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The effect of social context and social scale on the perception of relationships in monk parakeets

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Current Zoology 2015年第1期61卷 55-69页

作者： Elizabeth A. HOBSON Darlene J. JOHN Tiffany l. MCINTOSH Michael l. AVERY timothy F. WRIGHT National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996-3410 USA Department of Biology New Mexico State University Las Cruces NM 88003USA USDA Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center Gainesville FL 32641USA

Social relationships formed within a network of interacting group members can have a profound impact on an indi- vidual＇s behavior and fitness. However, we have little understanding of how individuals perceive their relationships and how this perception relates to our external measures of interactions. We investigated the perception of affiliative and agonistic relation- ships at both the dyadic and emergent social levels in two captive groups of monk parakeets （Myiopsitta monachus, n = 21 and 19） using social network analysis and playback experiments. At the dyadic social scale, individuals directed less aggression to- wards their strong affiliative partners and more aggression towards non-partner *** the emergent social scale, there was no association between relationships in different social contexts and an individual＇s dominance rank did not correlate with its popularity rank. Playback response pattems were mainly driven by relationships in affiliative social contexts at the dyadic scale. In both groups, individual responses to playback experiments were significantly affected by strong affiliative relationships at the dyadic social scale, albeit in different directions in the two groups. Response pattems were also affected by affiliative relation- ships at the emergent social scale, but only in one of the two groups. Within affiliative relationships, those at the dyadic social scale were perceived by individuals in both groups, but those at the emergent social scale only affected responses in one group. These results provide preliminary evidence that relationships in affiliative social contexts may be perceived as more important than agonistic relationships in captive monk parakeet groups. Our approach could be used in a wide range of social species and comparative analyses could provide important insight into how individuals perceive relationships across social contexts and social scales [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 55-69, 2015].

关键词： Affiliative Agonistic Dominance Eigenvector centrality Emergent social property Myiopsitta monachus Parrot Popularity Rank Social network analysis

Internal hemorrhoid harboring adenocarcinoma:A case report

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2021年第1期13卷 87-91页

作者： Michael l Caparelli Jason C Batey Anisha Tailor timothy Braverman Cory Barrat of Surgery The Jewish HospitalCincinnatiOH 45236United States Department of Pathology The Jewish HospitalCincinnatiOH 45236United States

BACKGROUND The incidence of carcinoma found within an internal hemorrhoid specimen is exceptionally ***,the presence of primary anal canal adenocarcinoma within internal hemorrhoids is even more *** describe a case in which anal canal adenocarcinoma was found within an internal hemorrhoidectomy specimen and perform a review of the current *** SUMMARY The patient was a 79-year-old male who presented with rectal bleeding and was found to have large thrombosed internal hemorrhoids during screening *** patient subsequently underwent a three-column *** analysis revealed one of three specimens containing a 1.5 cm moderate-to-poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of anal origin with superficial submucosal *** three-month follow up,he was taken to the operating theatre for biopsy and re-excision of his non-healing wound,which showed no *** wound has since healed and he was cancer free at ten-month follow *** When faced with primary anal canal adenocarcinoma an interdisciplinary approach to treatment should be *** pathological analysis of hemorrhoidectomy specimens may be beneficial due to the severity of anal canal carcinomas if left undiagnosed and untreated in a timely manner.

关键词： Hemorrhoidectomy Adenocarcinoma Colorectal Anal canal Oncology Hematochezia Case report

4D imaging of void nucleation,growth,and coalescence from large and small inclusions in steel under tensile deformation

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2022年第28期123卷 168-176页

作者： Yi Guo timothy l.Burnett Samuel A.McDonald Michael Daly Andrew H.Sherry Philip J.Withers Shenyang National laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China Henry Royce Institute Department of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterM139PLUK European Synchrotron Radiation Facility(ESRF) 6 rue J Horowitz38000 GrenobleFrance National Nuclear laboratory Chadwick HouseBirchwood ParkWarringtonWA36AEUK

Samples of SA508 grade 3 nuclear pressure vessel ferritic steel were subjected to tensile straining whilst being simultaneously imaged in 3D in real time using high resolution,high frame rate time-lapse synchrotron computed tomography(CT).This enabled direct observation of void development from nucleation,through growth to coalescence and final failure validating many inferences made post-mortem or by theoretical models,as well as raising new *** sparse,large inclusions were found to nucleate voids at essentially zero plastic strain(consistent with zero interfacial strength);these became increasingly elongated with *** contrast,a high density of small spherical voids were found to nucleate from the sub-micron cementite particles at larger strains(>200%)only in the centre of the necked(high triaxiality)*** interfacial strength approaching 2100 MPa was inferred and soon after their nucleation,these small voids coalesce to form internal microcracks that lead to the final failure of the *** surprisingly,under these conditions of generally low triaxial constraint the large voids are simply cut across and appear to play no significant role in determining the final *** implications of these results are discussed in terms of ductile fracture behaviour and the Gurson model for ductile fracture.

关键词： Void growth Ductile fracture Synchrotron X-ray tomography 4D imaging Bainitic steel

CD40 stimulation as a molecular adjuvant for cancer vaccines and other immunotherapies

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2022年第1期19卷 14-22页

作者： timothy N.J.Bullock Department of Pathology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA

The substantial advances attained by checkpoint blockade immunotherapies have driven an expansion in the approaches used to promote T cell access to the tumor microenvironment to provide targets for checkpoint *** in any T cell response to a tumor antigen is the capacity of dendritic cells to initiate and support such ***,the rationale and early immunobiology of CD40 as a master regulator of dendritic cell activation is reviewed,with further contextualization and appreciation for the role of CD40 stimulation not only in cancer vaccines but also in other contemporary immune-oncology approaches.

关键词： CD40 vaccine CD40l T cell dendritic cell

Potential adaptation of a Q biotype whitefly population from poinsettia to field crops

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Insect Science 2011年第6期18卷 719-728页

作者： Xiangshun Hu timothy J. Dennehy Xinzhi Ni Huiyan Zhao Robert l. Nichols Xianchun li College of Plant Protection NorthwestA ＆ F University Yangfing Shaanxi Province China Department of Entomology and BI05 Institute University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USDA-ARS Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit Tifton Georgia Cotton Incorporated Cary North Carolina USA

The invasive Q biotype whitefly was first detected in the US on poinsettia in 2004 and is still not a pest outside of greenhouse environments in the US. To assess the potential for the establishment of the Q biotype on field crops, population cage experiments were conducted to compare the performance of a poinsettia-derived Q population named P＇06 on poinsettia and six field crops （alfalfa, tomato, melon, cotton, cowpea and cabbage）. P＇06 adults reared on poinsettia as nymphs laid eggs on all six field crops. Significantly more eggs were laid on alfalfa, tomato, melon and cotton than on cabbage, cowpea and poinsettia. These eggs hatched and the nymphs developed to adults on the six field crops. Relative to poinsettia, whitefly survival was similar on cowpea, alfalfa, tomato and cabbage, but significantly higher on cotton and melon. Moreover, P＇06 had significantly shorter development times from egg to adult on cotton, melon, cowpea, tomato and alfalfa than they did on poinsettia. However, the F1 adults raised on the six field crops had significantly shorter lifespans and laid 11- to 18-fold fewer eggs than did the F1 adults raised on poinsettia. Taken together, while P＇06 may have some potential to establish on field crops, the shorter lifespans and extremely low fectmdities of the F1 adults raised on the six field crops suggests that P＇06 is incapable of rapidly adapting to them. Poor adaptation to field crops may explain, at least partially, why the Q biotype has not established in the US field system.

关键词： Bemisia tabaci host adaptation life history traits population establishment,Q-biotype.

Innovative approaches to genome editing in avian species

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2018年第2期9卷 278-284页

作者： Caitlin A.Cooper timothy J.Doran Arjun Challagulla Mark l.V.Tizard Kristie A.Jenkins CSIRO Health and Biosecurity Australian Animal Health Laboratory

The tools available for genome engineering have significantly improved over the last 5 years, allowing scientist to make precise edits to the genome. Along with the development of these new genome editing tools has come advancements in technologies used to deliver them. In mammals genome engineering tools are typically delivered into in vitro fertilized single cell embryos which are subsequently cultured and then implanted into a recipient *** avian species this is not possible, so other methods have been developed for genome engineering in birds. The most common involves in vitro culturing of primordial germ cells(PGCs), which are cells that migrate through the embryonic circulatory system to the developing gonad and colonize the gonad, eventually differentiating into the gonadocytes which produce either sperm or ova. While in culture the PGCs can be modified to carry novel transgenes or gene edits, the population can be screened and enriched, and then transferred into a recipient embryo. The largest drawback of PGC culture is that culture methods do not transfer well across avian species, thus there are reliable culture methods for only a few species including the chicken. Two newer technologies that appear to be more easily adapted in a wider range of avian species are direct injection and sperm transfection assisted gene editing(STAGE).The direct injection method involves injecting genome engineering tools into the circulatory system of the developing embryo just prior to the developmental time point when the PGCs are migrating to the gonads. The genome engineering tools are complexed with transfection reagents, allowing for in vivo transfection of the PGCs. STAGE utilizes sperm transfection to deliver genome engineering tools directly to the newly fertilized embryo. Preliminary evidence indicates that both methodologies have the potential to be adapted for use in birds species other than the chicken, however further work is needed in this area.

关键词： Avian CRISPR Genome engineering PGCs Sperm TAlEN

Differential responses of three coastal grassland species to seawater flooding

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2017年第2期10卷 322-330页

作者： Mick E.Hanley Tom l.Gove Gregory R.Cawthray timothy D.Colmer School of Biological Sciences Plymouth UniversityDrake CircusPlymouth PL48AAEngland School of Plant Biology The University of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawley6009 WAAustralia

Aims Supratidal plant communities fulfil a vital role in coastal protec-tion,but despite an increased likelihood of seawater flooding resulting from anthropogenic climate change,we understand little about how tidal inundation affects these habitats or interactions between their component *** aim was to determine how three common coastal grassland species responded to simulated seawater flooding and how subsequent changes to their ecophysi-ology,growth and survival might affect plant-plant interactions in mixed *** Seeds of three widely distributed European coastal grassland species(leontodon autumnalis Asteraceae,Plantago lanceo-lata Plantaginaceae and Trifolium pratense Fabaceae)were collected from a coastal grassland site in South West *** Experiment 1,we quantified changes in leaf ion(K^(+),Na^(+),Cl^(−))concentrations as a response to short-duration(0,2,8 or 24 h)immersion in seawater of the root-zone before monitoring longer-term effects on plant survival and *** a second experiment,we examined community-level responses by subjecting mixed assemblages of all three species to seawater immersion for(0,12,24 or 96 h).Important Findings When grown individually,one species(Trifolium)had markedly reduced survival with increasing soil immersion time,but a con-sistent decline in plant growth for all species with flooding dura-tion was most likely linked to osmotic and ionic stresses caused by salt ion *** mixed assemblages,all species suffered increased mortality and reduced growth following seawater flood-ing,although the relative contribution of one species(leontodon)to total biomass increased in flooded *** thus demon-strate a number of species-specific responses to simulated seawater flooding and show that when grown together,interactions between plants are altered as a *** argue that variation in the responses of component plant species will dictate how coastal plant communities respond to,and r

关键词： climate change salinity sea-level rise soil waterlogging storm surge microcosm

Management of borderline and locally advanced pancreatic cancer:Where do we stand?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第9期20卷 2255-2266页

作者： Jin He Andrew J Page Matthew Weiss Christopher l Wolfgang Joseph M Herman timothy M Pawlik Department of Surgery Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore MD 21287 United States Department of Radiation Oncology Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore MD 21287 United States

Many patients with pancreas cancer present with locally advanced pancreatic cancer(lAPC).The principle tools used for diagnosis and staging of lAPC include endoscopic ultrasound,axial imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging,and diagnostic *** definition of resectability has historically been vague,as there is considerable debate and controversy as to the definition of *** the patient with lAPC,there is some level of involvement of the surrounding vascular structures,which include the superior mesenteric artery,celiac axis,hepatic artery,superior mesenteric vein,or portal *** feasible,most surgeons would recommend possible surgical resection for patients with borderline lAPC,with the goal of an R0 *** initially unresectable lAPC,neoadjuvant should be strongly ***,these patients should be offered neoadjuvant therapy,and the tumor should be assessed for possible response and eventual *** efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy with this approach as a bridge to potential curative resection is broad,ranging from 3%-79%.The different modalities of neoadjuvant therapy include sin-gle or multi-agent chemotherapy combined with radiation,chemotherapy alone,and chemotherapy followed by chemotherapy with *** review focuses on patients with lAPC and addresses recent advances and controversies in the field.

关键词： Pancreas locally advanced Chemotherapy Radiation Irreversible electroporation Pancreatic cancer

Empowering youth sport environments: Implications for daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and adiposity

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2017年第4期6卷 423-433页

作者： Sally A.M. Fenton Joan l. Duda Paul R. Appleton timothy G. Barrett School of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK

Background: Evidence suggests involvement in youth sport does not guarantee daily guidelines for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA) are met, and participation may not mitigate the risks associated with physical inactivity. The need to promote higher habitual MVPA engagement amongst children active in the youth sport context has therefore been underlined. Framed by self-determination theory, the aim of the present study was to examine the implications of the motivational climate created in youth sport, for children's daily engagement in MVPA and associated adiposity. Specifically, we sought to test a motivational sequence in which children's perceptions of an empowering coach-created motivational climate were related to autonomous and controlled motivation, which in turn predicted sport-related enjoyment. Finally, enjoyment was assumed to predict accelerometer assessed daily MVPA and, following this, ***: Male and female youth sport participants aged 9–16 years(n = 112) completed multi-section questionnaires assessing their perceptions of the motivational climate created in youth sport(i.e., autonomy supportive, task involving, socially supportive), autonomous and controlled motivation, and sport-related enjoyment. Daily MVPA engagement was determined via 7 days of accelerometry. Percent body fat(BF%) was estimated using bio-electrical impedance ***: Path analysis revealed perceptions of an empowering motivational climate positively predicted players' autonomous motivation, and in turn, sport-related enjoyment. Enjoyment was also significantly negatively related to players' BF%, via a positive association with daily ***: Fostering more empowering youth sport environments may hold implications for the prevention of excess adiposity, through encouraging higher habitual MVPA engagement. Findings may inform the optimal design of youth sport settings for MVPA promotion, and contribute towards associated healthy weight maint

关键词： Accelerometry Exercise psychology Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity Motivation Obesity Self-determination theory Youth sport