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Ground behaviour analysis,support system design and construction strategies in deep hard rock mining-Justified in Western Australian’s mines

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2020年第1期12卷 1-20页

作者： Behrooz Rahimi Mostafa Sharifzadeh xia-ting Feng Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering Western Australian School of Mines:MineralsEnergy and Chemical Engineering(WASM-MECE)Curtin UniversityKalgoorlieWM6430Australia Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines Northeastern UniversityShenyang110819China

Development of deep underground mining projects is crucial for optimum extraction of mineral *** main challenges at great depth are high rock stress levels,seismic events,large-scale deformation,sudden failures and high temperatures that may cause abrupt and unpredictable instability and collapse over a large *** this paper,a ground control and management strategy was presented corresponding to the three stages of projects:strategic design,tactical design and operational *** design is results in preparing a broad plan and primary design for mining *** tactical design is to provide detail design such as stabilisation *** design stage is related to monitoring and updating design *** most effective ground control strategies in this stage are maintenance,rehabilitation,monitoring and contingency ***,a new procedure for design of ground support systems for deep and hard rock was *** main principles are:static and/or dynamic loading types,determination of loading sources,characterisation of geological conditions and the effects of orientation of major structures with openings,estimation of ground loading factor,identification of potential primary and secondary failures,utilisation of appropriate design analysis methods,estimation of depth failure,calculation of the static and/or dynamic demand ground support capacity,and selection of surface and reinforcement *** force is the dominant loading force in low-level *** high stress level failure mechanism becomes more complex in rock mass *** this condition,a variety of factors such as release of stored energy due to seismic events,stress concentration,and major structures influence on ground behaviour and judgement are very *** key rock engineering schemes to minimise the risk of failures in high-stress levels at great depth involve depressurisation and quality control of ***

关键词： Ground management Support system design Sequential excavation Stress management Geotechnical monitoring Deep underground mines

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Evolution of mechanical parameters of Shuangjiangkou granite under different loading cycles and stress paths

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2024年第4期16卷 1113-1126页

作者： Liangjie Gu xia-ting Feng Rui Kong Chengxiang Yang Yuelin xia Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines Northeastern UniversityShenyang110819China State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China

Surrounding rocks at different locations are generally subjected to different stress paths during the process of deep hard rock *** this study,to reveal the mechanical parameters of deep surrounding rock under different stress paths,a new cyclic loading and unloading test method for controlled true triaxial loading and unloading and principal stress direction interchange was proposed,and the evolution of mechanical parameters of Shuangjiangkou granite under different stress paths was studied,including the deformation modulus,elastic deformation increment ratios,fracture degree,cohesion and internal friction ***,stress path coefficient was defined to characterize different stress paths,and the functional relationships among the stress path coefficient,rock fracture degree difference coefficient,cohesion and internal friction angle were *** results show that during the true triaxial cyclic loading and unloading process,the deformation modulus and cohesion gradually decrease,while the internal friction angle gradually increases with increasing equivalent crack *** stress path coefficient is exponentially related to the rock fracture degree difference *** the stress path coefficient increases,the degrees of cohesion weakening and internal friction angle strengthening decrease *** cyclic loading and unloading under true triaxial principal stress direction interchange,the direction of crack development changes,and the deformation modulus increases,while the cohesion and internal friction angle decrease slightly,indicating that the principal stress direction interchange has a strengthening effect on the surrounding ***,the influences of the principal stress interchange direction on the stabilities of deep engineering excavation projects are discussed.

关键词： Triaxial cyclic loading and unloading test Stress path Deformation modulus and elastic deformation increment ratios Fracture degree Cohesion and internal friction angle

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Rock mechanics contributions to recent hydroelectric developments in China

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2019年第3期11卷 511-526页

作者： xia-ting Feng Yang-Yi Zhou Quan Jiang Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines Northeastern UniversityShenyang110819China State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China

Rock mechanics plays a critical role in the design and construction of hydroelectric projects including large caverns under high in situ stress,deep tunnels with overburden more than 2500 m,and excavated rock slopes of 700 m in *** this,this paper conducts a review on the rock mechanics contributions to recent hydroelectric developments in *** includes the development of new testing facilities,mechanical models,recognition methods for mechanical parameters of rock masses,design flowchart and modeling approaches,cracking-restraint method,governing flowchart of rock engineering risk factors enabling the development of risk-reduced design and risk-reduced construction,and initial and dynamic design *** an example,the optimal design of underground powerhouses at the Baihetan hydroelectric plant,China,is *** includes determination of in situ stresses,prediction of deformation and failure depth of surrounding rock masses,development of the optimal excavation scheme and support *** situ monitoring results of the displacements and excavation damaged zones(EDZs)have verified the rationality of the design methodology.

关键词： Headrace tunnels Cavern groups Dam foundation Rock spalling Rockburst Deep cracking

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A testing system to understand rock fracturing processes induced by different dynamic disturbances under true triaxial compression

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2023年第1期15卷 102-118页

作者： xia-ting Feng Mian Tian Chengxiang Yang Benguo He Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines Northeastern UniversityShenyang110819China

In this context,a testing system to understand rock fracturing processes induced by different dynamic disturbances under true triaxial compression was *** system is mainly composed of a static loading subsystem,a dynamic loading subsystem,a specimen box subsystem,and a data measurement *** static loading subsystem uses low stiffness loss frame structure technology,which greatly improves the frame stiffness in the three principal stress directions(up to 20 GN/m)and ensures the demand of the disturbance experiment in both the prepeak and postpeak *** disturbance loads with frequency of 0e20 Hz and stress level of 0e30 MPa were applied using large flow parallel oil source technology characterized with high heat dissipation *** the disturbance loads with frequency of 100e500 Hz and stress level of 0e30 MPa,they were realized by using high-frequency and centimeter-per-second-scale low-speed disturbance rod *** rigid self-stabilizing specimen boxes were utilized to provide support for the specimen and deformation sensors,ensuring the stability and accuracy of the data *** verify the performance of the true triaxial test system,disturbance experiments were conducted on granite *** results show that the experimental device satisfies the requirements of original design,with an excellent repeatability and reliable testing results.

关键词： Low-frequency and low-amplitude full surface disturbance True triaxial system Prepeak and postpeak dynamic disturbance Rockburst-induced stress wave Blasting-induced stress wave Hard rock

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Experimental study on failure evolution mechanism of clastic rock considering cementation and intermediate principal stress

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2023年第7期15卷 1636-1650页

作者： Feiyan Wang xia-ting Feng Yangyi Zhou xiaojun Yu Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines School of Resources and Civil EngineeringNortheastern UniversityShenyang110819China Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province on Deep Engineering and Intelligent Technology Northeastern UniversityShenyang110819China

The study of clastic rock failure evolution under true triaxial stress is an important research topic;however,it is rarely studied systematically due to the limitation of monitoring *** this study,true triaxial compression tests were conducted on clastic rock specimens to investigate the effect of cementation and intermediate principal stress(s2)on the failure *** complete stressestrain curves were obtained,while the acoustic emission(AE)was monitored to indirectly evaluate the evo-lution of tensile and shear cracks,and crack evolution under true triaxial compression was imaged in real time by a high-speed *** results showed that the deformation and failure characteristics of clastic rock were closely related to the cementation type and intermediate principal *** the basis of the distribution characteristics of the ratio of rise time to amplitude(RA)and the average frequency(AF)of AE signals,tensile cracks of the contact cementation specimen propagated ***,the enhancement of specimen cementation promoted the evolution of shear cracks,and the increase inσ_(2)promoted the evolution of tensile ***,the mesoscale cracking mechanism of clastic rock caused by cementation andσ_(2)under true triaxial compression was *** failure patterns of clastic rock under true triaxial compression were divided into three modes:structure-induced,structure-stress-induced and stress-induced *** study confirms the feasibility of high-speed camera technology in true triaxial testing,and has important implications for elucidating the disaster mechanism of deep tunnels in weak rocks.

关键词： True triaxial compression Cementation Failure evolution Acoustic emission(AE) High-speed camera

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A continuous-discontinuous cellular automaton method for cracks growth and coalescence in brittle material

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Acta Mechanica Sinica 2014年第1期30卷 73-83页

作者： Fei Yan xia-ting Feng Peng-Zhi Pan Shao-Jun Li State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of Science

A method of continuous-discontinuous cellular automaton for modeling the growth and coalescence of multiple cracks in brittle material is presented. The method uses the level set to track arbitrary discontinuities, and calculation grids are independent of the discontinuities and no remeshing are required with the crack growing. Based on Grif- fith fracture theory and Mohr-Coulumb criterion, a mixed fracture criterion for multiple cracks growth in brittle mate- rial is proposed. The method treats the junction and coales- cence of multiple cracks, and junction criterion and coales- cence criterion for brittle material are given, too. Besides, in order to overcome the tracking error in the level set ap- proximation for crack junction and coalescence, a dichotomy searching algorithm is proposed. Introduced the above the- ories into continuous-discontinuous cellular automaton, the present method can be applied to solving multiple crack growth in brittle material, and only cell stiffness is needed and no assembled global stiffness is needed. Some numerical examples are given to shown that the present method is efficient and accurate for crack junction, coalescence and percolation problems.

关键词： Continuous-discontinuous cellular automatonmethod Multiple crack growth Discontinuous cellular au-tomaton Junction criterion - Coalescence criterion

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Fracture morphology and crack mechanism in pure polycrystalline magnesium under tension-compression fatigue testing

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Rare Metals 2020年第2期39卷 162-168页

作者： Li Tan Xi-Yan Zhang ting xia Guang-Jie Huang Qing Liu College of Materials Science and Engineering Chongqing UniversityChongqing400045China National Engineering Research Centre for Magnesium Alloy Chongqing UniversityChongqing400045China

The fatigue fracture was characterized and the fracture behavior was analyzed,using scanning electron microscope(SEM)and electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD),the fatigue tests of two strain amplitude at room temperature were 0.5%and 1.0%respectively,and the results showed that the fatigue deformation of different strain amplitude produced two typical fatigue fracture morphology,and when the strain amplitude was 1.0%,fatigue fracture mechanism of AZ31 magnesium alloy induced by{1012}twins,when the strain amplitude is 0.5%,it was induced by{1012}-{1012}double *** the present study,the average thickness of primary twin is^20μm at amplitude of 0.5%and^80μm at amplitude of 1.%.The thickness of{1012}primary twins was large enough to activate{1012}-{1012}secondary twins at a high strain amplitude,while the thickness of{1012}primary twins was too narrow to activate{1012}-{1012}secondary twins at a low strain amplitude.

关键词： Deformation twinning Magnesium Fracture Fatigue

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A rigid true triaxial apparatus for analyses of deformation and failure features of deep weak rock under excavation stress paths

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2023年第5期15卷 1065-1075页

作者： xia-ting Feng xiaojun Yu Yangyi Zhou Chengxiang Yang Feiyan Wang Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines School of Resources and Civil EngineeringNortheastern UniversityShenyang110819China Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province on Deep Engineering and Intelligent Technology Northeastern UniversityShenyang110819China

The squeezing scenario in deep weak rock tunnels can hinder underground ***,due to the limitations of test technologies at hand,the real excavation stress path cannot be mimicked in the ***,the large deformation mechanism of deep weak rocks still remains *** this,a true triaxial apparatus(TTA)to investigate the mechanical responses of deep weak rock under excavation stress paths in field and reveal the squeezing mechanism of deep tunnels is assembled and developed at Northeastern University,*** apparatus can perform instantaneous unloading in s3 direction based on electromagnetism *** addition,uniform loading and deformation measurements can be carried out based on the proposed linked interlocking clamp and antifriction device,even if the sample has a strong dilatation deformation ***,a bore trepanning is designed to capture noiseless acoustic emission(AE)signals for deep weak rock at a low ***,two tests were are conducted using this instrument to preliminarily understand the failure and deformation features of deep weak rock based on fractured *** results show that the complete stressestrain curves of fractured marble have the characteristics of low strengths and large deformations,and the larger deformation and the more serious failure occur when the fractured marble enters the post-peak state after *** results show that the developed apparatus is likely to be applicable for deep weak rock engineering.

关键词： True triaxial apparatus(TTA) Deep weak rock Large deformation Excavation stress path Instantaneous unloading

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3D DEM simulation of hard rock fracture in deep tunnel excavation induced by changes in principal stress magnitude and orientation

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2024年第10期16卷 3870-3884页

作者： Weiqi Wang xia-ting Feng Qihu Wang Rui Kong Chengxiang Yang Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines Northeastern UniversityShenyang110819China Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources Wuhan430081China

To achieve the loading of the stress path of hard rock,the spherical discrete element model(DEM)and the new flexible membrane technology were utilized to realize the transient loading of three principal stresses with arbitrary magnitudes and ***,based on the deep tunnel of China Jinping Underground Laboratory II(CJPL-II),the deformation and fracture evolution characteristics of deep hard rock induced by excavation stress path were analyzed,and the mechanisms of transient loading-unloading and stress rotation-induced fractures were revealed from a mesoscopic *** results indicated that the stressestrain curve exhibits different trends and degrees of sudden changes when subjected to transient changes in principal stress,accompanied by sudden changes in strain *** rotation induces spatially directional deformation,resulting in fractures of different degrees and orientations,and increasing the degree of deformation *** correlation between the degree of induced fracture and the unloading magnitude of minimum principal stress,as well as its initial level is significant and *** process of mechanical response during transient unloading exhibits clear nonlinearity and *** transient unloading,both the minimum principal stress and minimum principal strain rate decrease sharply and then tend to *** occurs from the edge to the interior and from the direction of the minimum principal stress to the direction of the maximum principal stress on theε1-ε3 *** unloading will induce a tensile stress *** ability to induce fractures due to changes in principal stress magnitude,orientation and rotation paths gradually *** analysis indicates a positive correlation between the abrupt change amplitude of strain rate and the maximum unloading magnitude,which is determined by the magnitude and rotation of principal stress.A high tensile strain rate is more likely to induce fractures u

关键词： Deep hard rock tunnel Three-dimensional(3D)discrete element model(DEM) Magnitude and orientation of principal stress Transient unloading Fracture mechanism

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A multifunctional shear apparatus for rocks subjected to true triaxial stress and high temperature in real-time

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2024年第9期16卷 3524-3543页

作者： Jun Zhao xia-ting Feng Jia-Rong Wang Liang Hu Yue Guo Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines Northeastern UniversityShenyang110819China Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province on Deep Engineering and Intelligent Technology Northeastern UniversityShenyang110819China

Deep engineering disasters,such as rockbursts and collapses,are more related to the shear slip of rock joints.A novel multifunctional device was developed to study the shear failure mechanism in *** this device,the complete shearedeformation process and long-term shear creep tests could be performed on rocks under constant normal stiffness(CNS)or constant normal loading(CNL)conditions in real-time at high temperature and true-triaxial *** the research and development process,five key technologies were successfully broken through:(1)the ability to perform true-triaxial compressioneshear loading tests on rock samples with high stiffness;(2)a shear box with ultra-low friction throughout the entire stress space of the rock sample during loading;(3)a control system capable of maintaining high stress for a long time and responding rapidly to the brittle fracture of a rock sample as well;(4)a refined ability to measure the volumetric deformation of rock samples subjected to true triaxial shearing;and(5)a heating system capable of maintaining uniform heating of the rock sample over a long *** developing these technologies,loading under high true triaxial stress conditions was *** apparatus has a maximum normal stiffness of 1000 GPa/m and a maximum operating temperature of 300*** differences in the surface temperature of the sample are constant to within5*** types of true triaxial shear tests were conducted on homogeneous sandstone to verify that the apparatus has good performance and *** results show that temperature,lateral stress,normal stress and time influence the shear deformation,failure mode and strength of the *** novel apparatus can be reliably used to conduct true-triaxial shear tests on rocks subjected to high temperatures and stress.

关键词： True-triaxial shear apparatus Rocks Complete shear stress-deformation process Creep Real-time high-temperature

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