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The ruminal microbiome associated with methane emissions from ruminant livestock

journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2017年第2期8卷 289-299页

作者： Ilma Tapio timothy j.Snelling Francesco Strozzi R.john Wallace Green Technology Natural Resources Institute FinlandJokioinenFinland Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health University of AberdeenForesterhillAberdeen AB16 5BDUK. PTP Via Einstein-Loc.Cascina Codazza26900 Lodiltaly

Methane emissions from ruminant livestock contribute significantly to the large environmental footprint of *** rumen is the principal source of methane, and certain features of the microbiome are associated with low/high methane phenotypes. Despite their primary role in methanogenesis, the abundance of archaea has only a weak correlation with methane emissions from individual animals. The composition of the archaeal community appears to have a stronger effect, with animals harbouring the Methanobrevibacter gottschalki clade tending to be associated with greater methane emissions. Ciliate protozoa produce abundant H_2, the main substrate for methanogenesis in the rumen,and their removal（defaunation） results in an average 11% lower methane emissions in vivo, but the results are not consistent. Different protozoal genera seem to result in greater methane emissions, though community types（A, AB, B and O） did not differ. Within the bacteria, three different ‘ruminotypes＇ have been identified, two of which predispose animals to have lower methane emissions. The two low-methane ruminotypes are generally characterized by less abundant H_2-producing bacteria. A lower abundance of Proteobacteria and differences in certain Bacteroidetes and anaerobic fungi seem to be associated with high methane emissions. Rumen anaerobic fungi produce abundant H_2 and formate, and their abundance generally corresponds to the level of methane emissions. Thus, microbiome analysis is consistent with known pathways for H_2 production and methanogenesis, but not yet in a predictive manner. The production and utilisation of formate by the ruminal microbiota is poorly understood and may be a source of variability between animals.

关键词： Archaea Methane Microbiome Rumen

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The Impact of AIRS Atmospheric Temperature and Moisture Profiles on Hurricane Forecasts: Ike(2008) and Irene(2011)

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2015年第3期32卷 319-335页

作者： ZHENG jing jun LI timothy j.SCHMIT jinlong LI Zhiquan LIU Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies University of Wisconsin-MadisonWisconsin 53706 USA National Satellite Meteorological Center China Meteorological Administration Advanced Satellite Products Branch Center for Satellite Applications and ResearchNESDIS/NOAA Madison WI 53706 USA National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado 80305 USA

Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder （AIRS） measurements are a valuable supplement to current observational data,especially over the oceans where conventional data are *** this study,two types of AIRS-retrieved temperature and moisture profiles,the AIRS Science Team product （SciSup） and the single field-of-view （SFOV） research product,were evaluated with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts （ECMWF） analysis data over the Atlantic Ocean during Hurricane Ike （2008） and Hurricane Irene （2011）.The evaluation results showed that both types of AIRS profiles agreed well with the ECMWF analysis,especially between 200 hPa and 700 *** average standard deviation of both temperature profiles was approximately 1 K under 200 hPa,where the mean AIRS temperature profile from the AIRS SciSup retrievals was slightly colder than that from the AIRS SFOV *** mean SciSup moisture profile was slightly drier than that from the SFOV in the mid troposphere.A series of data assimilation and forecast experiments was then conducted with the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） model and its three-dimensional variational （3DVAR） data assimilation system for hurricanes Ike and *** results showed an improvement in the hurricane track due to the assimilation of AIRS clear-sky temperature profiles in the hurricane *** terms of total precipitable water and rainfall forecasts,the hurricane moisture environment was found to be affected by the AIRS sounding ***,improving hurricane intensity forecasts through assimilating AIRS profiles remains a challenge for further study.

关键词： AIRS data assimilation temperature profile moisture profile hurricane forecast WRF 3DVAR

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Two decades of variable retention in British Columbia: a review of its implementation and effectiveness for biodiversity conservation

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Ecological Processes 2019年第1期8卷 402-423页

作者： William j.Beese john Deal B.Glen Dunsworth Stephen j.Mitchell timothy j.Philpott Vancouver Island University 900 Fifth StreetNanaimoBC V9R 5S5Canada Western Forest Products 118–1334 Island Hwy.Campbell RiverBC V9W 8C9Canada Glen Dunsworth Ecological Consulting 7857 Shangri-La Rd.LantzvilleBC V0R 2H0Canada University of British Columbia 2424 Main MallVancouverBC V6T 1Z4Canada BC Min.of Forests Lands and Nat.Res.Oper400–640 Borland St.Williams LakeBC V2G 4T1Canada

Stand-level retention is an important component of sustainable forest management which aims to balance ecological,social and economic ***-term retention of mature forest structures at the time of harvesting(variable retention)is intended to produce future forest stands that more closely resemble conditions that develop after natural disturbances,thereby maintaining greater diversity of habitats for a variety of *** includes features such as live and dead trees representing multiple canopy layers,undisturbed understory vegetation and coarse woody *** the past two decades,variable retention has become common on forest lands in the temperate rainforests of coastal British Columbia(BC)and has been applied to a lesser extent in inland forest *** review of studies in BC and in similar forest types in our region indicates that both aggregated and dispersed retention can contribute to biodiversity conservation by providing short-term‘life-boating’habitat for some species and by enhancing the structural characteristics of future *** example,greater abundance of species present in the pre-harvest forest have been documented for vegetation,birds,carabid beetles,gastropods,ectomycorrhizal fungi and soil fauna in retention cutblocks compared to *** are,however,some negative consequences for timber production such as wind damage to retained trees and reduced growth rates of tree regeneration compared to *** authors suggest an adaptive management approach for balancing competing objectives when faced with *** includes monitoring the implementation and effectiveness of various strategies for achieving *** two decades of experience applying variable retention harvesting to industrial-scale management of forest lands in BC suggests that it is possible to balance production of wood with biodiversity conservation.

关键词： Alternative silvicultural systems Clearcutting Biological legacies Forest biodiversity Old-growth Variable retention British Columbia

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Notch signaling controls chondrocyte hypertrophy via indirect regulation of Sox9

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Bone Research 2015年第3期3卷 140-151页

作者： Anat Kohn timothy P Rutkowski Zhaoyang Liu Anthony j Mirando Michael j Zuscik Regis j O'Keefe Matthew j Hilton Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation The Center for Musculoskeletal Research University of Rochester Medical Center Department of Biomedical Genetics University of Rochester Medical Center Department of Biology University of Rochester Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Duke Orthopaedic Cellular Developmental and Genome Laboratories Duke University School of Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Washington University School of Medicine

RBPjk-dependent Notch signaling regulates both the onset of chondrocyte hypertrophy and the progression to terminal chondrocyte maturation during endochondral ossification. It has been suggested that Notch signaling can regulate Sox9 transcription, although how this occurs at the molecular level in chondrocytes and whether this transcriptional regulation mediates Notch control of chondrocyte hypertrophy and cartilage development is unknown or controversial. Here we have provided conclusive genetic evidence linking RBPjk-dependent Notch signaling to the regulation of Sox9 expression and chondrocyte hypertrophy by examining tissuespecific Rbpjk mutant（Prx1Cre;Rbpjkf/f）, Rbpjk mutant/Sox9 haploinsufficient（Prx1Cre;Rbpjkf/f;Sox9f/1）,and control embryos for alterations in SOX9 expression and chondrocyte hypertrophy during cartilage development. These studies demonstrate that Notch signaling regulates the onset of chondrocyte maturation in a SOX9-dependent manner, while Notch-mediated regulation of terminal chondrocyte maturation likely functions independently of SOX9. Furthermore, our in vitro molecular analyses of the Sox9 promoter and Notch-mediated regulation of Sox9 gene expression in chondrogenic cells identified the ability of Notch to induce Sox9 expression directly in the acute setting, but suppresses Sox9 transcription with prolonged Notch signaling that requires protein synthesis of secondary effectors.

关键词： Figure Notch signaling controls chondrocyte hypertrophy via indirect regulation of Sox9 NICD SOX

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What are the evolutionary origins of stomatal responses to abscisic acid in land plants?

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journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2017年第4期59卷 240-260页

作者： Frances C. Sussmilch timothy j. Brodribb Scott A. M. McAdam School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia

The evolution of active stomatal closure in response to leaf water deficit, mediated by the hormone abscisic acid （ABA）, has been the subject of recent debate. Two different models for the timing of the evolution of this response recur in the literature. A single-step model for stomatal control suggests that stomata evolved active, ABA- mediated control of stomatal aperture, when these structures first appeared, prior bryophyte and vascular plant gradualistic model for stomatal to the divergence of neages. In contrast, a control proposes that the most basal vascular plant stomata responded passively to changes in leaf water status. This model suggests that active ABA-driven mechanisms for stomatal responses to water status instead evolved after the divergence of seed plants, culminating in the complex, ABA-mediated responses observed in modern angiosperms. Here we review the findings that form the basis for these two models, including recent work that provides critical molecular insights into resolving this intriguing debate, and find strong evidence to support a gradualistic model for stomatal evolution.

关键词： ABA What are the evolutionary origins of stomatal responses to abscisic acid in land plants acid

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Observation of ocean current response to 1998 Hurricane Georges in the Gulf of Mexico

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2006年第1期25卷 1-14页

作者： ZHENG Quanan LAI Ronald j HUANG Nortlen E PAN jiayi LIU W timothy Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA Minerals Management Service U S Department of the Interior Hemdon Virginia 20170 USA Ocean and Ice Branch NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland 20771 USA Department of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems Oregon Graduate Institute Beaverton Oregon 97006 USA jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91109 USA

The ocean current response to a hurricane on the shelf-break is examined. The study area is the DeSoto Canyon in the northeast Gulf of Mexico, and the event is the passage of 1998 Hurricane Georges with a maximum wind speed of 49 m/s. The data sets used for analysis consist of the mooring data taken by the Field Program of the DeSoto Canyon Eddy Intrusion Study, and simultaneous winds observed by NOAA （National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration） Moored Buoy 42040. Time-depth ocean current energy density images derived from the observed data show that the ocean currents respond almost immediately to the hurricane with important differences on and offthe shelf. On the shelf, in the shallow water of 100 m, the disturbance penetrates rapidly downward to the bottom and forms two energy peaks, the major peak is located in the mixed layer and the secondary one in the lower layer. The response dissipates quickly after external forcing disappears. Offthe shelf, in the deep water, the major disturbance energy seems to be trapped in the mixed layer with a trailing oscillation; although the disturbance signals may still be observed at the depths of 500 and 1 290 m. Vertical dispersion analysis reveals that the near-initial wave packet generated offthe shelf consists of two modes. One is a barotropic wave mode characterized by a fast decay rate of velocity amplitude of 0.020 s^-, and the other is baroclinic wave mode characterized by a slow decay rate of 0.006 9 s^-1. The band-pass-filtering and empirical function techniques are employed to the frequency analysis. The results indicate that ialf frequencies shift above the local inertial frequency. On the shelf, the average frequency is 1.04fin the mixed layer, close to the diagnosed frequency of the first baroclinic mode, and the average frequency increases to 1.07fin the thermocline. Offthe shelf, all frequencies are a little smaller than the diagnosed frequency of the first mode. The average frequency decreases from 1.035

关键词： shelf dynamics hurricane ocean current air-sea interaction

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Net ecosystem carbon exchange for Bermuda grass growing in mesocosms as affected by irrigation frequency

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Pedosphere 2022年第3期32卷 393-401页

作者： Yuan LI Gabriel *** timothy j.CLOUGH john E.HUNT David WHITEHEAD Department of Soil and Physical Sciences Lincoln UniversityLincoln 7647(New Zealand) Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research P.O.Box 69040Lincoln 7640(New Zealand) State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and TechnologyLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730020(China) Soil Biology Group Wageningen University and ResearchP.O.Box 47Wageningen 6700 AA(The Netherlands)

Intensification of grazed grasslands following conversion from dryland to irrigated farming has the potential to alter ecosystem carbon(C)cycling and affect components of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))exchange that could lead to either net accumulation or loss of soil *** there are many studies on the effect of water availability on biomass production and soil C stocks,much less is known about the effect of the frequency of water inputs on the components of CO_(2)*** grew Bermuda grass(Cynodon dactylon L.)in mesocosms under irrigation frequencies of every day(I_(1) treatment,30 d),every two days(I_(2) treatment,12 d),every three days(I_(3) treatment,30 d),and every six days(I_(6) treatment,18 d,after I_(2) treatment).Rates of CO_(2)exchange for estimating net ecosystem CO_(2)exchange(F_(N)),ecosystem respiration(R_(E)),and soil respiration(R_(S))were measured,and gross C uptake by plants(F_(G))and respiration from leaves(R_(L))were calculated during two periods,1–12 and 13–30 d,of the 30-d *** the first 12 d,there were no significant differences in cumulative F_(N)(mean±standard deviation,61±30 g C m^(-2),n=4).During the subsequent 18 d,cumulative F_(N) decreased with decreasing irrigation frequency and increasing cumulative soil water deficit(W),with values of 70±22,60±16,and 18±12 g C m^(-2) for the I_(1),I_(3),and I_(6) treatments,*** were similar decreases in F_(G),R_(E),and R_(L) with increasing W,but differences in R_(S) were not *** of the C_(4) grass growing in a C_(3)-derived soil enabled partitioning of R_(S) into its autotrophic(R_(A))and heterotrophic(R_(H))components using a^(13)C natural abundance isotopic technique at the end of the experiment when differences in cumulative W between the treatments were the *** values of R_(H) and its percentage contributions to R_(S)(43%±8%,42%±8%,and 8%±5%for the I_(1),I_(3),and I_(6) treatments,respectively)suggested that R_(H) remained unaffected across a wide

关键词： ^(13)C natural abundance CO_(2)exchange N_(2)O emission soil heterotrophic respiration water deficit

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Irritable bowel syndrome: A microbiome-gut-brain axis disorder?

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World journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第39期20卷 14105-14125页

作者： Paul j Kennedy john F Cryan timothy G Dinan Gerard Clarke 1.15 Biosciences Institute Department of Psychiatry Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre University College Cork Cork Ireland Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Alimentary Pharmabiotic CentreUniversity College CorkCork Ireland

Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) is an extremely prevalent but poorly understood gastrointestinal disorder. Consequently, there are no clear diagnostic markers to help diagnose the disorder and treatment options are limited to management of the symptoms. The concept of a dysregulated gut-brain axis has been adopted as a suitable model for the disorder. The gut microbiome may play an important role in the onset and exacerbation of symptoms in the disorder and has been extensively studied in this context. Although a causal role cannot yet be inferred from the clinical studies which have attempted to characterise the gut microbiota in IBS, they do confirm alterations in both community stability and diversity. Moreover, it has been reliably demonstrated that manipulation of the microbiota can influence the key symptoms, including abdominal pain and bowel habit, and other prominent features of IBS. A variety of strategies have been taken to study these interactions, including probiotics, antibiotics, faecal transplantations and the use of germ-free animals. There are clear mechanisms through which the microbiota can produce these effects, both humoral and neural. Taken together, these findings firmly establish the microbiota as a critical node in the gut-brain axis and one which is amenable to therapeutic interventions.

关键词： Irritable bowel syndrome Microbiome Anxiety Tryptophan Abdominal pain Gastrointestinal motility Cognition

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Spatial targeting evaluation of energy and environmental performance of waste-to-energy processing

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2018年第4期12卷 731-744页

作者： Petar S.Varbanov timothy G.Walmsley Yee V.Fan jiri j.Klemes Simon j.Perry Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory NETME CentreFaculty of Mechanical EngineeringBmo University of Technology61669 Bmo Czech Republic Centre for Process Integration School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical ScienceThe University of ManchesterManchester M I 3ALUK

Waste-to-energy supply chains are important potential contributors to minimising the environmental impacts of municipal solid waste by reducing the amounts of waste sent to landfill, as well as the fossil fuel consumption and environmental footprints. Accounting for the spatial and transport properties of the waste-to-energy supply chains is crucial for understanding the problem and improving the supply chain designs. The most significant challenge is the distributed nature of the waste generation and the household energy demands. The current work proposes concepts and a procedure for targeting the size of the municipal solid waste collection zone as the first step in the waste-to-energy supply chains synthesis. The formulated concepts and the provided case study reveal trends of reducing the net greenhouse gas savings and energy recovery by increasing the collection zone size. Population density has a positive correlation with the greenhouse gas saving and energy recovery performance. For smaller zone size the energy recovery from waste approaches and in some cases may surpass the energy spent on waste transportation. The energy recovery and greenhouse gas savings remain significant even for collection zones as large as 200 km2. The obtained trends are discussed and key directions for future work are proposed.

关键词： waste-to-energy supply chain optimisation GHG savings energy recovery ratio

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Evaluation of a Wireless Solar Powered Personal Weather Station

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Agricultural Sciences（农业科学） 2024年第1期

作者： Robert j.Lascano timothy S.Goebel Dennis C.Gitz III john E.Stout

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