isolated pathogen. All the SSIs were superficial incisional type, and the infection was monomicrobial in 67% of cases and polymicrobial in 33%. All of the isolated pathogens were sensitive to Imipenem and Gentamycin. Conclusion: Superficial incisional SSI is the most common type of SSI in this study. Escherichia coli is the most frequent pathogen in SSI affecting implant surgeries in our hospital. Gentamycin and Imipenem should be used for the prophylaxis of SSI in our environment.

关键词： SSI Bacteriology Orthopaedic Implant Nigeria

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The Antiseptic Efficacy of Povidone-Iodine in Reducing Early Surgical Site Infections in Orthopaedic Implant Surgeries

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2019年第9期7卷 9-18页

作者： Kelechukwu A. Okoro Osita Ede ugochukwu U. Enweani emmanuel C. Iyidobi Cajetan U. Nwadinigwe Gabriel O. Eyichukwu Udo E. Anyaehie Francis N. Ahaotu Richard C. Ezeh Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma National Orthopaedic Hospital Enugu Nigeria City Clinics Enugu Nigeria

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is a dreaded nightmare for the Orthopaedic surgeon. Preoperative skin cleaning with antiseptics has been shown to reduce the microbial burden of the skin and results in reduced incidence of SSI. However, the ideal skin cleaning agent remains to be established. Aim: To compare the efficacy of Povidone-Iodine/Povidone-Iodine (PI-PI) combination with that of Chlorhexidine-Gluconate/Alcohol (CG-A) combination in re-ducing SSI in Orthopaedic surgeries. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled study. Subjects that met the selection criteria and gave consent were randomized into PI-PI group (test group) and the CG-A group (control group). Both the patients and the assessors for SSI were blinded to the group a participant belongs. Blocking was done on the type of surgery to cancel the confounding effect of surgery type on SSI. Standard perioperative protocols were applied to both groups. Assessment for features of SSI was done on the 3rd day, 7th day, 14th day, 6th week and 12th-week postoperative period. The diagnosis of SSI was made based on the Centers for Disease and Control (CDC) guidelines. Results: We recruited 124 patients for this study, 62 males and 54 females. The mean age of the subjects was 37.5 years (SD = 14.7 years). Sixty-two subjects were randomized into each group. There was no significant difference in the distribution of the genders in the study arms. Other possible confounders such as duration of hospital stay, use of drains, the surgeon involved and age were evenly distributed in the two groups. Eight patients did not complete the study. The overall incidence of SSI in the study was 2.6%. Subjects in the control group had an SSI of 3.4% while those in the PI-PI group had a rate of 1.8%;however, this was not significant, p = 0.579. Conclusion: Both CG-A and PI-PI combinations are equally efficacious as preoperative skin antiseptic in Orthopaedic implant surgeries.

关键词： SSI Orthopaedic Implant Surgeries Chlorhexidine Gluconate-Alcohol Povidone Iodine

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Health Care Seeking Behaviour and Predictors of Combined Orthodox and Traditional Health Care Utilization among Households in Communities in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2017年第7期7卷 115-137页

作者： Chukwuma B. Duru Anthony C. Iwu Kenechi A. Uwakwe Kevin C. Diwe Irene A. Merenu Chukwuma U. Okafor Chukwuyem Abejegah ugochukwu C. Madubueze emmanuel U. Ndukwu Ikechi Ohale Department of Community Medicine Imo State University Owerri Nigeria Department of Community Medicine Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu Nigeria Department of Psychiatry University of Port Harcourt Port Harcourt Nigeria Department of Community Medicine Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital Irrua Nigeria Department of Community Medicine Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Nigeria

Background: Health care seeking behaviour is a complex, dynamic and multidimensional process that involves a sequence of remedial actions that are influenced by the interaction between the individual, household and community with the intention of addressing perceived ill health. Objective: To determine health care seeking attitude and behaviour and the predictors of combined orthodox and traditional health care use among households in communities in Owerri, Imo State. Nigeria. Methods: A cross sectional design that used a multistage random sampling technique to select 500 participants from households in two communities in Owerri, Imo State. Data was collected using a pretested, semi structured questionnaire. Descriptive analyses were done with frequencies and summary statistics. Chi square statistics were computed to determine significant relationships and binary logistic regression was used to determine predictors of combined use. P was set at 0.05 significance level. Results: The results revealed that, while just more than half of the respondents (56.4%) had a moderate to good level of overall knowledge of health care, almost all of the respondents (96.2%) also had a moderate to good level of overall positive attitude towards seeking health care;with less than one third (29.4%) using combined orthodox and traditional health care treatments. It further revealed that, respondents who were female, traders and from households of polygamous families were significantly more likely to use combined orthodox and traditional health care treatments (p < 0.05) while those with a tertiary level of education, from households with a professional as head, having private water closet toilets and earning a monthly income of more than 50,000 Naira ($140) were significantly less likely to use combined orthodox and traditional health care treatments (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There is a need to be more sensitive to the realities of the combined use of orthodox and traditional treatments,

关键词： Health Seeking Behaviour Combined Use Orthodox and Traditional Treatments Nigeria

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