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do animal eyespots really mimic eyes？

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Current Zoology 2014年第1期60卷 26-36页

作者： Martin STEVENS Graeme d RUXTON Centre for Ecology & Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn TR10 9FE UK School of Biology University of St Andrews Dyers Brae House St Andrews Fife KY16 9TH UK

The diversity of anti-predator adaptations in the natural world has long been an active area of research in evolutionary and behavioural biology. A common visually-obvious feature found on prey are ‘eyespots’, being approximately circular markings often with concentric rings and conspicuous colours. These are found on a range of animals, especially adult and larval Lepidoptera and fish. One of the most widespread functions of eyespots seems to be to intimidate or startle predators: delaying, preventing or halting an attack. However, while the fact that they can influence predators in this way is uncontroversial, the mechanism(s) behind why they are effective is debated. Traditionally, they have been assumed to work by mimicking the eyes of the predator’s own enemies, and much research in this field is conducted under the implicit or explicit assumption that this theory is correct. However, eyespots might work simply by being highly salient stimuli that promote sensory overload, biases, or neo-phobic reactions in predators. A range of recent studies has aimed to test these alternatives. Here, we critically evaluate this work and what it tells us about the mechanisms underlying eyespot function. We conclude that although eye mimicry is plausible, there remains a lack of evidence to support it and most observations are at least equally consistent with alternative mechanisms. Finally, we also discuss how the debate can be resolved.

关键词：食肉动物眼睛模仿行为生物学鳞翅目昆虫多样性自然界反捕食

Possible Chemosensitizing and Potent Anticancer Effects of d-Fraction in Combination with Vitamin C on Three Prevalent Urologic Cancer Cells

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Journal of Cancer Therapy 2014年第14期5卷 1402-1411页

作者： drew Freilich Eric Moskowitz Nicholas Feuer Muhammad Choudhury John phillips Sensuke Konno department of Urology New York Medical College Valhalla USA

Chemotherapy is currently one of the most common therapeutic options for cancer patients despite the poor efficacy with considerable side effects. We then examined if d-fraction (dF), a bioactive mushroom extract, could potentiate (poor) anticancer effects of those drugs?in vitro. Three urologic cancers, prostate, bladder, and kidney cancers, were tested with various chemotherapeutic drugs and their combinations with dF. Compared to individual drugs alone, combinations of drugs and dF have improved anticancer activity, resulting in the significant (P duction in all three cancer cells. As vitamin C (VC) has been postulated to potentiate the bioactivity of dF, this possibility was also examined. The specific combination of dF (300 μg/ml) and VC (200 μM) indeed led to the drastic (≥90%) viability reductions in all three cancer cells. To have a better understanding of such a profound viability reduction, the effect of dF/VC combination on cell cycle was examined next. Cell cycle analysis indicated that this combination induced a G1cell cycle arrest, which was also confirmed by the down-regulation of specific cell cycle regulators (CdK2, CdK4, and cyclin d1) detected on western blots. Moreover, it was crucial to address if the dF/VC-induced viability reduction could be also linked to apoptosis. Western blot analysis revealed that anti-apoptotic bcl-2 was down-regulated while pro-apoptotic Bax was up-regulated with dF/VC combination in all cancer cells, indicating induction of apoptosis. Therefore, the dF/VC combination could ultimately induce apoptosis, accounting for the severe cell viability reduction. In conclusion, dF appears to be a promising agent with chemosensitizing effect, enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs, and its combination with VC exhibits a potent anticancer effect, which is far superior to any combinations of drugs and dF tested in three prevalent urologic cancer cells.

关键词： Mushroom Extract Chemosensitizing Effect Anticancer Effect Combination Therapy Urologic Cancers

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土壤对全球增温的作用

世界科学 1991年第7期 27-28页

作者： d.E.phillips A.Wilel dR.d.S Jenkinson 蓝艳

土壤是二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）和一氧化二氮（N2O）三种温室气体的来源地之一.尽管土壤在人类出现以前就释放出这些气体,但自工业革命以来人类的活动,如森林的砍伐和垦殖加速了这些气体的释放速度.如果我们要了解温室效应并搞清... 详细信息

土壤是二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）和一氧化二氮（N2O）三种温室气体的来源地之一.尽管土壤在人类出现以前就释放出这些气体,但自工业革命以来人类的活动,如森林的砍伐和垦殖加速了这些气体的释放速度.如果我们要了解温室效应并搞清对于温室效应该做些什么,我们就得知道更多关于人类活动对土壤与大气间这些气体的影响情况.

关键词：温室气体 CO 腐殖质全球增温

加利福尼亚州Geysers地热区的诱发地震活动

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地球物理学进展 1986年第2期 54-74页

作者： d.E.phillips d.H.Oppenheimer 林邦佐姚振兴

根据55个微震和4次爆炸的P波到时对震中、速度和台站延迟进行联合反演,这些事件分布在加利福尼亚北方以Geysers地热区为中心的一个90×100km2的范围内。得到的一维层状模型表明,速度随深度增加:从地表的4.4km/s增加到深8km及其以下的5.9... 详细信息

根据55个微震和4次爆炸的P波到时对震中、速度和台站延迟进行联合反演,这些事件分布在加利福尼亚北方以Geysers地热区为中心的一个90×100km2的范围内。得到的一维层状模型表明,速度随深度增加:从地表的4.4km/s增加到深8km及其以下的5.9km/s。用这个新的速度模型我们重新定位了在1975年5月和1982年2月之间发生的7215个地震。重新定位表明,靠近蒸汽田开采井有一清晰的空间震群,这在较早的研究中是不明显的。我们根据地震活动的时空图象推测,Geysers的地震活动性是由地热开采活动诱发的。由于1979年到1980年电力开采增加近70％,靠近新开采区地震活动已经有所增加。地震活动也向现开采区的西北延伸,虽然这个区域没有现役的蒸汽井。对月地震数、月蒸汽开采量以及月注入量之间的统计互相关进行了计算。就这些井的研究,我们没有发现注入和地震活动性之间一致的相关图象。同样,我们几乎没有发现蒸汽开采量和地震活动性之间的相关性,而这些蒸汽井已开采了七年多,两个机制对于Geysers的诱发地震活动仍然是似是而非的。大量的蒸汽开采引起的体积收缩可能破坏应力场并可能导致因区域应力场已接近破裂的储集岩的断裂。另一方面,区域构造应力导致的无震形变可能因断层面摩擦系数的增加（如溶解硅的出溶进入断层面沉淀下来）,转变为粘滑（有震）形变。没有一个机制能够说明开采和地震活动速率之间存在着很强的关系,尽管如此,我们预计Geysers的地震活动将持续下去并会出现在新的开采区。

关键词：地震活动性地热开采量图象热源 Geysers 地震活动震群地震地热区

临坡条形基础下地基极限承载力多因素影响规律的数值分析

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水利水电技术 2018年第7期49卷 37-44页

作者：李震默杨任连伟刘尚各 phillips declan 河南理工大学土木工程学院河南焦作454000 中交第二公路勘察设计研究院有限公司湖北武汉430056 利莫瑞克大学土木工程与材料科学学院

为了系统分析边坡对临坡基础极限承载力的影响,采用控制变量法和FLAC3d有限差分软件,分别针对不同坡顶距、坡角、相对密实度、基底宽度的荷载-位移曲线,研究了极限承载力、极限承载力弱化系数、极限承载力系数的多因素演化规律。结果表... 详细信息

为了系统分析边坡对临坡基础极限承载力的影响,采用控制变量法和FLAC3d有限差分软件,分别针对不同坡顶距、坡角、相对密实度、基底宽度的荷载-位移曲线,研究了极限承载力、极限承载力弱化系数、极限承载力系数的多因素演化规律。结果表明:极限承载力、极限承载力弱化系数、极限承载力系数随坡顶距增加而增大,当坡顶距b与基底宽度B之比大于5时增长趋于停滞,但未达到平地地基数值;地基极限承载力、弱化系数随坡角增加近似线性减小,变化速率基本不受坡顶距的影响;地基极限承载力、极限承载力系数随砂土相对密实度增加而增大,同时受到坡顶距的影响,大坡顶距下随相对密实度的变化速率高于小坡顶距;地基极限承载力受基底宽度的影响程度小于坡顶距,随基底宽度增加小幅度增大,极限承载力系数随基底宽度的增大而减小;地基极限承载力弱化系数对相对密实度、基底宽度不敏感;减小坡角、提高相对密实度与增大坡顶距对极限承载力的提高有类似的效果,单纯通过增大坡顶距仍不能达到接近平地极限承载力的水平,适当地减小坡角、增加相对密实度可增大接近平地地基极限承载力的可能性。研究结果可为临坡工程施工方案选择提供借鉴,对推动临坡地基的工程定量计算具有重要作用。

关键词：临坡基础条形基础极限承载力多因素数值分析极限平衡法滑移线场法

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社会科学中的整体论思想

1988年

作者：菲利普斯(phillips d.C.)

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霉菌毒素研究新进展

饲料与畜牧（新饲料） 2006年第8期 43-46页

作者： Tom Best Sun anquan Karo Mikaelian T.d.phillips 美国创实营养有限公司 Taxas A&M University

霉菌毒素研究自20世纪60年代以来一直是个热门课题,世界霉菌毒素研讨会及美国霉菌毒素委员会为我们提供了丰富的资料.在中国,由于实验条件的限制,霉菌毒素研究领域比较落后,饲料业及养殖业对霉菌毒素的了解严重不足,这种认识上不足导致... 详细信息

霉菌毒素研究自20世纪60年代以来一直是个热门课题,世界霉菌毒素研讨会及美国霉菌毒素委员会为我们提供了丰富的资料.在中国,由于实验条件的限制,霉菌毒素研究领域比较落后,饲料业及养殖业对霉菌毒素的了解严重不足,这种认识上不足导致中国市场出现许多低效或无效产品.

关键词：菌毒素玉米赤霉烯酮毒素吸附剂黄曲霉毒素呕吐毒素霉菌毒素污染胚胎死亡人类食物链后备公猪

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The Cerebral Blood Flow Correlates of Emotional Facial Processing in Mild Alzheimer's disease

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Neuroscience & Medicine 2011年第1期2卷 6-13页

作者： Roger T. Staff Trevor S. Ahearn Louise H. phillips Clare Scott donald Mowat Claude Wischik Lawrence J. Whalley Alison d. Murray 不详

deficits in facial emotion processing are features of mild Alzheimer’s disease (Ad). These impairments are often dis-tressing for carers as well as patients. Such non-cognitive symptoms are often cited as a contributing reason for admis-sion into institutionalised care. The ability to interpret emotional cues is crucial to healthy psychological function and relationships and impaired emotional facility may lead to antisocial behavior. Understanding the origins of the non-cognitive aspects of Ad may lead to an improvement in the management of sufferers and ease the carer burden. In a cross-sectional study we recorded patients’ facial processing abilities, (emotion and identity recognition) and disease severity (AdAS-cog, Neuropsychiatic Inventory) and investigated the regional cerebral blood flow correlates of facial emotion processing deficits using 99Tcm HMAPO rCBF SPECT. Using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) we iden-tified decreased blood flow in posterior frontal regions specifically associated with emotion perception deficits. Non-emotional facial processing abilities or disease severity. The posterior frontal lobe has been identified in previous stud-ies in the absence of dementia as being important in emotion processing. The results suggest that the cognitive disease severity, in combination with the facial processing ability, do not completely explain facial emotion processing in Ad patients and that the posterior frontal lobe mediates such behaviour.

关键词： Alzheimer's disease Emotion SPECT rCBF Facial Processing dementia

Management information systems for the information age 6th ed.

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Management information systems for the information age