检索结果-南通市图书馆

Physical Processes Responsible for the Interannual Variability of Sea Ice Concentration in Arctic in Boreal Autumn since 1979

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Journal of Meteorological Research 2017年第3期31卷 468-475页

作者： Lei ZHANG tim LI Climate Dynamics Research Center and Earth System Modeling Center International Laboratory on Climate and Environment ChangeNanjing University of Information Science & Technology Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Hawaii

Arctic sea ice concentration （ASIC） in boreal autumn exhibits prominent interannual variability since 1979. The physical mechanism responsible for the year-to-year variation of ASIC is investigated through observational data analyses and idealized numerical modeling. It is found that the ASIC interannual variability is closely associated with the anomalous meridional circulations over the Northern Hemisphere, which is further linked with the tropical sea surface temperature （SST） forcing. A tropics-wide SST cooling anomaly leads to an enhanced meridional SST gradi- ent to the north of the equator in boreal summer, generating strengthened and northward shifting Hadley circulation over the Northern Hemisphere. Consequently, the meridional circulations are enhanced and pushed poleward, lead- ing to an enhanced descending motion at the North Pole, surrounded by an ascending motion anomaly; the surface outflow turns into easterly anomalies, opposing the mean-state winds. As a result, positive cloudiness and weakened surface wind speed emerge, which reduce ASIC through changes in the surface latent heat flux and the downward longwave radiation.

关键词： Arctic sea ice variability interannual variability tropical forcing meridional circulations

Increasing Trend of Summertime Synoptic Wave Train Activity over the Western North Pacific since 1950

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Journal of Meteorological Research 2020年第5期34卷 1013-1024页

作者： Xinyi ZHOU tim LI Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education(KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change(ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD)Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China International Pacific Research Center and Department of Atmospheric Sciences School of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologyUniversity of HawaiiHonoluluHI 96822USA

The change of summertime synoptic-scale wave train(SWT) activity over the western North Pacific(WNP) since1950 was investigated based on the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data. It is found that the intensity of SWT has a rising trend, while its structure and phase propagation characteristics remain unchanged. Environmental factors responsible for the rising trend are investigated. By separating the whole period into three warming phases(P1: 1950–1958, P2:1978–1986, and P3: 2006–2014), we found that even though the vertical velocity shows a rising trend, the background low-level vorticity over the monsoon trough region increases from P1 to P2 but decreases from P2 to P3, and so is the low-level barotropic energy conversion(CK). Thus, just the environmental dynamic factor could not explain the continuous rising SWT trend. On the other hand, thermodynamic factor, such as the sea surface temperature(SST), moisture, and atmospheric instability, shows a clear step-by-step increasing trend. A non-dimensional synoptic activity index(SAI) that combines the dynamic and thermodynamic factors is then proposed. This index well captures the observed long-term trend of the SWT intensity.

关键词： global warming synoptic wave train barotropic energy conversion(CK) atmospheric instability parameter synoptic activity index(SAI)

An Improved Method for Defining Short-Term Climate Anomalies

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Journal of Meteorological Research 2021年第6期35卷 1012-1022页

作者： Xuan CHEN tim LI Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education(KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change(ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD)Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China International Pacific Research Center and Department of Atmospheric Sciences School of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologyUniversity of Hawaii atManoaHonoluluHI 96822USA

A conventional method to define short-term climate anomalies for atmospheric and oceanic variables,recommended by the World Meteorological Organization(WMO),is the departure from a 30-yr climatological mean in the preceding three *** a method,however,introduces spurious errors such as sudden jumps and artificial trends.A new method,named a trend correctional method,is introduced to eliminate the *** demonstrate the capability of this new method,we examine a set of idealized cases first by superposing a"true"interannual or interdecadal signal onto a linear or a nonlinear *** to the conventional method,the trend correctional method is able to retain,to a large extent,the"true"anomaly ***,we examined real-time *** anomaly time series derived based on the trend correctional method show a better agreement with the observed anomaly *** rootmean-square error is greatly improved,comparing to that calculated based on the conventional ***,the results from both the idealized and real cases demonstrate that the new method has a clear advantage to the conventional method in deriving true climate anomalies,in particular under the ongoing global warming circumstance.

关键词： long-term trend climate anomaly definition trend correctional method

The Effectiveness of Tax Laws on the Operations of Business Organizations in Ghana(A Case Study in Wa)

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

The Effectiveness of Tax Laws on the Operations of Business ...

作者： bright OSEI NSIAH 南昌大学

学位级别：硕士

The aim of this research is to assess and evaluate the effectiveness of the tax law on the operations of businesses in Wa in the upper west region of Ghana which will be applicable to other areas with similar tax system in *** study will also be of important to policy makers and institutions like the internal revenue service and the value added tax（VAT）*** can also serve as the bases for further research of similar nature..The objectives of the research were to examine the effectiveness of the tax laws on the operations of business organisations in Ghana.A total of 100 people were randomly sampled for the *** statistical package for social sciences（SPSS）were used to establish relationship between *** study shows that there is insufficient knowledge and information in the informal sector and should be addressed *** should be intensive education on the importance of tax in the growth of businesses and the economy of the country as a *** tax systems should be monitored effectively and must be applied efficiently.

关键词：

人工智能中的“解释”:来自社会科学的洞见(下)

同方学位论文库评论

在线全文

同方学位论文库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

数字人文研究 2024年第2期4卷 90-128页

作者：蒂姆·米勒张菁(译) 澳大利亚昆士兰大学电气工程与计算机科学学院中国人民大学教育学院

随着研究人员和从业者寻求为其算法提供更多透明度,可解释人工智能(ExplainableAr-tificial Intelligence)有一场新近的复苏。这项研究的大部分聚焦于向人类观察者明确地解释决策或行动。观察人类如何相互解释可以作为人工智能解释的一... 详细信息

随着研究人员和从业者寻求为其算法提供更多透明度,可解释人工智能(ExplainableAr-tificial Intelligence)有一场新近的复苏。这项研究的大部分聚焦于向人类观察者明确地解释决策或行动。观察人类如何相互解释可以作为人工智能解释的一个有用起点,这应该没有争议。诚然,公正地说,大多数关于可解释人工智能的工作仅利用研究人员对什么构成“好”解释的直觉。哲学、心理学和认知科学领域存在大量关于人们如何定义、生成、选择、评估和呈现解释的有价值的研究,这些研究认为人们在解释过程中运用了某些认知偏见和社会期望。文章认为,可解释人工智能领域可以建立在这些现有研究的基础上,并回顾了研究这些主题的哲学、认知心理学/科学和社会心理学的相关论文,由此获取了一些重要的发现,并讨论了如何将这些发现融入可解释人工智能的相关工作中。

关键词：解释可解释性可阐释性可解释人工智能透明度

Conservation and behavior of Africa＇s ＂Big Five＂

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Current Zoology 2014年第4期60卷 486-499页

作者： tim CARO Jason RIGGIO Department of Wildlife Fish and Conservation Biology University of California Davis CA 95616 USA

We examine the conservation status of Africa＇s ＂Big Five＂： lion, leopard, buffalo, black and white rhinoceros and elephant, and the role of behavioral knowledge in their conservation. Efforts to conserve these flagship species consist of in situ conservation, captive breeding and reintroductions. With a few exceptions, we find limited evidence that knowledge of behavior informs conservation programs targeted at these species. For management in the wild, knowledge of infanticide and ranging can provide guidelines for realistic hunting quotas and corridors between protected areas, respectively. For ex situ and reintroduction programs, behavioral knowledge is chiefly focused on improved animal husbandry. Despite a formidable understanding of these species＇ behavior, the practicalities of using such knowledge may be diminished because exploitation of these species is so forceful and the bulk of efforts aimed at conserving these species （and indeed most other African species） are primarily in situ where behaviorally driven interventions are limited. Our comparative findings suggest that behavior has been of rather narrow use in the conservation of these flagship species [Current Zoology 60 （4）： 486--499, 2014].

关键词： African elephant Black rhinoceros Buffalo Flagship species Leopard Lion White rhinoceros

Spatially explicit urban green indicators for characterizing vegetation cover and public green space proximity: a case study on Brussels, Belgium

维普期刊数据库评论

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

International Journal of Digital Earth 2017年第8期10卷 798-813页

作者： tim Van de Voorde Department of Geography Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium

Cities often have a substantial green infrastructure,which provides local ecosystem services that improve the quality of life of urban *** services should be explicitly addressed in urban development policies,and areas with insufficient vegetation and limited access to public green spaces should be *** paper presents two spatially explicit urban green indicators that are derived using remote sensing imagery,freely available map data and spatial analysis tools from open source geospatial libraries and commercial *** first indicator represents proportional green cover(public as well as private)in the vicinity of each building within a *** second indicator quantifies the proximity of public green spaces as walking distances from buildings to actual park entrances.A dasymetric mapping approach was used to take spatial variations in population density into *** allows representing the indicators from the perspective of citizens instead of buildings,which may be more meaningful for deriving statistics at city level or at the level of neighbourhoods or administrative *** potential use of these indicators in a planning context is discussed on a case study carried out for the city of Brussels,Belgium.

关键词： Urban green urban ecosystem services geographic information systems vegetation indicators

The second law of geography for a spatially enabled economy

维普期刊数据库评论

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

International Journal of Digital Earth 2017年第10期10卷 979-995页

作者： tim Foresman Ruth Luscombe International Center for Remote Sensing Education(ICRSED) ElkridgeMDUSA

Location has proven axiomatic as an economic variable throughout human ***’s first law of geography introduced the importance of location;in that,near things are more related than far *** an age of digital economies,a new research frontier exists where everything is more related to everything else and has an increased economic value from spatially enabled *** accessibility of digital-spatial information has brought economic geographers to a new understanding of markets within a Digital Earth *** importance of location to economic value can be expected to grow as the Internet of Things develops in *** business models enter and disrupt established markets with innovative spatially enabled approaches.A successful penetration of established markets suggests a new business model for financial and functional utility by engaging spatially enabled *** second law of geography is introduced as a conceptual framework to comprehend the economic potential of spatially enabled information.A comparative analysis of non-spatial versus spatial web agents provides a quantitative framework to demonstrate the benefits of the Digital Earth economy.

关键词： Spatial data transacting agents linear programming economic geography Internet of Things Digital Earth economy

人工智能中的“解释”:来自社会科学的洞见(上)

维普期刊数据库评论

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

数字人文研究 2024年第1期4卷 18-41页

作者：蒂姆·米勒张菁(译) 澳大利亚昆士兰大学电气工程与计算机科学学院

随着研究人员和从业者寻求为其算法提供更多透明度,可解释人工智能(Explainable Artificial Intelligence)有一场新近的复苏。这项研究的大部分聚焦于向人类观察者明确地解释决策或行动。观察人类如何相互解释可以作为人工智能解释的一... 详细信息

随着研究人员和从业者寻求为其算法提供更多透明度,可解释人工智能(Explainable Artificial Intelligence)有一场新近的复苏。这项研究的大部分聚焦于向人类观察者明确地解释决策或行动。观察人类如何相互解释可以作为人工智能解释的一个有用起点,这应该没有争议。诚然,公正地说,大多数关于可解释人工智能的工作仅利用研究人员对什么构成“好”解释的直觉。哲学、心理学和认知科学领域存在大量关于人们如何定义、生成、选择、评估和呈现解释的有价值的研究,这些研究认为人们在解释过程中运用了某些认知偏见和社会期望。文章认为,可解释人工智能领域可以建立在这些现有研究的基础上,并回顾了研究这些主题的哲学、认知心理学/科学和社会心理学的相关论文,由此获取了一些重要的发现,并讨论了如何将这些发现融入可解释人工智能的相关工作中。

关键词：解释可解释性可阐释性可解释人工智能透明度