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Egg rejection behavior does not explain the lack of cowbird parasitism on an eastern North American population of Red-winged Blackbirds

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Avian Research 2019年第4期10卷 431-440页

作者： justin j.Reel todd j.underw.od Department of Biology Kutztown University

Background:Red-winged Blackbirds(Agelaius phoeniceus),hereafter red-wings,are much less frequently parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds(Molothrus ater)in eastern North America than in central North America and had not been recorded as hosts in our study area in southeastern *** hosts of Old World cuckoos(Cuculidae)often show geographic variation in egg rejection behavior,cowbird hosts typically exhibit uniform responses of all acceptance or all rejection of cowbird ***,geographic variation in cowbird parasitism frequencies might reflect a different behavioral response to parasitism by hosts where only some populations reject *** this study,we tested whether egg rejection behavior may explain the lack of parasitism observed in our eastern red-wing population,which may provide insight into low parasitism levels across eastern North ***:We parasitized red-wing nests with model cowbird eggs to determine their response to *** were tested across three nest stages and compared to control nests with no *** rejection differed significantly by stage,we compared responses separately for each nest *** also monitored other songbird nests to identify parasitism frequencies on all potential ***:Red-wings showed significantly more rejections during the building stage,but not for the laying and incubation *** during nest building involved mostly egg burials,which likely represent a continuation of the nest building process rather than true rejection of the cowbird *** these responses,red-wings rejected 15%of cowbird eggs,which is similar to rejection levels from other studies and *** overall parasitism frequency on 11 species surveyed in our study area was only 7.4%.Conclusions:Egg rejection behavior does not explain the lack of parasitism on red-wings in our eastern ***,we suggest that cowbird preference for other hosts and the low abu

关键词： Brood parasitism Brown-headed Cowbird Egg rejection Geographic variation Red-winged Blackbird

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Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis in Crohn’s disease:a case report

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Gastroenterology Report 2017年第4期5卷 316-319,I0003页

作者： Peilin Zhang Lawrence M.Minardi j.todd Kuenstner Rusty Kruzelock PZM Diagnostics LLC.CharlestonWVUSA Department of Pathology Charleston Area Medical CenterCharlestonWVUSA West Virginia Regional Technology Park CharlestonWVUSA

We have cultured Mycobacteria avium subspecies hominissuis(MAH)from the blood of a patient with Crohn’s *** patient is a 21 year-old-female with a diagnosis of Crohn’s disease for two *** had been treated with corticosteroids and Humira for six months.A blood specimen was cultured in a specialized medium,and there was visible bacterial growth present in the liquid culture medium after eight *** analysis of the bacterial growth and subsequent direct sequencing of the PCR amplicon confirmed the presence of *** significance of this finding is discussed.

关键词： mycobacterium paratuberculosis Crohn’s disease infective colitis

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Optimizing methyl-eugenol aromatherapy to maximize posttreatment effects to enhance mating competitiveness of male Bactrocera carambolae （Diptera： Tephritidae）

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Insect Science 2015年第5期22卷 661-669页

作者： Ihsan ul Haq Marc j.B. Vreysen Carlos Caceres todd E. Shelly jorge Hendrichs Insect Pest Control Laboratory Joint FAOIIAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture Seibersdorf Austria National Agricultural Research Centre Park Road Islamabad Pakistan USDAIAPHIS 41-650 Ahiki Street Waimanalo HI 96795 USA and Insect Pest Control Section Joint FAOIIAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture Vienna Austria

Methyl-eugenol （ME）（1,2-dimethoxy-4-（2-propenyl）benzene）, a natural phy- tochemical, did enhance male Bactrocera carambolae Drew ＆ Hancock （Diptera： Tephri- tidae） mating competitiveness 3 d after ingestion. Enhanced male mating competitiveness can significantly increase the effectiveness of the sterile insect technique （SIT）. ME appli- cation to mass reared sterile flies by feeding is infeasible. ME application by aromatherapy however, would be a very practical way of ME application in fly emergence and release facilities. This approach was shown to enhance mating competitiveness ofB. carambolae 3 d posttreatment （DPT）. Despite this added benefit, every additional day of delaying re- lease will reduce sterile fly quality and will add cost to SIT application. The present study was planned to assess the effects of ME-aromatherapy on male B. carambolae mating competitiveness 1DPT and 2DPT. ME aromatherapy 1DPT or 2DPT did enhance mating competitiveness of B. carambolae males whereas ME feeding 1DPT and 2DPT did not. Male mating competitiveness was enhanced by the ME aromatherapy irrespective if they received 1DPT, 2DPT or 3DPT. ME aromatherapy, being a viable approach for its applica- tion, did enhance mating competitiveness of male B. carambolae 1 d posttreatrnent as ME feeding did 3 d after ingestion.

关键词： Bactrocera carambolae mating competitiveness ME aromatherapy methyl-eugenol ME feeding posttreatment effect SIT

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Trade-off between cellular immunity and life span in meal- worm beetles Tenebrio molitor

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Current Zoology 2013年第3期59卷 340-346页

作者： Indrikis KRAMS janina DAUKSTE Inese KIVLENIECE Ants KAASIK Tatjana KRAMA todd M. FREEBERG Markus j. RANTALA Institute of Systematic Biology University of Daugavpils LV-5401 Daugavpils Latvia Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu 51014 Tartu Estonia Department of Biology University of Turku FIN-20024 Turku Finland Department of Psychology University of Tennessee TN 37996 Knoxville USA

Encapsulation is a nonspecific, cellular response through which insects defend themselves against multicellular pathogens. During this immune reaction, haemocytes recognize an object as foreign and cause other haemocytes to aggregate and form a capsule around the object, often consisting of melanized cells. The process of melanisation is accompanied by the forma- tion of potentially toxic reactive oxygen species, which can kill not only pathogens but also host cells. In this study we tested whether the encapsulation response is costly in mealworm beetles Tenebrio molitor. We found a negative relationship between the duration of implantation via a nylon monofilament and remaining life span. We also found a negative relationship between the strength of immune response and remaining life span, suggesting that cellular immunity is costly in T. molitor, and that there is a trade-off between immune response and remaining life span. However, this relationship disappeared at 31-32 hours of implanta- tion at 25 ± 2℃. As the disappearance of a relationship between duration of implantation and lifespan coincided with the highest values of encapsulation response, we concluded that the beetles stopped investment in the production of melanotic cells, as the implant, a synthetic parasite, was fully isolated from the host＇s tissues .

关键词： Cost of immunity Cellular immunity Encapsulation Lifespan Tenebrio molitor

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Angling of hybrid sunfish from a hatchery pond with potential implications for community fisheries

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Aquaculture and Fisheries 2023年第1期8卷 91-95页

作者： Brian G.Blackwell Matthew j.Ward todd M.Kaufman South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks603 East 8th AvenueWebsterSD57274USA South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks44437139A StreetWaubaySD57273USA

Hatcheries are frequently called upon to produce catchable-sized fish for stocking community fishing *** attributes of fish selected for stocking into community ponds are that they are easy to produce in a hatchery system to sizes anglers are interested in catching and they provide anglers with high catch rates once *** sunfish[male Bluegill(Lepomis macrochirus)×female Green Sunfish(***)]have attributes that potentially make them attractive for use in community fishing *** assessed initial angler catch rates of 100 stocked hybrid sunfish in a 0.12-ha hatchery pond and after being subjected to angling(four,1-hr catch-and-release fishing events with five anglers).We also investigated whether catch rates would change following a supplemental stocking of an additional 100 hybrid sunfish(four,1-hr catch-and-release fishing events with five anglers).The anal fin of each fish in the second stocking was hole punched to differentiate them from those of the first stocking and fish caught by anglers were hole punched in the caudal fin each time they were caught before being released back into the *** catch rates were highest during initial fishing events that followed stocking(9.2 fish/angler hr and 18.0 fish/angler hr)and substantially declined in subsequent events(≤3.4 fish/angler hr).Catches of the newly stocked fish and previously stocked fish contributed to the high catch following the supplemental ***(80%)of the fish were caught in the first 30 min of each event and 45%were caught during the first 10 *** were able to catch 88%of the fish from the first stocking and 67%from the second stocking at least *** mortality occurred during the study as all fish were recovered when the pond was *** results suggest that hybrid sunfish will potentially provide high initial catch rates following stocking into community ponds,but managers should expect reduced catch rates following initial fishing even without h

关键词： Hybrid sunfish Angling Community fishing ponds

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Design of 16S rRNA gene primers for 454 pyrosequencing of the human foregut microbiome

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World journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第33期16卷 4135-4144页

作者： Carlos W Nossa William E Oberdorf jφrn A Aas Bruce j Paster todd Z DeSantis Eoin L Brodie Daniel Malamud Michael A Poles Zhiheng Pei Department of Medicine New York University School of Medicine Department of Molecular Genetics The Forsyth Institute Faculty of Dentistry University of Oslo Harvard School of Dental Medicine Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Center for Environmental Biotechnology New York University College of Dentistry Depar tment of Pa thology and Medicine New York University School of MedicineNew YorkNY 10016United States Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Health SystemNewYorkNY 10010United States

AIM:To design and validate broad-range 16S rRNA primers for use in high throughput sequencing to classify bacteria isolated from the human foregut ***:A foregut microbiome dataset was constructed using 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained from oral,esophageal,and gastric microbiomes produced by Sanger sequencing in previous studies represented by 219 bacterial *** primers evaluated were from the European rRNA *** assess the effect of sequence length on accuracy of classification,16S rRNA genes of various lengths were created by trimming the full length *** spanning various hypervariable regions were selected to simulate the amplicons that would be obtained using possible primer *** sequences were compared with full length 16S rRNA genes for accuracy in taxonomic classification using online software at the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP).The universality of the primer set was evaluated using the RDP 16S rRNA database which is comprised of 433 306 16S rRNA genes,represented by 36 ***:Truncation to 100 nucleotides(nt)downstream from the position corresponding to base 28 in the Escherichia coli 16S rRNA gene caused misclassification of 87(39.7%)of the 219 sequences,compared with misclassification of only 29(13.2%)sequences with truncation to 350 *** 350-nt sequence reads within various regions of the 16S rRNA gene,the reverse read of an amplicon generated using the 343F/798R primers had the least(8.2%)effect on *** comparison,truncation to 900 nt mimicking single pass Sanger reads misclassified 5.0%of the 219 *** 343F/798R amplicon accurately assigned 91.8%of the 219 sequences at the species *** by abundance of the species in the esophageal dataset,the 343F/798R amplicon yielded similar classification accuracy without a significant loss in species coverage(92%).Modification of the 343F/798R primers to 347F/803R increased their universality among foregut ***

关键词： Foregut Microbiome 16S 454 sequencing Primer

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Increases in the incremental exercise mean response time across the steady state domain:Implications for exercise testing&prescription

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Sports Medicine and Health Science 2024年第4期6卷 315-323页

作者： Bridgette G.j.O'Malley Robert A.Robergs todd A.Astorino Queensland University of Technology Faculty of Health:School of Exercise and Nutrition SciencesBrisbaneAustralia Department of Kinesiology CSU-San MarcosSan MarcosCAUSA

We hypothesized that slowed oxygen uptake(VO_(2))kinetics for exercise transitions to higher power outputs(PO)within the steady state(SS)domain would increase the mean response time(MRT)with increasing exercise intensity during incremental *** highly trained cyclists(mean±standard deviation[SD]);age(39±6)years[yr];and VO_(2) peak=(61±9)mL/kg/min performed a maximal,ramp incremental cycling test and on separate days,four 6-min bouts of cycling at 30%,45%,65%&75% of their incremental peak PO(Wpeak).SS trial data were used to calculate the MRT and verified by mono-exponential and linear curve *** the ramp protocol attained the value from SS,the PO,in Watts(W),was converted to time(min)based on the ramp function W to quantify the incremental MRT(iMRT).Slope analyses for the VO_(2) responses of the SS versus incremental exercise data below the gas exchange threshold(GET)revealed a significant difference(p=0.003;[0.437±0.08]vs.[0.382±0.05]L·min^(-1)).There was a significant difference between the 45%Wpeak steady state VO_(2)(ss VO_(2))([3.08±0.30]L·min^(-1),respectively),and 30% Wpeak ss VO_(2)(2.26±0.24)(p<0.0001;[3.61±0.80]vs.[2.20±0.39]L·min^(-1))and between the iMRT for 45% and 30% Wpeak ss VO_(2) values([50.58±36.85]s vs.[32.20±43.28]s).These data indicate there is no single iMRT,which is consistent with slowed VO_(2) kinetics and an increasing VO_(2) deficit for higher exercise intensities within the SS domain.

关键词： Mean responsetime(MRT) Incremental exercise Steady state(SS) Exercise testing Exercise prescription

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Protein-based profiling of the human IgA1 clonal repertoire revealed shared clones of serum polymeric IgA1 and milk secretory IgA1

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2023年第3期20卷 305-307页

作者： jan Novak Matthew B.Renfrow R.Glenn King Colin Reily todd j.Green Department of Microbiology University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA

Human adaptive immunity involves the production and secretion of antibodies by differentiated B cells(ie.,antibody-secreting cells,also called plasma cells)in response to *** secreted antigen-specific antibodies are immunoglobulins that are present at substantial concentrations in blood,mucosal secretions,and breast ***,human immunoglobulins consist of two identical heavy(H)chains and two identical light(L)chains that are connected by disulfide bridges to form a homodimer of heterodimers(ie.,H+Ll2).Each heterodimer consists of one H chain linked with one L chain,whereas the homodimer is formed by linking two H chains *** genes for both the L and H chains are encoded by ligated gene segments that are genetically rearranged during V(D)j recombination,a process that endows each B cell with a unique receptor,giving rise to the enormous diversity of the B-cell antigen receptor repertoire.

关键词： IgA1 immunity chains

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Effect of longwall-induced subsurface deformations on shale gas well casing stability under deep covers

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International journal of Mining Science and Technology 2019年第1期29卷 3-8页

作者： Daniel W.H.Su Peter Zhang Mark Van Dyke todd Minoski Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH)Pittsburgh Mining Research Division(PMRD)

This paper presents the results of a 2017 study conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH), Pittsburgh Mining Research Division(PMRD), to evaluate the effects of longwall-induced subsurface deformations within a longwall abutment pillar under deep cover. The 2017 study was conducted in a southwestern Pennsylvania coal mine, which extracts 457 m-wide longwall panels under 361 m of cover. One 198 m-deep, in-place inclinometer monitoring well was drilled and installed over a 45 m by 84 m center abutment pillar. In addition to the monitoring well, surface subsidence measurements and underground coal pillar pressure measurements were conducted as the 457 m-wide longwall panel on the south side of the abutment pillar was being mined. Prior to the first longwall excavation, a number of simulations using FLAC3D^(TM) were conducted to estimate surface subsidence, increases in underground coal pillar pressure, and subsurface horizontal displacements in the monitoring well. Comparisons of the pre-mining FLAC3D simulation results and the surface, subsurface,and underground instrumentation results show that the measured in-place inclinometer casing deformations are in reasonable agreement with those predicted by the 3D finite difference models. The measured surface subsidence and pillar pressure are in excellent agreement with those predicted by the 3D *** from this 2017 research clearly indicate that, under deep cover, the measured horizontal displacements within the abutment pillar are approximately one order of magnitude smaller than those measured in a 2014 study under medium cover.

关键词： Longwall Deformations Shale gas wells Casing Safety and health

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Analysis of Transcriptome Changes Induced by Ptr ToxA in Wheat Provides Insights into the Mechanisms of Plant Susceptibility

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Molecular Plant 2009年第5期2卷 1067-1083页

作者： Iovanna Pandelova Melania F. Betts Viola A. Manning Larry j. Wilhelm todd C. Mockler Lynda M. Ciuffetti Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA

To obtain greater insight into the molecular events underlying plant disease susceptibility, we studied transcriptome changes induced by a host-selective toxin of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, Ptr ToxA （ToxA）, on its host plant, wheat. Transcriptional profiling of ToxA-treated leaves of a ToxA-sensitive wheat cultivar was performed using the GeneChip Wheat Genome Array. An improved and up-to-date annotation of the wheat microarray was generated and a new tool for array data analysis （BRAT） was developed, and both are available for public use via a web-based interface. Our data indicate that massive transcriptional reprogramming occurs due to ToxA treatment, including cellular responses typically associated with defense. In addition, this study supports previous results indicating that ToxA-induced cell death is triggered by impairment of the photosynthetic machinery and accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Based on results of this study, we propose that ToxA acts as both an elicitor and a virulence factor.

关键词： Gene expression transcriptome analysis defense responses fungal pathogenesis plant-microbe interactions host-selective toxin.

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