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Biochar application to temperate grasslands:challenges and opportunities for delivering multiple ecosystem services

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Biochar 2023年第1期5卷 574-584页

作者： Robert W.Brown David R.Chadwick tom Bott Helen M.West Paul Wilson Genevieve R.Hodgins Colin E.Snape Davey L.Jones School of Natural Sciences Bangor UniversityBangorLL572UWGwyneddUK School of Biosciences University of NottinghamSutton BoningtonLoughboroughLE125RDUK Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of NottinghamJubilee CampusNottinghamNG72TUUK Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems Food Futures InstituteSoilsWestMurdoch UniversityMurdochWA6150Australia

Grasslands(natural,semi-natural and improved)occupy approximately one-third of the terrestrial biosphere and are key for global ecosystem service provision,storing up to 30%of soil organic carbon(SOC).To date,most research on soil carbon(C)sequestration has focused on croplands where the levels of native soil organic matter(SOM)are typically low and significant potential exists to replenish SOM ***,with the renewed push to achieve“net zero”C emissions by 2050,grasslands may offer an additional C store,utilising tools such as ***,we critically evaluate the potential for biochar as a technology for increasing grassland C stocks,identifying a number of practical,economic,social and legislative challenges that need to be addressed before the widescale adoption of biochar may be *** critically assess the current knowledge within the field of grassland biochar research in the context of ecosystem service provision and provide opinions on the applicability of biochar as an amendment to different types of grassland(improved,semi-improved and unimproved)and the potential effect on ecosystem provision using a range of application techniques in the topsoil and *** concluded that the key question remains,is it possible for managed grasslands to store more C,without causing a loss in additional ecosystem services?To address this question future research must take a more multidisciplinary and holistic approach when evaluating the potential role of biochar at sequestering C in grasslands to mitigate climate change.

关键词： Pastureland Carbon storage Greenhouse gas emissions Offsetting

芥菜型油菜与甘蓝型油菜种间杂种后代的RAPD分析

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中国农业科学 2002年第8期35卷 1010-1015页

作者：刘忠松官春云陈社员李栒 tom Osborn Madison USA 长沙410128 University of Wisconsin WI53706 湖南农业大学

为了揭示芥菜型油菜与甘蓝型油菜种间杂种后代的遗传分离规律 ,用芥菜型油菜四川黄籽作母本与甘蓝型油菜 10 47自交系杂交 ,杂种F1人工自交或用 10 47自交系花粉回交 ,然后将亲本、杂种F1、F2 和BC1代用 16个随机引物进行PCR扩增。共扩... 详细信息

为了揭示芥菜型油菜与甘蓝型油菜种间杂种后代的遗传分离规律 ,用芥菜型油菜四川黄籽作母本与甘蓝型油菜 10 47自交系杂交 ,杂种F1人工自交或用 10 47自交系花粉回交 ,然后将亲本、杂种F1、F2 和BC1代用 16个随机引物进行PCR扩增。共扩增出 98条带 ,其中双亲共有的带 35条 ,四川黄籽特异带 30条 ,10 47特异带 33条。带型统计分析结果表明在芥甘杂种后代中来自 10 47的遗传物质比来自四川黄籽的遗传物质更能传递给后代 ,这种趋势与杂种后代植株的育性无关 ,在回交后代中四川黄籽的遗传物质比在自交后代中丢失更快。并对造成芥甘种间杂种后代分离扭曲的原因进行了探讨。

关键词：甘蓝型油菜芥菜型油菜种间杂交 RAPD分析遗传

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雷州半岛红树林湿地鸟类多样性

生态学杂志 2008年第3期27卷 383-390页

作者：邹发生杨琼芳蔡俊钦 John Howes tom Dahmer 张苇华南濒危动物研究所广东省野生动物保护和利用公共实验室广州510260 广东省雷州半岛红树林综合管理和沿海保护项目办公室广东湛江524033

从2000年5月-2003年11月,调查了雷州半岛红树林湿地鸟类。共记录鸟类133种,水鸟和迁徙鸟分别占总记录鸟类数量的81.7%和70.4%。分别有9种、2种、16种和12种鸟被列为中国红皮书保护种、IUCN保护种、CITES保护种和中国国家Ⅱ级保护种;还... 详细信息

从2000年5月-2003年11月,调查了雷州半岛红树林湿地鸟类。共记录鸟类133种,水鸟和迁徙鸟分别占总记录鸟类数量的81.7%和70.4%。分别有9种、2种、16种和12种鸟被列为中国红皮书保护种、IUCN保护种、CITES保护种和中国国家Ⅱ级保护种;还有63种被列为中日候鸟协定保护种、32种被列为中澳候鸟协定保护种。不同调查地点,鸟类的种类和数量相差较大,高桥鸟类最丰富,记录到83种鸟;五里鸟类种类最少,仅记录到40种鸟,各地鸟类种的相似性很低。环颈鸻(Charadrius alexandrinus)、白腰杓鹬(Nume-nius arquata)和红嘴鸥(Larus ridibundus)在雷州半岛的种群数量达到国际重要湿地的标准。雷州半岛鸟类种的丰度和多度季节变化明显,冬季种类多、数量丰富,夏季种类少、数量贫乏。冬季和夏季总的鸟类数量(P=0.043)和水鸟数量(P=0.001)差异明显。保护整个沿海红树林湿地是保护雷州半岛红树林湿地鸟类多样性的关键。

关键词：雷州半岛红树林湿地鸟类多样性

Targeting Divalent Metal Ions at the Active Site of the HIV-1 RNase H Domain: NMR Studies on the Interactions of Divalent Metal Ions with RNase H and Its Inhibitors

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2011年第6期2卷 639-649页

作者： Jiangli Yan Haihong Wu Tiffany tom Oleg Brodsky Karen Maegley 不详

HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) RNase H (HIV-RH) is a key target of anti-AIDS drugs. Metal-chelating compounds are an important class of chemicals in pharmacological drug discovery, especially in relation to HIV-RT and the highly-related HIV-integrase. The correlation between the metal-chelating properties and enzyme activities of the metal chelators is always of high scientific interest, as an understanding of this may accelerate the rational optimization of this class of inhibitors. Our NMR data show that Mg2+ and Ca2+ bind specifically to the active site of the RNase H domain and two Mg2+ ions sequentially bind one molecule of RNase H. We also demonstrate here, using saturated and unsaturated tricyclic N-hydroxypyridones designed to block the active site, that the primary binding sites and affinities of divalent metal ions are correlated with the structures of the chelating motifs. Chemical shift perturbation studies of protein/metal-ion/compound ternary complexes also indicate that divalent metal ions play important roles for the specific interaction of the compounds with the RNase H active site.

关键词： Metal Chelation HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase RNase H NMR Spectroscopy

Response of Soybean and Lentil to a Seed-Row Placed Starter Nitrogen-Phosphorus Fertilizer Blend in a Brown Chernozem in South-Central Saskatchewan

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2019年第10期10卷 1813-1829页

作者： Wasanthika Harshini Galpottage Dona Jeff J. Schoenau tom King Department of Soil Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Canada

Soybean and lentil are important legume crops in southern Saskatchewan (SK) that can supply the majority of their nitrogen (N) requirement through biological N fixation (BNF). However, the onset of BNF can be slow in cold;dry prairie soils and a small amount of seed-row placed fertilizer containing both N and phosphorus (P) may benefit the crop. Nevertheless, high rates of fertilizer in close proximity to the seed can also cause injury. This study was conducted to determine the response of lentil and soybean to a starter N-P fertilizer blend applied in the seed-row. A farm field located at the boundary of the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones in south-central Saskatchewan was selected to evaluate the effect of seed-row placed N-P fertilizer blend: 50% Urea + 50% mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP) applied at 0, 10, 20 and 30 kg N and P2O5 ha-1 on emergence, yield, and nutrient uptake. The proportion of nitrogen derived from fixation (ndff) was determined in the soybean using N-15 dilution technique. The rate of 10 kg N and P2O5 ha-1 was found to be the rate that did not significantly reduce emergence, stand count or proportion of N derived from fixation, and was sufficient to maximize yield, N and P uptake for both soybean and lentil under field conditions. Rates higher than 10 kg N ha-1 in the seed row as starter 28-26-0 blend reduced emergence and decreased the proportion of ndff.

关键词： Starter Nitrogen-Phosphorus Fertilizers Seed-Row Fertilizer Placement Seed Emergence Seed Injuries Nitrogen Derived From Fixation

Physiotherapist-led home-based physical activity program versus community group exercise for middle-aged adults: Quasi-experimental comparison

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2013年第2期3卷 229-237页

作者： Nicole Freene Gordon Waddington Wendy Chesworth Rachel Davey tom Cochrane Centre for Research & Action in Public Health Faculty of Health University of Canberra Bruce Australia Faculty of Health University of Canberra Bruce Australia Physiotherapy Faculty of Health University of Canberra Bruce Australia

Objectives: Program method, program deliverer and participant preference may be important factors in increasing physical activity adherence and program effectiveness. To investigate this, we compared two physical activity interventions in middle-aged adults. Methods: Using a pragmatic quasi-experimental design, sedentary community dwelling 50 - 65 year olds (n = 2105) were recruited to a non-randomized 6-month community group exercise program (n = 93) or a physiotherapist-led home-based physical activity program (n = 65). The primary outcome was physical activity adherence derived from exercise diaries. Secondary outcomes included the Active Australia Survey, aerobic capacity (step- test), quality of life (SF-12v2), blood pressure, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and body mass index. Results: Home-based participants were more likely to be younger, working full-time and not in a relationship (p Thirty-three percent of the group participants attended ≥ 70% of group exercise sessions. Ninety percent of home-based participants received ≥ 4 of the planned 6 telephone support calls. Intention-to-treat analysis found adherence to the physical activity sessions prescribed was the same for both interventions (26% ± 28% vs. 28% ± 35%). Both interventions significantly increased the number of participants achieving self-reported “sufficient” physical activity (p ≤ 0.001) and significantly decreased waist circumference (p may be particularly suitable for those not interested in or unable to attend a group exercise program. Clinical Trial Registration number Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Regist

关键词： Physiotherapy Home-Based Physical Activity Adoption Adherence Middle-Aged

Identification of Growth Promoting Effect of <i>r</i>BCG/BCG Culture Supernatant and Its Potential Applications

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World Journal of Vaccines 2013年第2期3卷 32-38页

作者： tom H. Jin Tianli Qu Anant Raina Eric Tsao Aeras Rockville USA

Background: Although BCG is the most widely administered vaccine in the world, there have never been as many cases of TB as there are now. Globally, more than 8.8 million people developed active TB and 1.4 million—many of them—died in 2010. It is estimated that half of pulmonary TB cases arise from latent Mtb infection, making the study of latency and reactivation of utmost importance. Methods: Widely administered BCG vaccines and a gene modified recombinant BCG (rBCG) strain, AERAS-422, were used as models to investigate the growth promoting function of resuscitation-promoting factors (Rpfs) in different bacilli culture phases. Different supernatant fractions were prepared by ultrafiltration, and the promoting function of each fraction containing secreted Rpf(s) was evaluated by growth curve monitoring and colony counting on 7H10 agar plates. Results: The promoting effect of culture supernatants was mainly associated with the high molecular weight fraction (>30 kDa), which stimulated bacterial growth, but did not extend the exponential phase of stimulated culture. Anti-RpfB antibody showed significant growth restriction of the tested cultures. When comparing rBCG cultures containing 7H9 medium, the 10 - 30 kDa fraction, or the >30 kDa fraction, only the >30 kDa fraction was displayed with down-regulation of the secretion of RpfC, D and E. In colony counting tests, the plates containing the >30 kDa fraction had total countable colony numbers 2 to 3 fold higher than the plates with the 10 - 30 kDa fraction, and colonies appeared one to two weeks earlier than on the regular plates. The potential applications of the prepared supernatant fractions containing RpfA and RpfB are discussed, which may include accelerating diagnosis of Mtb infection and future TB vaccine development.

关键词： Resuscitation-Promoting Factors (Rpfs) rBCG/BCG Culture

On-Line Measurement of the Chemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewater in a Pulp and Paper Mill Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

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Spectral Analysis Review 2014年第4期2卷 19-25页

作者： John Dahlbacka Josefina Nystrom Torgny Mossing Paul Geladi tom Lillhonga Unit for Research and Development Novia University of Applied SciencesVaasaFinland Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden

Although near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been evaluated for numerous applications, the number of actual on-line or even on-site industrial applications seems to be very limited. In the present paper, the attempts to produce online predictions of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater from a pulp and paper mill using NIR spectroscopy are described. The task was perceived as very challenging, but with a root mean square error of prediction of 149 mg/l, roughly corresponding to 1/10 of the studied concentration interval, this attempt was deemed as successful. This result was obtained by using partial least squares model regression, interpolated reference values for calibration purposes, and by evenly distributing the calibration data in the concentration space. This work may also represent the first industrial application of online COD measurements in wastewater using NIR spectroscopy.

关键词： Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Industrial Wastewater Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) Multivariate Calibration On-Line Measurement

Development of an antibody that neutralizes soluble IgE and eliminates IgE expressing B cells

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2016年第3期13卷 391-400页

作者： Andrew C. Nyborg Anna Zacco Rachel Ettinger M. Jack Borrok Jie Zhu tom Martini Rob Woods Christine Kiefer Michael A. Bowen E. Suzanne Cohenz Ronald Herbst Herren Wu Steven Coats Medlmmune LLC Gaithersburg MD USA and 2Medlmmune Ltd Milstein Building Granta Park Cambridge UK

Immunoglobulin E （IgE） plays a key role in allergic asthma and is a clinically validated target for monoclonal antibodies. Therapeutic anti-lgE antibodies block the interaction between IgE and the Fc epsilon （Fcε） receptor, which eliminates or minimizes the allergic phenotype but does not typically curtail the ongoing production of IgE by B cells. We generated high-affinity anti-lgE antibodies （MEDI4212） that have the potential to both neutralize soluble IgE and eliminate IgE-expressing B-cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. MEDI4212 variants were generated that contain mutations in the Fc region of the antibody or alterations in fucosylation in order to enhance the antibody＇s affinity for FcyRIIla. All MEDI4212 variants bound to human IgE with affinities comparable to the wild-type （WT） antibody. Each variant was shown to inhibit the interaction between IgE and FcεRI, which translated into potent inhibition of FcyRI-mediated function responses. Importantly, all variants bound similarly to IgE at the surface of membrane IgE expressing cells. However, MEDI4212 variants demonstrated enhanced affinity for FcyRIIla including the polymorphic variants at position 158. The improvement in FcyRIIla binding led to increased effector function in cell based assays using both engineered cell lines and class switched human IgE B cells. Through its superior suppression of IgE, we anticipate that effector function enhanced MEDI4212 may be able to neutralize high levels of soluble IgE and provide increased long-term benefit by eliminating the IgE expressing B cells before they differentiate and become IgE secreting plasma cells.

关键词： antibody therapeutic anti-lgE asthma IgE monoclonal antibody