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The epididymis, cytoplasmic droplets and male fertility

Asian Journal of Andrology 2011年第1期13卷 130-138页

作者： trevor g cooper Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology University of MOnster MOnster D-48149 Germany

The potential of spermatozoa to become motile during post-testicular maturation, and the relationship between the cytoplasmic droplet and fertilizing capacity are reviewed. Post-testicular maturation of spermatozoa involves the autonomous induction of motility, which can occur in vivo in testes with occluded excurrent ducts and in vitro in testicular explants, and artefactual changes in morphology that appear to occur in the testis in vitro. Both modifications may reflect time-dependent oxidation of disulphide bonds of head and tail proteins. Regulatory volume decrease （RVD）, which counters sperm swelling at ejaculation, is discussed in relation to loss of cytoplasmic droplets and consequences for fertility. It is postulated that：（i） fertile males possess spermatozoa with sufficient osmolytes to drive RVD at ejaculation, permitting the droplet to round up and pinch off without membrane rupture; and （ii） infertile males possess spermatozoa with insufficient osmolytes so that RVD is inadequate, the droplet swells and the resulting flagellar angulation prevents droplet loss. Droplet retention at ejaculation is a harbinger of infertility caused by failure of the spermatozoon to negotiate the uterotubal junction or mucous and reach the egg. In this hypothesis, the epididymis regulates fertility indirectly by the extent of osmolyte provision to spermatozoa, which influences RVD and therefore droplet loss. Man is an exception, because ejaculated human spermatozoa retain their droplets. This may reflect their short midpiece, approximating head length, permitting a swollen droplet to extend along the entire midpiece; this not only obviates droplet migration and flagellar angulation but also hampers droplet loss.

关键词： epididymis fertility infertility sperm maturation

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Semen quality： variations among fathers and effects of moderate alcohol drinking

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2015年第1期17卷 46-47页

作者： trevor g cooper Tuen Mun New Territories Hong Kong SAR China

Semen analysis results from over 750 fathers in the USA demonstrated marked differences in the quality of semen from men at different locations and of different ethnic groups. Another paper failed to demonstrate any effects of moderate alcohol consumption during the week before provision of an ejaculate on semen quality and few on serum hormones, of over 8300 men in Europe and the USA. While these observations are interesting, the reasons for regional and ethnic differences in semen quality of fathers are unclear. Although, there was no attempt to confirm the participant-provided level of alcohol consumption, an increase in serum testosterone in the men at the higher end of alcohol intake is compatible with an alcohol effect on liver metabolism, although whether alcohol intake was the cause of higher testosterone, or men with higher androgen levels consume more alcohol, is not known.

关键词： Semen quality variations among fathers

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Remembering Mike Bedford （21.5.1932-24.2.2018）

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2018年第4期20卷 420-424页

作者： trevor g cooper .

John Michael Bedford （Figure 1） studied at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge University （1952-1958）, and gained his BA （1955） and MA （1958） in Natural Sciences, with postgraduate training in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery （Vet MB 1958）. He had academic appointments as a Fellow at Bristol University （1958-1959）, a scientist with MC Chang at the Worcester Foundation in Shrewsbury, MA, USA （1959-1961）,and studied for a PhD in Physiology with Professor Amoroso at the University of London （1961-1965）. During this time, he was also a lecturer at the Royal Veterinary College （1961-1966） and a teacher at the University of London （1965）.

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Sperm maturation in the epididymis： a new look at an old problem

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2007年第4期9卷 533-539页

作者： trevor g. cooper Institute of Reproductive Medicine of the University Münster D-48129 Germany

The osmotic challenges facing maturing spermatozoa and their responses to them are discussed in relation to the concept of sperm maturation, defined as the increased ability of more distally recovered epididymal spermatozoa to fertilize eggs when inseminated into the female tract. One explanation could be that the more distal cells are better able to regulate their volume, and reach the oviducts, as a consequence of uptake of epididymal osmolytes. Increased motility, zona binding and oolemma fusion capacities are also acquired within the epididymis and are necessary for those cells that finally arrive at the site of fertilization. （Asian J Androl 2007 July; 9： 533-539）

关键词： epididymal function fertilization in vivo osmotic challenge sperm maturation

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Epididymal research： more warp than weft？

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2015年第5期17卷 699-703,I0005页

作者： trevor g cooper Tuen Mun NTHong Kong SARChina

From a review of some aspects of epididymal structure, function and research done largely in my research area over the last 50 years, I conclude that more is known than is understood of sperm maturation and storage in the epididymis. Highly qualified technicians have not always applied sophisticated modern techniques in well-considered experiments to physiologically relevant and properly-prepared samples, so that our understanding of the biological problem of the nature of the epididymal epithelial influence on maturing epididymal spermatozoa has not kept pace with the outpouring of data generated, much of which is difficult to interpret. We stand at a crossroads of where to aim our limited resources and personnel： should we continue new technology-led studies in many directions, backtrack to test hypotheses and fill in gaps in our knowledge, or consider more biological directions to our research？

关键词：附睾精子扭曲现代技术技术人员数据生成十字路口多方向成熟

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The Asian Journal of Andrology： view of an outsider coming in

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2014年第4期16卷 565-566页

作者： trevor g cooper Tuen Mun New Territories Hong Kong SAR China.

My interest in science in China, .stimulated in 1980 by reading theabridged version of Joseph Needham＇s ＂Science and Civilization in China＂, continued when I was a Consultant to the National Family Planning Research Institute in Beijing in 1983, and to the Shandong Stem Cell Engineering Research Center, Yantai in 2009-2012. During that time, I have acted as reviewer of the Asian Journal of Andrology （AJA）, and I continue to be one of its editorial board members. What I can contribute as the second Deputy Editor-in-Chief for the journal will depend on the challenges faced by the journal in the coming years.

关键词： @@

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Looking both ways： new research on old theories

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2015年第5期17卷 764-766页

作者： trevor g cooper Tuen Mun NT Hong Kong SAR China

In the 22 years since its inception this meetingI has become the focus of a still small but growing and devoted group of scientists, meeting purposefully at a leisurely interval of four years, so that only substantial advances are reported. As these meetings approach a quarter of a century of epididymal research, it is time to reflect on the focus of former, and direction of future, epididymal research.

关键词： cyto-chemical datasets leisurely

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Foreword to Sperm morphometrics today and tomorrow special issue in Asian Journal of Andrology

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2016年第6期18卷 815-818页

作者： Caries Soler trevor g cooper Department of Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology University of Valencia 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain Department of R+D ProJser R+D Science Park University of Valencia 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain Tuen Mun New Territories Hong Kong SAR China

Earlyin his investigations, Leeuwenhoek （1670s）1 deduced that spermatozoawere alive and an integral part of semen, rather than artifacts or parasites. He eventually observed spermatozoa in the semen of men, dogs, horses, birds, fishes, amphibians, molluscs, and many insects, and concluded that they must be a universal feature of male reproduction.

关键词： @@

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Falling sperm counts and global estrogenic pollution： what have we learned over 20 years？

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2013年第2期15卷 159-161页

作者： David J Handelsman trevor g cooper ANZAC Research Institute Concord Hospital & University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2139 Australia Tuen Mun NT Hong Kong SAR PR ChinaGuest Editors for this special issue: Prof. DJ Handelsman

If scandal is the engine of progress in politics, and sensation is that of the media, while anti-modern panic is that of environmentalism, what is the dynamic of medical science？ Certainly discovery and invention represent the admirable high road, whereas competition and controversy represent the quotidian low road. This Special Issue is directed to reviewing the lessons learned from the most public, fervent and durable controversy in the short history of Andrology, the claims of world-wide falling sperm counts, due to global pollution by industrial estrogenic chemicals, published two decades ago.

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Improving precision in the assessment of round cell numbers in human semen

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2010年第1期12卷 111-114页

作者： trevor g. cooper Barbara Hellenkemper Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology University of Miinster Domagkstrasse 11 D-48149 Miinster Germany

The aim of this study was to increase the precision of assessment of the number of round cells observed in the per- oxidase test for detection of seminal leukocytes （granulocytes）. The dilution of semen was reduced and the volume of suspension examined was increased for semen samples containing between 0.6 and 6 million round cells per mL. A 1 ＋ 5 （1：6） dilution was compatible with measurable peroxidase activity and a sufficiently clear background for cell assessment. At this dilution, and with assessment of all 18 grids on both sides of the Neubauer-improved counting chamber, only three of the 10 samples （nominal cell concentrations of 1.9 ×10^-6-3.3×10^-6 mL-1） presented 400 round cells or more. As lower seminal dilutions were incompatible with easy detection of round cells or their peroxidase reaction product, it was not pos- sible to provide precise measurements （sampling error 5%） of the suggested lower reference limit of 1 ×10^-6 cells per mL. The results indicate that this poor precision of measuring 1×10^-6 round cells per mL could explain the discrepant reports on the acceptability of the cut-off values for leukocytospermia. Such reference limits need to be established with statistically sound methods.

关键词： cell number peroxidase precision round cells semen

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