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The Mitigation Strategies for Managing the Potential Environmental Risks Posed by Oil and Gas development on Mangrove Ecosystems in the Coastal Communities

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2023年第5期11卷 243-268页

作者： Collin Augustus Henry Thomas B. Singh Temitope d. timothy Oyedotun Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Guyana Turkeyen Campus Greater Georgetown Guyana University of Guyana GREEN Institute and department of Economics University of Guyana Turkeyen Campus Greater Georgetown Guyana department of Geography Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Guyana Turkeyen Campus Greater Georgetown Guyana

Guyana is an oil-producing country vulnerable to potential oil spills and the environmental risks posed by oil and gas exploration and production activities. despite the technologically advanced equipment employed by ExxonMobil Guyana and affiliates, an oil spill could occur due to accidents, equipment failures, or sabotages. The selected coastal communities as the study areas in Region 1 and Region 2 could be adversely affected, particularly the mangrove ecosystems. Potential oil spill pollution will adversely impact mangrove ecosystems in Region 1 and Region 2. Mangroves offer significant benefits to coastal communities, such as coastal defence and carbon sequestration, which puts Guyana on the world map. The research aimed to investigate the mitigation strategies to manage the potential environmental risks on mangrove ecosystems in the coastal communities of Region 1 and Region 2. It followed a qualitative approach and conducted semi-structured interviews with the Toshaos of the selected coastal communities. The data analysis strategy was thematic analysis using the Nvivo software. The major themes included legal and policy frameworks, oil spill response strategies, community-based involvement, and monitoring and enforcement of regulations. The significant results included reviewing and updating the regulatory framework for mangrove management and conservation;oil spills mitigation measures such as containment and shoreline protection and cleanup, cost recovery and compensation, and limited monitoring and law enforcement of mangrove management and conservation regulations by inter-agencies. The regulatory and institutional framework is outdated and needs to be amended. The agencies overseeing mangrove management and conservation have overlapping responsibilities and require more coordination. There should be greater collaboration among agencies for mangrove management and conservation and improved monitoring and enforcement programmes through institutional suppor

关键词： Enforcement Monitoring Oil Spill Policy Regulation

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The Environmental Risks Posed by the Oil and Gas development and Its Potential Impacts on Mangrove Ecosystems and the Coastal Community’s Well-Being

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2023年第5期11卷 17-46页

Guyana is an oil-producing country with oil and gas exploration and production operations approximately 190 km offshore. The coastal communities selected as the study areas in Region 1 and Region 2 are adjacent to the coast and 5 to 10 km inshore. In the event of oil spills, Shell Beach Protected Areas and the other selected communities will be negatively impacted, particularly the mangrove ecosystems and the community’s well-being. The research aims to investigate the potential environmental risks posed by oil and gas exploration and production activities. It followed a qualitative approach and employed semi-structured interviews with the Toshaos of the coastal communities. The data analysis strategy was thematic analysis using the Nvivo software. The major themes included community assets, the importance of mangrove ecosystems, and the impacts of mangrove ecosystem damage through oil spills. Oil spill pollution will negatively impact mangrove ecosystems and the coastal community well-being in Region 1 and Region 2. The major results include damage to cultural artefacts, saltwater intrusion of major creeks, reduced fish catch levels, and agriculture products, which are the main economic activities in the selected communities. Consuming contaminated agriculture and marine products will lead to adverse health problems. Mangrove ecosystems provide considerable benefits to coastal community residents, including shields against river bank erosion, natural habitats for wildlife and source of income, shared traditions, social values, recreational facilities, and tourist attractions. These benefits contribute to the overall coastal community’s well-being. The mangrove forests must be protected and conserved to avoid environmental damage.

关键词： Biodiversity Carbon Credit Guyana Health Oil Spill

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Closed-loop superconducting materials discovery

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npj Computational Materials 2023年第1期9卷 471-478页

作者： Elizabeth A.Pogue Alexander New Kyle McElroy Nam Q.Le Michael J.Pekala Ian McCue Eddie Gienger Janna domenico Elizabeth Hedrick Tyrel M.McQueen Brandon Wilfong Christine d.Piatko Christopher R.Ratto Andrew Lennon Christine Chung timothy Montalbano Gregory Bassen Christopher d.Stiles Research and Exploratory development department Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory11100 Johns Hopkins RoadLaurel 20723 MDUSA department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University2220 Campus DriveEvanston 60208 ILUSA department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University3400 N.Charles StreetBaltimore 21218 MDUSA department of Chemistry Johns Hopkins University3400 N.Charles StreetBaltimore 21218 MDUSA Institute for Quantum Matter William H.Miller III Department of Physics and AstronomyJohns Hopkins University3400 N.Charles StreetBaltimore 21218 MDUSA

discovery of novel materials is slow but necessary for societal ***,we demonstrate a closed-loop machine learning(ML)approach to rapidly explore a large materials search space,accelerating the intentional discovery of superconducting *** experimentally validating the results of the ML-generated superconductivity predictions and feeding those data back into the ML model to refine,we demonstrate that success rates for superconductor discovery can be more than *** four closed-loop cycles,we report discovery of a superconductor in the Zr-In-Ni system,re-discovery of five superconductors unknown in the training datasets,and identification of two additional phase diagrams of interest for new superconducting *** work demonstrates the critical role experimental feedback provides in ML-driven discovery,and provides a blueprint for how to accelerate materials progress.

关键词： discovery materials loop

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Towards an objective historical tropical cyclone dataset for the Australian region

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Tropical Cyclone Research and Review 2020年第1期9卷 23-36页

作者： Joseph B.Courtney ANdrew d.Burton Christopher S.Velden timothy L.OlANder Elizabeth A.Ritchie Clair Stark Leon Majewski Bureau of Meteorology Australia CIMSS University of Wisconsin-MadisonUSA University of New South Wales CanberraAustralia

The appropriate design of infrastructure in tropical cyclone(TC)prone regions requires an understanding of the hazard risk profile underpinned by an accurate,homogenous long-term TC *** existing Australian region TC archive,or’best track’(BT),suffers from inhomogeneities and an incomplete long-term record of key TC *** study assesses mostly satellite-based objective techniques for 1981-2016,the period of a geostationary satellite imagery dataset corrected for navigation and calibration *** satellite-based estimates of Australian-region TCs suffer from a general degradation in the 1981-1988 period owing to lower quality and availability of satellite *** quality of the objective techniques for both intensity and structure is compared to the reference BT 2003-2016 *** intensity the Advanced dvorak Technique algorithm corresponds well with the BT 2003-2016,when the algorithm can use passive microwave data(PMW)as an *** the period prior to 2003 when PMW data is unavailable,the intensity algorithm has a low *** corrections were made to the non-PMW objective estimates to produce an extended(1989-2016)homogeneous dataset of maximum wind that has sufficient accuracy to be considered for use where a larger homogeneous sample size is valued over a shorter more accurate period of *** associated record of central pressure using the Courtney-Knaff-Zehr wind pressure relationship was *** size estimates,three techniques were investigated:the deviation Angle Variance and the’Knaff’techniques(IR-based),while the’Lok’technique used model information(ECMWF reanalysis dataset and TC vortex specification from ACCESS-TC).However,results lacked sufficient skill to enable extension of the reliable period of *** availability of scatterometer data makes the BT 2003-2016 dataset the most reliable and *** regarding the best data source for each parameter for different periods of the record a

关键词： Objective tropical cyclone reanalysis satellite intensity AdT

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Quality assessment of graphene： Continuity, uniformity, and accuracy of mobility measurements

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Nano Research 2017年第10期10卷 3596-3605页

作者： david M. A. Mackenzie Jonas d. Buron Patrick R. Whelan José M. Carida Martin Bjergfelt Bironq Luo Abhay Shivayogimath Anne L. Smitshuysen Joachim d. Thomsen timothy J. Booth Lene Gammelgaard Johanna Zultak Bjarke S. Jessen Peter Boggild dirch H. Petersen department of Micro- and Nanotechnology Technical University of Denmark Orsteds Plads 345 B Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG) Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark

With the increasing availability of large-area graphene, the ability to rapidly and accurately assess the quality of the electrical properties has become critically important. For practical applications, spatial variability in carrier density and carrier mobility must be controlled and minimized. We present a simple framework for assessing the quality and homogeneity of large-area graphene devices. The field effect in both exfoliated graphene devices encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride and chemical vapor-deposited （CVd） devices was measured in dual current-voltage configurations and used to derive a single, gate-dependent effective shape factor, t, for each device, β is a sensitive indicator of spatial homogeneity that can be obtained from samples of arbitrary shape. All 50 devices investigated in this study show a variation （up to tenfold） in β as a function of the gate bias. Finite element simulations suggest that spatial doping inhomogeneity, rather than mobility inhomogeneity, is the primary cause of the gate dependence of β, and that measurable variations of β can be caused by doping variations as small as 10^10 cm^-2. Our results suggest that local variations in the position of the dirac point alter the current flow and thus the effective sample shape as a function of the gate bias. We also found that such variations lead to systematic errors in carrier mobility calculations, which can be revealed by inspecting the corresponding β factor.

关键词： chemical vapor-deposited (CVd) graphene doping inhomogeneity electrical measurements van der Pauw hBN-encapsulated graphene finite element simulations Raman mapping

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PUBLIC INVESTMENT IN AGRI-FOOd SYSTEM INNOVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE dEVELOPMENT

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2023年第1期10卷 124-134页

作者： Gert-Jan STAdS Alejandro NIN-PRATT Keith WIEBE timothy BSULSER Rui BENFICA International Food Policy Research Institute Washington DC 20005USA

Research is essential for improvement of agricultural productivity,resource use and resilience,and for food systems transformation more *** article analyzes the drivers of past agricultural productivity growth in low-and middle-income countries(LMICs)and argues that productivity is not growing fast enough to meet the needs of a global population of 10 billion by 2050.A sustainable transformation of agri-food systems in LMICs will need greater and faster technical *** investment in agri-food R&d is therefore needed to accelerate productivity growth and address the social,economic,nutritional and environmental challenges facing *** and bettertargeted investment in sustainable technologies and climate change mitigation and adaptation will be particularly important to reducing the climate change impacts on agriculture and food security in the coming ***,LMICs with small research systems and limited innovation capacity lack the scale and resources to effectively tackle the challenges *** coordination and a clear articulation of roles and responsibilities among national,subregional,regional and global R&d actors(both from the public and private sectors)are essential to ensuring that scarce financial,human,and infrastructure resources are optimized,duplications minimized,and synergies and complementarities enhanced.

关键词： agri-food system innovation R&d investment productivity climate change

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Pancreatic, periampullary and biliary cancer with liver metastases: Should we consider resection in selected cases?

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2018年第8期10卷 211-220页

作者： Rachael Chang Lee Harsh Kanhere Markus Trochsler Vy Broadbridge Guy Maddern timothy J Price department of Medical Oncology the Queen Elizabeth HospitalAdelaide 5011 Australia department of Surgery the Queen Elizabeth HospitalAdelaide 5011 Australia School of Medicine University of Adelaide

AIM To analyse the safety and efficacy of curative intent surgery in biliary and pancreatic *** An extensive literature review was performed using MEdLINE, Google Scholar and EMBASE to identify articles regarding hepato-pancreatoduodenectomy or resection of liver metastasis in patients with pancreatic, biliary tract, periampullary and gallbladder *** A total of 19 studies were identified and reviewed. Major hepatectomy was undertaken in 391 patients. The median overall survival for pancreatic cancer ranged from 5-36 mo and for biliary tract/gallbladder cancer, it was 8-38 mo. The 30 d mortality rate was only 1%-9%. Overall Survival was significantly better for patients, who had good response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, underwent metachronous liver resection and who had intestinal type *** Resection of liver metastases in pancreatic and biliary cancers may provide survival benefit without compromising safety and quality of life in a very select group of patients. These data may be utilised to formulate selection criteria that may allow future investigation of resection in the era of more effective systemic therapy.

关键词： Pancreas Liver resection Gall bladder Cholangiocarcinoma Review

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dietary manipulation and testosterone replacement therapy may explain changes in body composition after spinal cord injury: A retrospective case report

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2019年第17期7卷 2427-2437页

作者： Ashraf S Gorgey Robert M Lester Mina P Ghatas Sakita N Sistrun timothy Lavis Spinal Cord Injury and disorders Service Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMCRichmondVA 23249United States department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVA 23249United States Bionutrition Service Center for Clinical and Translational ResearchVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVA 23249United States

BACKGROUNd Reduced level of physical activity,high-fat diet and skeletal muscle atrophy are key factors that are likely to contribute to deleterious changes in body composition and metabolic following spinal cord injury (SCI).Reduced caloric intake with lowering percentage macronutrients of fat and increasing protein intake may likely to improve body composition parameters and decrease ectopic adiposity after *** To highlight the effects of dietary manipulation and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on body composition after SCI METHOdS A 31-year-old male with T5 SCI was administered transdermal TRT daily for 16 *** intake and percentage macronutrients were analyzed using dietary *** resonance imaging and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were used to measure changes in body *** Caloric intake and fat percentage were reduced by 445 kcal/d and 6.5%,*** body weight decreased by 8%,body fat decreased by 29%,and lean mass increased by 7%.Thigh subcutaneous adipose tissue cross-sectional area was reduced by 31%.CONCLUSION Manipulation of caloric intake,fat percentage,and protein percentage may have influenced body composition after SCI.

关键词： Spinal cord injury diet High-protein Low-fat Nutrients Basal metabolic rate Case report

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Nietzsche＇s Naturalistic Metaethics： In defense of Privilege＊

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Journal of Philosophy Study 2012年第2期2卷 92-102页

作者： timothy McWhirter Montgomery College

In his essay ＂Nietzsche＇s Metaethics： Against the Privilege Readings,＂ Brian Leiter critically examines Richard Schacht＇s naturalistic interpretation of Nietzsche. Leiter focuses on the metaethical question：＂What status--metaphysical, epistemological^o the values used to undertake [Nietzsche＇s] revaluation [of value] （the ＇assessing values＇） enjoy？＂（2000, 277）. Are these values true or better justified？ Leiter describes Schacht＇s position as a ＂privilege reading＂ that holds that the perspective from which Nietzsche revaluates values is privileged on the basis of＂normative facts＂ which are constituted by certain ＂natural facts＂（2000, 279）. Leiter attempts to outline and even enhance the argument he sees Schacht making for this position, which Leiter calls a naturalistic realism. Leiter however finds that the arguments for ＂privilege readings＂ are insufficient. He concludes that the perspective from which Nietzsche revaluates values is not privileged at all. It is simply the idiosyncratic perspective from which Nietzsche revaluates values. In this paper I argue that a version of Schacht＇s privilege reading can be supported using two fundamental components of Leiter＇s interpretation of Nietzsche： his methodological and substantive naturalism. When we use scientific methods and view social systems like other natural systems, we find that in contemporary science a privilege is given to the maximum power principle. This concept was initially conceived by the chemist and mathematician Alfred Lotka and further developed by the ecologist howard Odum and it has a fundamental similarity to the will to power. This principle provides an empirical foundation for the will to power and Schacht＇s privilege reading of Nietzsche＇s metaethics. It provides further evidence that human life is ultimately part of a vast natural process and the growth of all natural systems is made possible by an increase in power.

关键词： Nietzsche naturalism metaethics

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Creek Proximity and Flora Effects on Arthropod Populations in Riparian Buffers in Washington State, USA

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering 2010年第1期4卷 52-60,82页

作者： timothy d. Waters Richard S. Zack douglas B. Walsh Franklin and Benton County Extension Washington State University 1016 N. 4th Pasco WA 99301 （509） 545-3511 USA department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman WA 99164 USA department of Entomology Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center Washington State University Prosser Wd 99350 USA

due to federal, state, and local regulations pertaining to clean water and salmon recovery, stream health and water quality are major concerns in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. An integral component of most riparian rehabilitation efforts is the effective establishment of preferred vegetation. We conducted arthropod surveys in representative disturbed and rehabilitated riparian buffers directly adjacent to apple orchards and grape vineyards in the Lower Yakima Valley near Prosser, Benton County, Washington State USA. Objectives of the study were to determine whether densities of select predatory and pest taxa changed with distance from the waterway and to test whether densities differed among disturbed, rehabilitated, or pristine riparian buffers. The studies suggest that populations of some beneficial arthropods, including spiders and ground beetles, were higher in the presence of exotic flowering plant species. In the riparian environments surveyed, more native woody plant species were found adjacent to the waterway, and this apparent stability appears to have had a positive effect on beneficial arthropods. Concurrently, data indicated that some exotic, flowering species of plants may be preferred over native plant species as hosts to certain arthropod pests. These plants tend to persist in degraded riparian buffers and at the interface of riparian habitats and cultivated areas, whereas native plant species are predominant in pristine or properly maintained and rehabilitated buffers.

关键词： Riparian buffer zone beneficial arthropod ground beetles spiders.

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