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All types of base conversions allowed by base editors

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2024年第2期67卷 431-433页

作者： shun-Qing Liang Wen Xue RNA Therapeutics Institute UMass Chan Medical SchoolWorcester 01655USA Department of Molecular Cell and Cancer BiologyUMass Chan Medical SchoolWorcester 01655USA Department of Molecular Medicine UMass Chan Medical SchoolWorcester 01655USA Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research UMass Chan Medical SchoolWorcester 01655USA

Base editors(BEs) hold great promise as tools for introducing single-base-pair changes in both basic research and therapeutic applications(Rees and Liu,2018).Base editors are composed of a Cas9 nickase fused to a DNA-modifying enzyme,which chemically modifies nucleobases within a specific targeting window near the Cas9-binding site.

关键词： base bases allowed

Jurassic Black Shales Facies from Qiangtang Basin (Northern Tibet): Rare Earth and Trace Elements for Paleoceanographic Implications

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2013年第2期87卷 540-554页

作者： CHEN Lan YI Haisheng TSAI Louis Loung-Yie XU Guiwen DA Xuejuan LIN Andrew tien-shun College of Petroleum Engineering Chongqing University of Science and Technology Institute of Applied Geology National Central University Institute of Geophysics National Central University Institute of Sedimentary Geology Chengdu University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Oil/Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Chengdu University of Technology

The Biluo Co and Amdo 114 station, northern Tibet, cropping out the Early Toarcian and Middle-Late Tithonian （Jurassic） organic-rich black shales, have been a focus to petroleum geologists in discussing their oil-producing potential. This paper first reports the trace elements and rare earth elements to discuss the paleoenvironments, redox conditions and sedimentary mechanisms of those black shales. Both sections exhibit variation in trace element abundances with concentrations 〈0.1 ppm to 760 ppm, mostly enriched in V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ba and U. Element ratios of Ni/Co, V/Cr, U/Th and V/（V＋Ni） plus U were used to identify redox conditions. The shale-normalized rare earth element （REE） patterns are characterized by the flat-shale type with instable Ce anomalies and very weekly positive Eu anomalies. Positive Ceanom values are significant with values varying between - 0.064 and 0.029 in Biluo Co, which may be interpreted as release of REE and input of riverine terrestrial matter with rich Ce （resulting in pH change） during the anoxic conditions. In the middle parts of Amdo 114 station, distinct negative Ceanom values are observed （-0.238 to -0.111） and associated surface water warming were interpreted as being related to a major sea level rise. In contrast, the formation of the black shales in the lower and upper part of the studied succession took place during a cooler （Ceanom values 〉-0.10）, lower surface water productivity, and lower sea-level stage. Thus, we emphasize the role of different factors that control the formation of local and regional black shales. The most important factors are sea-level fluctuations and increasing productivity.

关键词： Jurassic black shale facies rare earth and trace elements paleoceanography northern Tibet

Modelling the impact of sea-level rise on urban flood probability in SE China

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第2期10卷 363-372页

作者： James Andrew Griffiths Fangfang Zhu Faith Ka shun chan David Laurence Higgitt School of Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Ningbo China Department of Civil Engineering University of Nottingham Ningbo China School of Geography University of Leeds WaterLeeds Research Institute University of Leeds Lancaster University College at Beijing Jiaotong University Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University

Urban drainage systems in coastal cities in SE China are characterized by often complex canal and sluicegate systems that are designed to safely drain pluvial flooding whilst preventing tidal ***, the risk of coastal flooding in the region is expected to increase over the next 50-100 years, as urban areas continue to expand and sea-levels are expected to rise. To assess the impact of projected sealevel rise on this type of urban drainage system, a one-dimensional model and decision support tool was developed. The model indicated that although sea-level rise represents a significant challenge, flood probability will continue to be most influenced by rainfall. Events that are significant enough to cause flooding will most likely be minimally impacted by changes to the tidal frame. However, it was found that a sea-level rise of up to 1.2 m by 2010 would result in increased drainage times and higher volumes of over-topping when flooding occurs.

关键词： Coastal Probability Typhoon Scenarios Flood management

Somatic alterations in mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial dysfunction in gastric cancer progression

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第14期20卷 3950-3959页

作者： Hsin-Chen Lee Kuo-Hung Huang tien-shun Yeh Chin-Wen Chi Institute of Pharmacology School of MedicineNational Yang-Ming University Division of General Surgery Department of SurgeryTaipei Veterans General Hospital Institute of Clinical Medicine School of MedicineNational Yang-Ming University Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of MedicineNational Yang-Ming University Department of Medical Research and Education Taipei Veterans General Hospital

Energy metabolism reprogramming was recently identified as one of the cancer *** of the underlying mechanisms of energy metabolism reprogramming is mitochondrial dysfunction caused by mutations in nuclear genes or mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA).In the past decades,several types of somatic mtDNA alterations have been identified in gastric ***,the role of these mtDNA alterations in gastric cancer progression remains *** this review,we summarize recently identified somatic mtDNA alterations in gastric cancers as well as the relationship between these alterations and the clinicopathological features of gastric *** causative factors and potential roles of the somatic mtDNA alterations in cancer progression are also *** suggest that point mutations and mtDNA copy number decreases are the two most common mtDNA alterations that result in mitochondrial dysfunction in gastric *** two primary mutation types(transition mutations and mononucleotide or dinucleotide repeat instability)imply potential causative *** dysfunction-generated reactive oxygen species may be involved in the malignant changes of gastric *** search for strategies to prevent mtDNA alterations and inhibit the mitochondrial retrograde signaling will benefit the development of novel treatments for gastric cancer and other malignancies.

关键词： Gastric cancer Somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations Mitochondrial dysfunction

Paleoceanographic Indicators for Early Cambrian Black Shales from the Yangtze Platform, South China: Evidence from Biomarkers and Carbon Isotopes

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2012年第5期86卷 1143-1153页

作者： CHEN Lan ZHONG Hong HU Ruizhong XIAO Jiafei TSAI Louis Loung-Yie LIN Andrew tien-shun ZOU Yanrong College of Petroleum Engineering Chongqing University of Science and TechnologyChongqing 401331China Institute of Applied Geology National Central UniversityJhongli 32001 Institute of Geophysics National Central UniversityJhongli 32001 State key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuiyangGuizhou 550002China State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouGuangdong 510640China

The lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, a widespread black shale deposition, is of geological interest because of its polymetallic beds, Cambrian explosion, depositional ages, dramatic environmental changes and so on. Previous study focused mainly on inorganic geochemistry and few studies have investigated the organic fractions of upper Neoproterozoic-lower Cambrian strata in South China. Here we report a study of biomarkers plus organic carbon isotopes for black shales from Ganziping, Hunan Province （China）. All the saturated hydrocarbon fractions have a unimodal distribution of n-alkanes, a high content of short-chain alkanes and maximize at C 19 or C 20 （C 23 for sample Gzh00-1）. The C 27 /C 29 sterane ratio ranges from 0.77 to 1.20 and 4-methylsteranes are in low abundance. These parameters indicate that algae and bacteria are the important primary producers. Furthermore, biomarker maturity proxies show the samples to be higher maturity. The low Pr/Ph values （0.7） suggest that the samples were deposited under anoxic conditions and, likely, under stratified water columns. In addition, 25-norhopanes and gammacerane are present as diagnostic indicators of normal marine salinity and dysoxic to anoxic conditions. During the Early Tommotian, known to coincide with a transgression event, small shelly fossils increased in abundance and diversity. Moreover, positive δ 13 C org excursions close to 1.4‰ occur at the base of the Tommotian stage. In summary, the Early Cambrian black shales were deposited under dramatic paleoenvironmental changes, including oceanic anoxia, higher primary productivity and sea-level rise.

关键词： black shales biomarkers carbon isotope paleoceanography Early Cambrian South China

In situ synthesis of Co_(3)O_(4)nanoparticles confined in 3D nitrogendoped porous carbon as an efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst

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Rare Metals 2020年第12期39卷 1383-1394页

作者： Zhi-Yuan Wang shun-Da Jiang chan-Qin Duan Dan Wang Shao-Hua Luo Yan-Guo Liu School of Materials Science and Engineering Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819China Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material-Hebei Province Qinhuangdao 066004China

The rational exploitation of non-precious metal catalyst with high activity,strong durability and low cost for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is of vital importance for metalair ***,a composite of Co_(3)O_(4)nanoparticles confined in three-dimensional(3 D)N-doped porous carbon(Co-NpCs)was prepared by a simple freeze-drying and in situ pyrolysis *** effect of different dosages of Co(NO_(3))_(2)on the catalytic performance was *** Co-NpC-12%exhibits the best catalytic performance(E_(1/2)=0.78 V,better stability than 20%Pt/C)in ORR and in OER among all the as-synthesized ***,it also exhibits the best bifunctional activity(ΔE=0.849 V).The excellent properties of Co-NpCs are mainly due to the synergy between Co_(3)O_(4)and ***,a high Co_(3)O_(4)loading amount can boost the defect level of the N-doped hierarchical porous carbon and expose more active ***,the unique in situ pyrolysis guarantees a largearea contact between Co_(3)O_(4)and carbon as well as a strong C-O-Co bonding,which promotes charge transfer,avoids the peeling of Co_(3)O_(4)nanoparticles and effectively improves the stability of the *** work is expected to offer a feasible strategy to produce metal oxide/carbon nanocomposite and push forward the development of bifunctional electrocatalyst with high activity and stability.

关键词： Bifunctional electrocatalyst Co_(3)O_(4) Nitrogendoped porous carbon In situ synthesis

Large-scale Circulation Control of the Occurrence of Low-level Turbulence at Hong Kong International Airport

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2018年第4期35卷 435-444页

作者： Marco Y. T. LEUNG Wen ZHOU Chi-Ming shun Pak-Wai chan Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Center School of Energy and Environment City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China Hong Kong Observatory Hong Kong China

This study identifies the atmospheric circulation features that are favorable for the occurrence of low-level turbulence at Hong Kong International Airport [below 1600 feet （around 500 m）]. By using LIDAR data at the airport, turbulence and nonturbulence cases are selected. It is found that the occurrence of turbulence is significantly related to the strength of the southerly wind at 850 hPa over the South China coast. On the other hand, the east-west wihd at this height demonstrates a weak relation to the occurrence. This suggests that turbulence is generated by flow passing Lantau Island from the south. The southerly wind also transports moisture from the South China Sea to Hong Kong, reducing local stability. This is favorable for the development of strong turbulence. It is also noted that the strong southerly wind during the occurrence of low-level turbulence is contributed by an anomalous zonal gradient of geopotential in the lower troposphere over the South China Sea. This gradient is caused by the combination of variations at different timescales. These are the passage of synoptic extratropical cyclones and anticyclones and the intraseasonal variation in the western North Pacific subtropical high. The seasonal variation in geopotential east of the Tibetan Plateau leads to a seasonal change in meridional wind, by which the frequency of low-level turbulence is maximized in spring and minimized in autumn.

关键词： LIDAR temperate cyclone and anticyclone western North Pacific subtropical high seasonal cycle topography effect

The development of roadside green swales in the Chinese Sponge City Program:Challenges and opportunities

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Frontiers of Engineering Management 2023年第4期10卷 566-581页

作者： Lingwen Lu Faith Ka shun chan Matthew Johnson Fangfang Zhu Yaoyang Xu Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health Ningbo Observation and Research StationInstitute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Xiamen361021China School of Geographical Sciences Faculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100China CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution ControlNingbo315830China Water@Leeds Research Institute University of LeedsLeeds LS29JTUK School of Geography University of NottinghamNottinghamshireNG72RDUK Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo 315100China Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in BeilunNingbo 315830China

Roadside green swales have emerged as popular stormwater management infrastructure in urban areas,serving to mitigate stormwater pollution and reduce urban surface water ***,there is a limited understanding of the various types,structures,and functions of swales,as well as the potential challenges they may face in the *** recent years,China has witnessed a surge in the adoption of roadside green swales,especially as part of the prestigious Sponge City Program(SCP).These green swales play a crucial role in controlling stormwater pollution and conserving urban water resources by effectively removing runoff pollutants,including suspended solids,nitrogen,and *** review critically examines recent research findings,identifies key knowledge gaps,and presents future recommendations for designing green swales for effective stormwater management,with a particular emphasis on ongoing major Chinese infrastructure *** the growing global interest in bioswales and their significance in urban development,China's current classification of such features lacks a clear definition or specific consideration of ***,policymakers have often underestimated the adverse environmental effects of road networks,as reflected in existing laws and planning *** review argues that the construction and maintenance of roadside green swales should be primarily based on three critical factors:Wellthought-out road planning,suitable construction conditions,and sustainable long-term *** integration of quantitative environmental standards into road planning is essential to effectively address the challenge of pollution from rainfall *** combat pollution associated with roads,a comprehensive assessment of potential pollution loadings should be carried out,guiding the appropriate design and construction of green swales,with a particular focus on addressing the phenomenon of first *** of the major challenges faced in su

关键词： grass swale infiltration swale bioswale wet swale spongecity

Effect of transcutaneous electroacupuncture at Neiguan(PC 6) on refractory vomiting in patients in intensive care unit

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Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2017年第4期37卷 554-557页

作者： Benoit Bataille Carine chan-shun Bastian Nucci Bernard Verdoux Michel Mora Pierre Cocquet Stein Silva Department of Intensive Care Medicine Narbonne HospitalNarbonne F-11100France Centre Hospitalier de Narbonne Service de Réanimation PolyvalenteNarbonne F-11100France Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Purpan University HospitalToulouse F-31059France Department of Intensive Care Vledicine Narbonne HospitalNarbonne F-11 1 00France

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of transcutaneous electroacupuncture(TEA) at Neiguan(PC 6) on refractory vomiting in critically ill patients in intensive care(ICU) ***: Ten patients admitted in ICU and presenting vomiting refractory to one or more antiemetic drugs were prospectively included in the study. TEA was applied at acupoint of Neiguan(PC6) during 30 min with a neuromuscular transmission monitor(single-twitch stimulation with 1 Hz at a constant current of 10 m A). Nausea and Vomiting were evaluated at the following intervals: immediately after 30 min of TEA at Neiguan(PC 6),30 min-6h and 6-24 h. The presence of nausea and/or vomiting throughout the observational period was defined as the primary end ***: The presence of nausea or vomiting throughout the observational period was 10% at the end of TEA, 40% between 30 min and 6 h, and50% between 30 min and 24 h(P tients in ICU setting, even if larger trials are needed to define optimal modalities.

关键词： Electroacupuncture Point PC 6 (Neiguan) Nausea Vomiting Antiemetics