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Visualizing Relationships between Drivers of Environmental Change and Pressures on Land-Based Ecosystems

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Natural Resources 2014年第4期5卷 146-160页

作者： Jason Jabbour carol Hunsberger Department of Geography University of Western Ontario London Canada United Nations Environment Programme Scientific Assessment Nairobi Kenya

The pursuit of human needs and demands is placing more pressure on land resources than ever before. The challenge of feeding 7 billion people is increasingly competing with rising demands for materials and biofuels. Deforestation and land degradation are among the pressing outcomes of these trends. Drivers of environmental change—including population growth, economic activity, consumption, urbanization, trade, conflict, and governance—clearly play a role in aggravating or mitigating these pressures on land. Despite advances in understanding causality in complex systems, navigating the interactions between these drivers remains a major challenge. This paper analyzes and visualizes the relationships between multiple, interacting drivers of environmental change and specific pressures on land-based ecosystems. Drawing on experience from the development of the Drivers and Land chapters of the UN Environment Programme’s Fifth Global Environment Outlook report (GEO-5), we use a series of Kiviat diagrams to illustrate the relative influence of key drivers on selected pressures on land. When individual diagrams are overlaid, patterns of influence emerge that can provide insight into where policy responses might best be targeted. We propose that, subject to some limitations, the Kiviat exercise can provide an accessible and potentially valuable “knowledge-intermediary” tool to help link science-based information to policy action.

关键词： Drivers Environmental Pressure Land Use Change Integrated Assessment Science-Policy

Long scan depth optical coherence tomography on imaging accommodation: impact of enhanced axial resolution, signal-to-noise ratio and speed

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Eye and Vision 2018年第1期5卷 151-162页

作者： Yilei Shao Aizhu Tao Hong Jiang Meixiao Shen Dexi Zhu Fan Lu carol LKarp Yufeng Ye Jianhua Wang Bascom Palmer Eye Institute University of MiamiMiamiFLUSA School of Ophthalmology and Optometry Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina Hangzhou First People’s Hospital HangzhouChina Electrical and Computer Engineering University of MiamiMiamiFLUSA Bascom Palmer Eye Institute University of MiamiMiller School of Medicine1638 NW 10th AvenueMcKnight Building-Room 202AMiamiFL 33136USA

Background:Spectral domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT)was a useful tool to study accommodation in human eye,but the maximum image depth is limited due to the decreased signal-to-noise ratio(SNR).In this study,improving optical resolutions,speeds and the SNR were achieved by custom built SD-OCT,and the evaluation of the impact of the improvement during accommodation was ***:Three systems with different spectrometer designs,including two Charge Coupled Device(CCD)cameras and one Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Transistor(CMOS)camera,were *** measured the point spread functions of a mirror at different positions to obtain the axial resolution and the SNR of three OCT systems powered with a light source with a 50 nm bandwidth,centered at a wavelength of 840 *** normal subjects,aged 26 and 47,respectively,and one 75-year-old patient with an intraocular lens implanted were ***:The results indicated that spectrometers using cameras with 4096 camera pixels optimized the axial resolutions,due to the use of the full spectrum provided by the light *** CCD camera system with 4096 pixels had the highest SNR and the best image *** system with the CMOS camera with 4096 pixels had the highest speed but had a compromised SNR compared to the CCD camera with 4096 ***:Using these three OCT systems,we imaged the anterior segment of the human eye before and after accommodation,which showed similar results among the different *** system using the CMOS camera with an ultra-long scan depth,high resolution and high scan speed exhibited the best overall performance and therefore was recommended for imaging real-time accommodation.

关键词： Optical coherence tomography Axial resolution Signal-to-noise ratio Accommodation Anterior segment

Hepatocellular carcinoma after direct-acting antiviral hepatitis C virus therapy:A debate near the end

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2020年第43期26卷 6770-6781页

作者： Cristina Maria Muzica carol Stanciu Laura Huiban Ana-Maria Singeap Catalin Sfarti Sebastian Zenovia Camelia Cojocariu Anca Trifan Department of Gastroenterology Grigore T.Popa University of Medicine and PharmacySt.Spiridon Emergency HospitalIasi 700115Romania

Direct acting antivirals(DAAs)have revolutionized the treatment of hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection,achieving high rates(≥95%)of sustained virological response,with a good safety profile and high compliance ***,it had been expected that viral clearance will reduce morbidity and mortality rates,as well as the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,since 2016,concerns have been raised over an unexpected high rate of HCC occurrence and recurrence after DAA therapy,which led to an avalanche of studies with contradictory *** aimed to review the most recent and relevant articles regarding the risk of HCC after DAA treatment and identify the associated risk factors.

关键词： Hepatocellular carcinoma Direct acting antivirals therapy Hepatitis C virus infection Sustained virological response Risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma Review

Effect of ethanol on pro-apoptotic mechanisms in polarizedhepatic cells

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007年第37期13卷 4960-4966页

作者： Benita L McVicker Dean J Tuma carol A Casey Liver Study Unit Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68105 United States

Chronic ethanol consumption is associated with serious and potentially fatal alcohol-related liver injuries such as hepatomegaly, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Moreover, it has been documented that the clinical progression of alcohol-induced liver damage may be associated with an increase in hepatocellular death that involves apoptotic mechanisms. Although much information has been learned about the clinical manifestations associated with alcohol-related diseases, the search continues for a better understanding of the molecular and/or cellular mechanisms by which ethanol exerts its deleterious effects such as the induction of pro-apoptotic mechanisms and related cell damaging events. As part of the effort to enhance our understanding of those particular cellular pathways and mechanisms associated with ethanol toxicity, researchers over the years have utilized a variety of model systems. Recently, work has come forth demonstrating the utility of a hybrid cell line (WIF-B) as a cell culture model system for the study of alcohol-associated alterations in hepatocellular mechanisms. Success with such emerging model systems could aid in the development of potential therapeutic treatments for the prevention of alcohol- induced apoptotic cell death that may ultimately serve as a significant target in delaying the onset and/or progression of clinical symptoms of alcohol-mediated liver disease. This review article summarizes the current understanding of ethanol-mediated modifications in cell survival and thus the promotion of pro-apoptotic events with emphasis on analyses made in various experimental model systems, particularly the more recently characterized WIF-B cell system.

关键词： Hepatoma hybrid cells Ethanol Apoptosis Fas receptor Caspase

Pseudomembranous colitis associated with a triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第42期19卷 7476-7479页

作者： Anca Trifan Irina Girleanu Camelia Cojocariu Catalin Sfarti Ana Maria Singeap Carmen Dorobat Lucia Grigore carol Stanciu "Gr. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy 700111 IasiRomania Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology "St. Spiridon" Emergency Hospital700111 IasiRomania "St. Parascheva" Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases 700111 IasiRomania

Helicobacter pylori(***)is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections in humans,affecting half of world’s *** for *** infection has proven to be both effective and *** oneweek triple therapy including proton pump inhibitor,clarithromycin,and amoxicillin or metronidazole is still recommended as a first-line treatment to eradicate *** infection in countries with low clarithromycin ***,this therapy is well-tolerated,with only a few and usually minor side ***,rare but severe adverse effects such as pseudomembranous colitis have been reported,Clostridium difficile(***)infection being the main causative factor in all *** report the cases of two women who developed pseudomembranous colitis after a 1-wk triple therapy consisting of pantoprazole 20 mg bid,clarithromycin 500 mg bid,and amoxicillin 1 g bid to eradicate *** infection.A limited colonoscopy showed typical appearance of pseudomembranous colitis,and the stool test for *** toxins was *** resolution of symptoms and negative *** toxins were obtained in both patients with oral *** relapse occurred during a four and eleven-month,respectively,follow *** cases suggest that physicians should have a high index of suspicion for pseudomembranous colitis when evaluate patients with diarrhea following *** eradication therapy.

关键词： Helicobacter pylori eradication Triple therapy Clostridium difficile Pseudomembranous colitis Vancomycin

Ecological factors influencing the beneficial endosymbionts of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera:Adelgidae)

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Insect Science 2019年第1期26卷 97-107页

作者： Angela M.Mech Sherilyn J.Harper Nathan P.Havill carol D.von Dohlen Gaelen R.Burke Department of Entomology University of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA USDA Forest Service Northern Research StationHamdenConnecticutUSA Department of Biology Utah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA

Bacterial endosymbionts of sap-sucking insects provide their host with a num- ber of beneficial qualities,including the supply of nutrition,defense against parasitoids, and protection from heat *** to these bacterial associates can therefore have a negative impact on the fitness of their insect *** evaluated observational and experi- mental factors regarding the normative hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) (Hemiptera:Adelgidae)to help understand the roles of its three recently identified symbionts,including under heat stress *** prevalence of ***'s facultafive symbiont (Serratia symbiotica)was examined at different spatial scales to determine how variable infection rates are for this *** was no significant difference found in infection rates between adelgids on a tree,within a plot,or within a ***, significantly more adelgids in Georgia (95%)had *** compared to those in New York (68%).Microsatellite genotyping of the adelgids found that this difference was most likely not the result of a second introduction *** into eastern North *** *** proportions between first and fourth instars showed that symbiont absence did not affect the ability *** to survive *** of sym- biont densities within each adelgid found that when *** was absent,the density of obligate symbionts was significantly *** to heat stress (32.5℃)was not consistently correlated with changes in symbiont densities over a 4-d ***,we have shown that symbiont prevalence and densities vary within the broad population of *** in eastern North America,with potentially significant effects upon the ecology of this important pest.

关键词： Adelges tsugae Anncindia adelgestsuga bacterial endosymbionts Serratia symbiotica Pseudomonas adelgestsugas

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烘焙新手必备的第一本书

2012年

作者：胡涓涓carol

绝对空前、食谱界最强的西点烘焙书，以完整的烘焙图解为主线，设计出饼干、蛋糕与各式甜点13类主题。全书超过3000张图片，展示最详尽的分解步骤图，新手只要跟着做，就可以一步一步学会烘焙的入门技术，享受制作甜点的乐趣与成就感。... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9787534951978

绝对空前、食谱界最强的西点烘焙书，以完整的烘焙图解为主线，设计出饼干、蛋糕与各式甜点13类主题。全书超过3000张图片，展示最详尽的分解步骤图，新手只要跟着做，就可以一步一步学会烘焙的入门技术，享受制作甜点的乐趣与成就感。　　饼干＝塑形饼干11款＋冷冻饼干7款＋压模饼干9款＋挤花饼干8款＋酥皮饼干6款　　蛋糕＝磅蛋糕11款＋乳酪蛋糕8款＋清爽戚风蛋糕12款＋海绵蛋糕4款＋蛋糕卷8款＋装饰蛋糕8款＋慕斯蛋糕10款＋其他甜点4款

关键词：烘焙糕点加工

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一个APP的诞生2.0

2020年

作者： carol炒炒，汤圆

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高级实用英语听说引进