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Journal of Modern Physics 2024年第1期15卷 51-63页

作者： tomofumi miyashita miyashita Clinic Osaka Japan

Previously, we presented several empirical equations using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature that were mathematically connected. Next, we proposed an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Considering the compatibility among these empirical equations, the CMB temperature (Tc) and gravitational constant (G) were calculated to be 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10-11 m3·kg-1·s-2, respectively. Every equation can be explained in terms of the Compton length of an electron (λe), the Compton length of a proton (λp) and α. However, these equations are difficult to follow. Using the correspondence principle with the thermodynamic principles in solid-state ionics, we propose a canonical ensemble to explain these equations in this report. For this purpose, we show that every equation can be explained in terms of Avogadro’s number and the number of electrons in 1 C.

关键词： Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background

Ratio of Gravitational Force to Electric Force from Empirical Equations in Terms of the Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature

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Journal of Modern Physics 2024年第5期15卷 674-689页

作者： tomofumi miyashita miyashita Clinic Osaka Japan

Previously, we presented several empirical equations using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature. Next, we propose an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Considering the compatibility among these empirical equations, the CMB temperature (Tc) and gravitational constant (G) were calculated to be 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10−11 m3∙kg−1∙s−2, respectively. Every equation could be explained in terms of the Compton length of an electron (λe), the Compton length of a proton (λp) and a. Furthermore, every equation could also be explained in terms of Avogadro’s number and the number of electrons in 1 C. However, the ratio of the gravitational force to the electric force cannot be uniquely determined when the unit of the Planck constant (Js) is changed. In this study, we showed that every equation can be described in terms of Planck constant. From the assumption of minimum mass, the ratio of gravitational force to electric force could be elucidated.

关键词： Ratio of Gravitational Force to Electric Force Minimum Mass Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background

Algorithms for Empirical Equations in Terms of the Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature

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Journal of Modern Physics 2024年第10期15卷 1567-1585页

作者： tomofumi miyashita miyashita Clinic Osaka Japan

Previously, we presented several empirical equations using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature. Next, we propose an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Considering the compatibility among these empirical equations, the CMB temperature (Tc) and gravitational constant (G) were calculated to be 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10−11 m3∙kg−1∙s−2, respectively. Every equation can be explained numerically in terms of the Compton length of an electron (λe), the Compton length of a proton (λp) and α. Furthermore, every equation can also be explained in terms of the Avogadro number and the number of electrons at 1 C. We show that every equation can be described in terms of the Planck constant. Then, the ratio of the gravitational force to the electric force can be uniquely determined with the assumption of minimum mass. In this report, we describe the algorithms used to explain these equations in detail. Thus, there are no dimension mismatch problems.

关键词： Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background Minimum Mass The Ratio of Gravitational Force to Electric Force Dimension Analysis Redefinition Method Fine Structure Constant

Various Empirical Equations for the Electromagnetic Force in Terms of the Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature

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Journal of Modern Physics 2021年第5期12卷 623-634页

作者： tomofumi miyashita miyashita Clinic Osaka Japan

Previously, we proposed an empirical equation describing the relationship between the gravitational force and the temperature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). After evaluating our equation, we discovered many empirical equations describing the electromagnetic force in terms of the CMB, including equations for the Rydberg constant, the Bohr radius, the Compton wavelength, the classical electron radius, the Hartree energy, the Coulomb’s law with distance, and the ratio between the gravitational force and electric force. The background theory is not yet complete. However, we can justify why the discovered empirical equations should not be coincidence.

关键词： Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background

Various Empirical Equations to Unify between the Gravitational Force and the Electromagnetic Force

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Journal of Modern Physics 2021年第7期12卷 859-869页

作者： tomofumi miyashita miyashita Clinic Osaka Japan

Previously, we proposed several empirical equations to describe the relationship between an electromagnetic force and the temperature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB).We attempted to justify why our empirical equations cannot be coincidental from the mathematical connections between our three equations. However, there are small errors in our empirical equations, which may lead to “indeed or not” arguments. After evaluating our equations, we discovered a method to improve the accuracy of the numerical calculations. For the value of the CMB, we used 2.72642 K instead of 2.72548 K. Regarding the factor of 9/2, we used 4.48870 instead of 4.5. Regarding the factor of π, we used 3.13189 instead of 3.14159. Then, the error becomes less than 10-5. This means that our equations cannot be coincidental. Furthermore, we attempt to provide hints on how to construct the background theory.

关键词： Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background Wagner’s Equation Jarzynski’s Equality

Empirical Equation for the Gravitational Constant with a Reasonable Temperature

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Journal of Modern Physics 2020年第8期11卷 1180-1192页

作者： tomofumi miyashita miyashita Clinic Osaka Japan

Ted Jacobson discovered that gravity was related to thermodynamics. However, the calculated temperature using the Boltzmann area entropy is still not reasonable. We searched and discovered an empirical equation for the gravitational constant with a reasonable temperature. The calculated value was 3.20 K, which is similar to the temperature of the cosmic microwave background of 2.73 K. Then, we examined Yasuo Katayama’s theory. For this purpose, we introduced the modified Wagner’s equation, which is compatible with Jarzynski equality. Finally, using Ted Jacobson’s theory, we proposed our theory of gravity with the Gibbs volume entropy.

关键词： Gravitational Constant Wagner’s Equation Jarzynski Equality Ted Jacobson’s Theory

Explanation of the Necessity of the Empirical Equations That Relate the Gravitational Constant and the Temperature of the CMB

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Journal of Modern Physics 2023年第4期14卷 432-444页

作者： tomofumi miyashita miyashita Clinic Osaka Japan

In previous papers, we proposed an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Using this equation, we proposed a refined version of our own former empirical equations about the electromagnetic force and gravity in terms of the temperature of the cosmic microwave background. The calculated values of the temperature of the cosmic microwave background (Tc) and the gravitational constant (G) were 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10-11 m3⋅kg-1⋅ s-2, respectively. Then, for the values of the factors 9/2 and π in our equations, we used 4.488519503 and 3.132011447, respectively. However, we could not provide a theoretical explanation for the necessity of these empirical equations. In this paper, using the redefinition method for the UNIT, we show the necessity for our empirical equations.

关键词： Gravitational Constant Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background

A Fine-Structure Constant Can Be Explained Using the Electrochemical Method

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Journal of Modern Physics 2023年第2期14卷 160-170页

作者： tomofumi miyashita miyashita Clinic Osaka Japan

We proposed an empirical equation for a fine-structure constant: . Then, . where mp and me are the rest mass of a proton and the rest mass of an electron, respectively. In this report, using the electrochemical method, we proposed an equivalent circuit. Then, we proposed a refined version of our own old empirical equations about the electromagnetic force and gravity. Regarding the factors of 9/2 and π, we used 3.132011447 and 4.488519503, respectively. The calculated values of Tc and G are 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10-11 (m3⋅kg-1⋅s-2).

关键词： Fine-Structure Constant Electrochemical Method

Empirical Equation for a Fine-Structure Constant with Very High Accuracy

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Journal of Modern Physics 2022年第4期13卷 336-346页

作者： tomofumi miyashita miyashita Clinic Osaka Japan

We proposed several empirical equations about the electromagnetic force and gravity. The main three equations were connected mathematically. However, these equations have small errors of approximately 10-3. Therefore, we attempted to improve the accuracy. Regarding the factors of 9/2 and π, we used 4.48870 and 3.13189, respectively. Then, the errors become smaller than 10-5. However, we could not show any reasons for these compensations. We noticed the following equations. , . Then, we can explain the von Klitzing constant Rk=3.131777037×4.488855463×13.5×136.0113077. It is well known that the von Klitzing constant can be measured with very high accuracy. We examined this equation for the von Klitzing constant in detail. Then, we noticed that 136.0113 should be uniquely determined. The von Klitzing constant is highly related to the fine-structure constant. After the examination of the numerical connections, we can explain the value of 137.035999081 as a fine-structure constant with very high accuracy. Then, we attempt to explain this value from Wagner’s equation.

关键词： Fine-Structure Constant Wagner’s Equation

The Modifications of Wagner’s Equation and Electrochemistry for the 21st Century

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Materials Sciences and Applications 2011年第3期2卷 180-186页

作者： tomofumi miyashita 不详

The use of samarium-doped ceria (SDC) electrolytes in SOFCs (solid oxide fuel cells) lowers the open circuit voltage (OCV) below the Nernst voltage (Vth). The OCV is calculated with Wagner’s equation which is included in NernstPlanck equation. Considering the separation of Boltzmann distribution, the fundamental basis of this topic is discussed. A constant voltage loss without leakage currents due to a mixed ionic and electronic conducting (MIEC) dense anode was explained. Only carrier species having sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy can contribute to current conduction, which is determined by incorporating a different constant in the definitions of chemical potential and electrical potential. This difference explains the results using dense MIEC anodes. This topic is not an isolated and minor topic, but of vital importance to electrochemical engineering for the 21st Century.

关键词： SOFC Ceria Open Circuit Voltage Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conductors Wagner’s Equation Boltzmann’s Distribution Maxwell’s Demon