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Cooling High Power Dissipating Artificial Intelligence (AI) Chips Using Refrigerant

Journal of Electronics Cooling and Thermal Control 2024年第2期13卷 35-49页

作者： Waheeb Mukatash Hussameddine Kabbani Jochem Marc Massalt Matthew Moscoso Merari Mejia Robles tyler yang Charlie Nino Department of Mechanical Engineering San Jose State University San Jose USA

High power dissipating artificial intelligence (AI) chips require significant cooling to operate at maximum performance. Current trends regarding the integration of AI, as well as the power/cooling demands of high-performing server systems pose an immense thermal challenge for cooling. The use of refrigerants as a direct-to-chip cooling method is investigated as a potential cooling solution for cooling AI chips. Using a vapor compression refrigeration system (VCRS), the coolant temperature will be sub-ambient thereby increasing the total cooling capacity. Coupled with the implementation of a direct-to-chip boiler, using refrigerants to cool AI server systems can materialize as a potential solution for current AI server cooling demands. In this study, a comparison of 8 different refrigerants: R-134a, R-153a, R-717, R-508B, R-22, R-12, R-410a, and R-1234yf is analyzed for optimal performance. A control theoretical VCRS model is created to assess variable refrigerants under the same operational conditions. From this model, the coefficient of performance (COP), required mass flow rate of refrigerant, work required by the compressor, and overall heat transfer coefficient is determined for all 8 refrigerants. Lastly, a comprehensive analysis is provided to determine the most optimal refrigerants for cooling applications. R-717, commonly known as Ammonia, was found to have the highest COP value thus proving to be the optimal refrigerant for cooling AI chips and high-performing server applications.

关键词： Artificial Intelligence Thermal Control Server Systems Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle Server Cooling

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Multifaceted Disparities Associated with Translator Earnings: A Quantitative Study of Upwork Profiles

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Journal of Social Computing 2024年第1期5卷 88-100页

作者： tyler Horan Data Analytics and Computational Social Science Program University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMA 01003USA

This study aims to quantitatively explore the multifaceted determinants that influence earnings in the translation *** a dataset comprising 45000 translator profiles,the study focusses on delineating disparities correlated with demographic variables such as age,gender,home country wealth,and language *** study uses a random forest regression model to delineate the complex interaction between gender,the economic standing of a translator’s domicile country,age,and linguistic proficiency,as they relate to *** findings substantiate and,in many ways,extend existing qualitative and anecdotal evidence that has shaped the discourse in this *** rigorous empirical framework employed here can be replicated or adapted to study other sectors within the gig economy,thus contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of labour dynamics in the digital age.

关键词： translation online employment gig economy intercultural communication

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Tricuspid mass-curious case of Li-Fraumeni syndrome: A case report

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2024年第11期12卷 1936-1939页

作者： tyler Huffaker Stella Pak Anum Asif Prince Otchere Department of Cardiology University of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTX 78701United States Department of Neurology Albany Medical CenterAlbanyNY 12208United States

BACKGROUND Li-Fraumeni syndrome(LFS)is a rare autosomal dominant cancer-predisposing syndrome,which can manifest as a polymorphic spectrum of *** is associated with an early onset in life,with the majority of cases occurring prior to the age of *** the infrequency of primary cardiac tumors,it behooves clinicians to remain vigilant in considering the differential diagnosis of such tumors in LFS patients who present with a cardiac *** is due to the markedly elevated risk for malignancy in this particular population,far surpassing that of the general *** SUMMARY Herein,we present a case of a 30-year-old female with LFS who was found to have a tricuspid valve leaflet *** This case exemplifies valuable learning points in the diagnostic approach for this exceptionally rare patient population.

关键词： Li-Fraumeni syndrome Cardiac mass Intracardiac thrombus Transesophageal echocardiogram Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging Case report

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隔离房地产泡沫风险——基于住房增值参与证券(HAPN)的设计模拟

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浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版） 2013年第1期43卷 32-42页

作者：杨太乐刘峰林晨美国安赋金融工程集团马里兰罗克维尔20850 美国住房与城市发展部华盛顿20410

住房作为一种特殊商品具有消费和投资的双重属性。一方面,住房给居住者提供最基本的生活要素,满足消费效用;另一方面,住房又可以作为投资品,基于投资者风险偏好,带来短期的出租收入和长期的资产增值收益。这种消费和投资的二重性,在长... 详细信息

住房作为一种特殊商品具有消费和投资的双重属性。一方面,住房给居住者提供最基本的生活要素,满足消费效用;另一方面,住房又可以作为投资品,基于投资者风险偏好,带来短期的出租收入和长期的资产增值收益。这种消费和投资的二重性,在长期内为衍生关系,在短期内却有着内在矛盾。现有住房所有权制度将住房的二重性捆绑在一起,现存住房金融制度通过信贷杠杆更加重了这一矛盾。而这种特性和制度安排对房地产经济的波动起伏具有放大器的作用。为了隔离住房房地产泡沫,可以借助住房金融创新的设计思路,通过住房增值参与证券(HAPN)这种住房金融创新工具进行模拟分析和论证。结果表明,运用住房增值参与证券可以建立住房消费与炒房投机之间的防火墙,隔断房地产泡沫风险,促进住房市场健康发展。

关键词：住房消费住房投资房地产泡沫住房增值参与证券(HAPN) 住房所有权

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完美数及其相关问题

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数学进展 2024年第4期53卷 673-689页

作者：蔡天新 tyler ROSS 浙江大学数学科学学院杭州浙江310058

完美数问题是最古老的数学问题之一,可能来源于古希腊的毕达哥拉斯学派,被意大利当代数学家奥迪弗雷迪列为面向21世纪的“四大数学难题”之首.本文对古老的完美数问题及相关的梅森素数进行综述,尤其是对其拓展为平方完美数、立方完美数... 详细信息

完美数问题是最古老的数学问题之一,可能来源于古希腊的毕达哥拉斯学派,被意大利当代数学家奥迪弗雷迪列为面向21世纪的“四大数学难题”之首.本文对古老的完美数问题及相关的梅森素数进行综述,尤其是对其拓展为平方完美数、立方完美数及S-完美数以后所产生的问题进行了综述.

关键词：完美数平方完美数立方完美数 S-完美数

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Polyethylene glycol has immunoprotective effects on sciatic allografts, but behavioral recovery and graft tolerance require neurorrhaphy and axonal fusion

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第4期20卷 1192-1206页

作者： tyler A.Smith Liwen Zhou Cameron L.Ghergherehchi Michelle Mikesh Cathy Z.yang Haley O.Tucker JuliAnne Allgood Jared S.Bushman George D.Bittner Department of Molecular Biosciences University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA Department of Neuroscience University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of WyomingLaramieWYUSA

Behavioral recovery using(viable)peripheral nerve allografts to repair ablation-type(segmental-loss)peripheral nerve injuries is delayed or poor due to slow and inaccurate axonal ***,such peripheral nerve allografts undergo immunological rejection by the host immune *** contrast,peripheral nerve injuries repaired by polyethylene glycol fusion of peripheral nerve allografts exhibit excellent behavioral recovery within weeks,reduced immune responses,and many axons do not undergo Wallerian *** relative contribution of neurorrhaphy and polyethylene glycol-fusion of axons versus the effects of polyethylene glycol per se was unknown prior to this *** hypothesized that polyethylene glycol might have some immune-protective effects,but polyethylene glycol-fusion was necessary to prevent Wallerian degeneration and functional/behavioral *** examined how polyethylene glycol solutions per se affect functional and behavioral recovery and peripheral nerve allograft morphological and immunological responses in the absence of polyethylene glycol-induced axonal ***-type sciatic nerve injuries in outbred Sprague–Dawley rats were repaired according to a modified protocol using the same solutions as polyethylene glycol-fused peripheral nerve allografts,but peripheral nerve allografts were loose-sutured(loose-sutured polyethylene glycol)with an intentional gap of 1–2 mm to prevent fusion by polyethylene glycol of peripheral nerve allograft axons with host *** to negative control peripheral nerve allografts not treated by polyethylene glycol and in contrast to polyethylene glycol-fused peripheral nerve allografts,animals with loose-sutured polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts exhibited Wallerian degeneration for all axons and myelin degeneration by 7 days postoperatively and did not recover sciatic-mediated behavioral functions by 42 days *** morphological signs of rejection,such as col

关键词： allograft rejection axotomy macrophage myelin nerve repair polyethylene glycol(PEG) sciatic nerve T cell transplantation Wallerian degeneration

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教师主观幸福感量表的中文修订

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中国临床心理学杂志 2024年第4期32卷 887-892页

作者：谢家树柳剑锋林欣欣 Chunyan yang 魏宇民蔺璐璐 Quennie Dong tyler L.Renshaw 湖南师范大学心理学系湖南师范大学认知与人类行为湖南省重点实验室长沙410081 上海市嘉定区武宁路实验小学上海201824 College of Education University of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742 中南林业科技大学心理健康教育中心长沙410004 Berkeley School of Education University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720 Utah State University Psychology Department LoganUT84322

目的:检验教师主观幸福感量表(Teacher Subjective Well-being Questionnaire,TSWQ)中文修订版信度、效度及其跨教师性别、跨任教学段的测量等值性。方法:应用中文版TSWQ对来自全国9省份56所中学的1463名教师进行测量,以中小学教师职业... 详细信息

目的:检验教师主观幸福感量表(Teacher Subjective Well-being Questionnaire,TSWQ)中文修订版信度、效度及其跨教师性别、跨任教学段的测量等值性。方法:应用中文版TSWQ对来自全国9省份56所中学的1463名教师进行测量,以中小学教师职业倦怠量表和特拉华校园氛围量表-教工卷为效标工具,一个月后随机抽取55名教师进行重测。结果:(1)验证性因素分析结果支持一阶二因子模型。(2)中文版TSWQ总分与教师校园氛围感知、个人成就感显著正相关(r=0.465,P<0.01;r=0.416,P<0.01),与情绪衰竭、非人性化显著负相关(r=-0.226,P<0.01;r=-0.232,P<0.01)。(3)中文版TSWQ总量表的Cronbach’sα系数为0.898,四周后的重测信度为0.813。(4)多组验证性因素分析结果显示,中文版TSWQ跨性别和跨任教学段的测量等值性假设成立。(5)在教师主观幸福感量表的教学效能感维度存在显著性别差异,男教师教学效能感优于女教师。结论:中文版TSWQ信度与效度良好,可在不同教师性别、任教学段之间进行跨组比较,是研究我国教师主观幸福感的可靠工具。

关键词：主观幸福感心理健康信度效度测量等值性教师

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Analysis of the combined effect of rs699 and rs5051 on angiotensinogen expression and hypertension

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Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine 2024年第2期10卷 102-117页

作者： Nicholas R.Powell tyler Shugg Jacob Leighty Matthew Martin Rolf P.Kreutz Michael T.Eadon Dongbing Lai Tao Lu Todd C.Skaar Division of Clinical Pharmacology Department of MedicineSchool of MedicineIndiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology School of MedicineIndiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA Department of Cardiology School of MedicineKrannert Institute of CardiologyIndiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA Division of Nephrology Department of MedicineSchool of MedicineIndiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics School of MedicineIndiana UniversityIndianapolisIndianaUSA

Background Hypertension(HTN)involves genetic variability in the renin-angiotensin system and influences antihypertensive *** previously reported that angiotensinogen(AGT)messenger RNA(mRNA)is endogenously bound by miR-122-5p and rs699 A>G decreases reporter mRNA in the microRNA functional-assay *** AGT promoter variant rs5051 C>T is in linkage disequilibrium(LD)with rs699 A>G and increases AGT *** independent effect of these variants is understudied due to their LD therefore we aimed to test the hypothesis that increased AGT by rs5051 C>T counterbalances AGT decreased by rs699 A>G,and when these variants occur independently,it translates to HTN-related *** We used in silico,in vitro,in vivo,and retrospective models to test this *** In silico,rs699 A>G is predicted to increase miR-122-5p binding affinity by 3%.Mir-eCLIP results show rs699 is 40–45 nucleotides from the strongest microRNA-binding site in the AGT ***,rs699 A>G increases AGT mRNA in an AGT-plasmid-cDNA HepG2 expression ***-Tissue Expression(GTEx)and UK Biobank analyses demonstrate liver AGT expression and HTN phenotypes are not different when rs699 A>G occurs independently from rs5051 C>***,GTEx and the in vitro experiments suggest rs699 A>G confers cell-type-specific effects on AGT mRNA abundance,and suggest paracrine renal renin-angiotensin-system perturbations could mediate the rs699 A>G associations with *** We found that rs5051 C>T and rs699 A>G significantly associate with systolic blood pressure in Black participants in the UK Biobank,demonstrating a fourfold larger effect than in White *** studies are warranted to determine if altered antihypertensive response in Black individuals might be due to rs5051 C>T or rs699 A>*** like this will help clinicians move beyond the use of race as a surrogate for genotype.

关键词： angiotensinogen genetic and genomic medicine hypertension rs699

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Increased Mortality Risk in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Scoping Review

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2024年第4期14卷 754-766页

作者： Devin Evavold tyler Mueller Erika Johnson Marilyn G. Klug Larry Burd School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota Grand Forks USA

Objective: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) are common, often undiagnosed, lifelong developmental disorders that result from prenatal alcohol exposure. FASD is present at birth and typically identified around seven years of age. The most severe outcome in cases of FASD is mortality. The purpose of this scoping review is to 1) use a systematic review to provide an estimated mortality proportion for children with FASD, and 2) update a study published in 2014 by reviewing published reports of mortality in individuals diagnosed with FASD. Method: A search of PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar for reports published between 2013 and 2023 on mortality in individuals with FASD. Results: Three population-based studies have reported on all-cause mortality rates, finding a combined mortality rate of 10.9%, a 2.63 fold (95% CI: 2.61 to 2.65) increase in mortality risk over the general population. Since 2016, this review identified only eight new cases meeting the study inclusion criteria. The reported causes of death were five cases of pneumonia, and one case each of failure to thrive and dehydration, intestinal dilatation and asphyxiation caused by overeating due to pica, and acute gastric volvulus. Discussion: While current research suggests a diagnosis of FASD is associated with a 2.6-fold increase in mortality risk, this is likely an underestimation, as most cases of FASD-related mortality go unreported. Globally, about 1 new case is reported every 15 months. However, in the United States alone, between 1752 to 4400 FASD related deaths occur annually. Our review suggests that FASD is rarely identified as a causal or contributing factor in deaths of children and adolescents, resulting in a substantial undercount of FASD-related deaths. Increased attention to the role of FASD in infant and child mortality case reviews, child death review committee reports, and mortality reviews is needed.

关键词： Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Mortality Birth Defects Death Exposure Pneumonia

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Is a Mini-Screen for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Feasible?

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2024年第4期14卷 767-781页

作者： tyler Mueller Devin Evavold June-Yung Kim Marilyn G. Klug Larry Burd School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota Grand Forks USA Department of Social Work University of North Dakota Grand Forks USA

Background: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) are a global public health concern with lifelong consequences for affected individuals. Recent prevalence studies suggest FASD prevalence rates range from 1-5% among school age children. Most people with FASD are not correctly diagnosed and inadequate screening to identify patients with increased risk may contribute to under-diagnosis. This study developed a 10-item screening tool for FASD and examined its feasibility. Methods: The sample consisted of 355 children who had been evaluated at an FASD clinic. Data from the 33-item Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder Behavioral Checklist was used to develop a brief FASD screen by comparing the changes in Cronbach’s alpha for different combinations of items. The validity of the brief scale was then further examined using receiving operating characteristic analyses. Results: The 10-item screen demonstrated acceptable sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy to identify children at high risk for FASD. The percentage correctly classified was 91.3 and the area under the receiving operating characteristic curve was 0.971. Conclusions: This feasibility study demonstrated that a screen for FASD consisting of 10 items with yes or no responses can be completed in 3 - 4 minutes. The tool is brief, with a low administration burden and has acceptable epidemiologic performance characteristics including accuracy. Future research should examine the performance of this tool when used in larger, community-based populations where screening for FASD would be appropriate.

关键词： Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) Children Screening Prevalence

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