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Country size bias in global health:crosscountry comparison of malaria policy and foreign aid

Global Health Research and Policy 2021年第1期6卷 456-467页

作者： tomas Jezek Masaryk University BrnoCzechia

Background:Foreign aid has been shown to be favourably biased towards small *** study investigated whether country size bias also occurs in national malaria policy and development assistance from international ***:Data from publicly available sources were collected with countries as observational *** exploratory data analysis was based on the conceptual framework with socio-economic,environmental and institutional *** strength of relationships was estimated by the Pearson and polychoric correlation *** correlation matrix was explored by factor ***:Malaria burden is strongly correlated with GDP per capita,total health expenditure per capita,HDI;moderately with latitude,weakly with elevation,urban population share,per capita funding from the Global Fund,PMI USAID,UK government and *** country status is strongly correlated with population size,land area,island status;moderately with development assistance received per capita,weakly with funding per capita from Global Fund,government NMP and PMI *** score 1,a variable derived from our factor analysis and related to malaria endemicity,is significantly strongly correlated with the malaria burden,moderately with HDI,GDP per capita,total health expenditure per capita,PMI USAID funding;weakly with island status,urban population share,latitude,coastal population share,total government expenditure and trade openness,Global Fund funding,World Bank funding,UK government funding,and UNICEF funding per *** score 2,which captures variation not related to malaria endemicity,is significantly weakly related to the ICRG index,PMI USAID funding per capita and small country ***:The results suggest that malaria burden and economic development are bidirectionally *** development can contribute to a reduction in the malaria *** size does not negatively impact malaria burden,but it does account for greater dev

关键词： Endemic diseases Environment and public health Global burden of disease Global health Health care economics and organizations International agencies Malaria

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Application of the Level-Set Model with Constraints in Image Segmentation

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Numerical Mathematics(Theory,Methods and Applications) 2016年第1期9卷 147-168页

作者： Vladimiır Klement tomas Oberhuber Daniel Sevcovic Department of Mathematics Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical EngineeringCzech Technical University in PragueTrojanova 13Praha 212000Czech Republic Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics Comenius University84248 BratislavaSlovakia

We proposeand analyze a constrained level-set method forsemi-automatic image *** level-set model with constraints on the level-set function enables us to specify which parts of the image lie inside respectively outside the segmented *** a-priori information can be expressed in terms of upper and lower constraints prescribed for the level-set *** have the same conceptual meaning as initial seeds of the popular graph-cuts based meth-ods for image segmentation.A numerical approximation scheme is based on the complementary-finite volumes method combined with the Projected successive over-relaxation method adopted for solving constrained linear complementarity *** advantage of the constrained level-set method is demonstrated on several artificial images as well as on cardiac MRI data.

关键词： linear complementarity image processing segmentation level-set method projected successive over-relaxation method

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Influence of tributaries on downstream bed sediment grain sizes under flysch conditions

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Journal of Mountain Science 2021年第4期18卷 847-862页

作者： SMAZAK Ivan GALLA tomas Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology Faculty of ScienceUniversity of OstravaChittussiho 1071000 OstravaCzech Republic

Tributaries are one of the most important factors contributing to variability in the downstream evolution of bed sediment grain *** primary aim of this work is to evaluate the response of the bed sediment texture in the recipient channel induced by ten tributaries of the?ernáOstravice stream and find reach-scale and catchment-scale parameters that would be able to predict this *** research was based on collecting information on the grain size distributions at sites adjacent to confluence zones.A significant change in sediment texture occurred in the vicinity of five *** the other factors contributing to grain size variability(e.g.,local channel geometry,lithology,and lateral sediment sources),it was assumed that only four of them were associated with a sufficient bedload influx to alter the sediment calibre below the ***,a significant morphological effect in the form of a large confluence bar was observed in one *** tributaries had several common features:(i)they had a larger relative catchment area than that of nonsignificant tributaries;(ii)they were characterized by different bed grain sizes,with some exceptions;and(iii)they had a higher unit stream power close to the confluence in relation to that of the *** characteristics were represented by the proposed relative parameters,including the relative unit stream power and bed material texture,which allowed the best classification of significant and nonsignificant *** their simplified form,the parameters described the transport capacity and grain size distribution,which were generally considered to be primary factors responsible for a redefinition of the sediment texture in the recipient ***,it should be noted that these results are subject to some degree of uncertainty due to the relatively small sample size of only 10 tributaries.

关键词： Tributary Bed sediments Headwater streams Flysch Carpathians

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Letters to the Editor

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Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 2016年第4期15卷 443-445页

作者： tomas S Bexelius Rickard Ljung Upper Gastrointestinal Research Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgeryand Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska Institute Department of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden Luis A Garcia Rodriguez Centro Espa?ol de Investigación Farmacoepidemiológica

The Editor welcomes submissions for possible publication in the Letters to the Editor *** commenting on an article published in the Journal or other interesting pieces will be considered if they are received within 6 weeks of the time the article was *** of the article being commented on will be given an opportunity to offer a timely response to the letter Authors of letters will be notified that the letter has been received. Unpublished letters cannot be returned.

关键词： welcomes matching pieces obesity alcohol letter rendering adjustment ascertain excluded

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Natural capital accounting perspectives:a pragmatic way forward

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Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2019年第1期5卷 237-241,I0016页

作者： Kerry Turner tomas Badura Silvia Ferrini Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment(CSERGE) School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of SciencesBrnoCzech Republic Department of Political and International Sciences University of SienaSienaItaly

Introduction:Recent debates surrounding the application of natural capital accounting(NCA)have produced several approaches to further develop this system,as well as highlighted a number of conceptual and methodological issues that need to be resolved before mainstreaming NCA into policy and decision *** argue that prolonged debate over the value concepts(i.e.,exchange versus other values)underpinning different modifications to NCA has slowed progress in experimentation and uptake by ***:Consequently we propose three broad approaches which can be progressed in parallel to reinvigorate experimentation with the NCA principles and practice,while at the same time generating policy relevant tools and evidence bases for decision *** three approaches are;extended SNA accounting anchored to the use of exchange values;a complementary accounts network(CAN)that utilizes plural values as supplementary accounts to the SNA system;and wealth accounting that focuses on measures of welfare and *** three approaches are complementary and data developed in any one can inform the other ***:We contend that CAN offers the most flexibility and opportunities to progress short term support for decision making on environmental issues which are now becoming urgent.

关键词： Natural capital accounting SEEA ecosystem accounting wealth accounting exchange values welfare values

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Progress of renewable electricity replacing fossil fuels

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Global Energy Interconnection 2018年第1期1卷 48-52页

作者： tomas Kaberger Chalmers University of Technology SE 41279 GoteborgSweden

Dramatic fall in costs of renewable energy in the last 24 months has not only accelerated the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy in electricity generation. The low cost renewable electricity is now starting to replace fossil fuels in other sectors. One reason is that renewable electricity is now cheaper per unit energy than oil, about the same price as fossil methan but, still, more expensive than coal. Another reason is that electricity often offer other opportunities, such as cheaper transport, better control, higher energy efficiency in final production of energy services and lower local environmental costs.

关键词： Industrial learning Renewable energy Fossil fuel substitution

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Behavioral dependent dispersal in the invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus depends on population age

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Current Zoology 2015年第3期61卷 529-542页

作者： Magnus THORLACIUS Gustav HELLSTROM tomas BRODIN Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umea University Linnaeus v/ig 6 90187 Umeh Sweden

Biological invasions cause major ecological and economic costs in invaded habitats. The round goby Neogobius me- lanostomus is a successful invasive species and a major threat to the biodiversity and ecological function of the Baltic Sea. It is native to the Ponto-Caspian region and has, via ballast water transport of ships, invaded the Gulf of Gdansk in Poland. Since 1990, it has spread as far north as Raahe in Northern Finland （64~41 ＂04＂N, 24~28＂44＂E）. Over the past decade, consistent indi- vidual differences of behavioral expressions have been shown to explain various ecological processes such as dispersal, survival or reproduction. We have previously shown that new and old populations differ in personality trait expression. Individuals in new populations are bolder, less sociable and more active than in old populations. Here we investigate if the behavioral differentiation can be explained by phenotype-dependent dispersal. This was investigated by measuring activity, boldness and sociability of in- dividually marked gobies, and subsequently allowing them to disperse in a system composed of five consecutive tanks connected by tubes. Individual dispersal tendency and distance was measured. Our results revealed that in newly established populations, more active individuals disperse sooner and that latency of a group to disperse depends on the mean sociability of the group. This indicates the presence of personality dependent dispersal in this species and that it is maintained at the invasion front but lost as the populations get older

关键词： Personality Activity Dispersal Round goby Neogobius melanostomus Species invasions

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Approximation of the Mean Escape Time for a Tilted Periodic Potential

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Communications in Computational Physics 2019年第1期25卷 1-40页

作者： Tamra Heberling Lisa Davis tomas Gedeon Los Alamos National Laboratory XTD-SSLos AlamosNM87545USA Department of Mathematical Sciences Montana State UniversityBozemanMT59717-2400USA

We present a formula approximating the mean escape time(MST)of a particle from a tilted multi-periodic potential *** potential function consists of a weighted sum of a finite number of component functions,each of which is *** this particular case,the least period of the potential function is a common period amongst all of its component *** approximation of the MST for the potential function is derived,and this approximation takes the form of a product of the MSTs for each of the individual periodic component *** first example illustrates the computational advantages of using the approximation for model validation and parameter tuning in the context of the biological application of DNA *** also use this formula to approximate the MST for an arbitrary tilted periodic potential by the product of MSTs of a finite number of its Fourier *** examples using truncated Fourier series are presented and analyzed.

关键词： Brownian Ratchet multi-periodic potential tilted periodic potential Fokker-Plank equation

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Automatic detection of Acacia longifolia invasive species based on UAV-acquired aerial imagery

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Information Processing in Agriculture 2022年第2期9卷 276-287页

作者： Carolina Goncalves Pedro Santana tomas Brandao Magno Guedes ISCTE-Instituto Universitario de Lisboa Portugal Instituto de Telecomunicacoes LisboaPortugal Information Sciences and Technologies and Architecture Research Center(ISTAR-IUL) LisboaPortugal IntRoSys SA Portugal

The Acacia longifolia species is known for its rapid growth and dissemination,causing loss of biodiversity in the affected *** order to avoid the uncontrolled spread of this species,it is important to effectively monitor its distribution on the agroforestry *** this purpose,this paper proposes the use of Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN)for the detection of Acacia longifolia,from images acquired by an unmanned aerial *** models based on the same CNN architecture were *** classifies image patches into one of nine possible classes,which are later converted into a binary model;this model presented an accuracy of 98:6%and 98:5%in the validation and training sets,*** second model was trained directly for binary classification and showed an accuracy of 98:8%and 98:7%for the validation and test sets,*** results show that the use of multiple classes,useful to provide the aerial vehicle with richer semantic information regarding the environment,does not hamper the accuracy of Acacia longifolia detection in the classifier’s primary *** presented system also includes a method for increasing classification’s accuracy by consulting an expert to review the model’s predictions on an automatically selected sub-set of the samples.

关键词： Pattern recognition Convolutional neural networks Invasive plants Acacia longifolia

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Patterns and impacts of an unprecedented outbreak of bark beetles in Central Europe: A glimpse into the future?

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Forest Ecosystems 2024年第6期11卷 898-909页

作者： Prosper Washaya Roman Modlinger Daniel Tyser tomas Hlasny Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Kamýcka 12916500Prague 6–SuchdolCzech Republic

Natural disturbances have significantly intensified across European forests,with bark beetle outbreaks being the most rapidly escalating disturbance *** 2018,the Czech Republic(Central Europe)has become a Europe's disturbance epicentre due to the unprecedented outbreak of spruce bark beetle Ips typographus in the forests dominated by Norway spruce Picea *** we provide novel insights into the impacts and dynamics of this disturbance from 2016 to *** investigation is based on annual forest change maps developed by the classification of optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar satellite *** identified seven major outbreak foci across the country,where the outbreaks culminated between 2018 and *** of the outbreak waves exhibited a symmetric shape,characterized by a three-year build-up phase,a single culmination year,and the subsequent *** substantial proportion of spruce remaining in the outbreak areas after the culmination point implies that resource depletion is an improbable cause for the outbreak's *** the year of retreat,the proportion of spruce in the forest ranged between 26%and 36%in most of the outbreak *** disturbance dynamics manifested a transition from the emergence of new tree mortality spots in the early outbreak phase to their short-range expansion,suggesting density-dependent changes in bark beetle dispersal during the studied *** core disturbance zone,pinpointed in 2022,covered an area of 9,000 km^(2) and experienced a 38%loss in forest *** this area,forest fragmentation increased significantly,leading to a greater forest patch complexity and reduced connectivity among the *** presented findings can serve as a glimpse into the future for other European regions,revealing the potential impacts of natural disturbances amplified by climate change.

关键词： Bark beetle disturbance Remote sensing Landscape transformation Forest fragmentation Central Europe

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