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Assessing the Performance of CMIP6 Models in Simulating Droughts across Global Drylands

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第2期41卷 193-208页

作者： Xiaojing YU Lixia ZHANG tianjun zhou Jianghua ZHENG LASG Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China College of Geography&Remote Sensing Sciences Xinjiang UniversityUrumqi 830046China

Both the attribution of historical change and future projections of droughts rely heavily on climate modeling. However,reasonable drought simulations have remained a challenge, and the related performances of the current state-of-the-art Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6(CMIP6) models remain unknown. Here, both the strengths and weaknesses of CMIP6 models in simulating droughts and corresponding hydrothermal conditions in drylands are *** the general patterns of simulated meteorological elements in drylands resemble the observations, the annual precipitation is overestimated by ~33%(with a model spread of 2.3%–77.2%), along with an underestimation of potential evapotranspiration(PET) by ~32%(17.5%–47.2%). The water deficit condition, measured by the difference between precipitation and PET, is 50%(29.1%–71.7%) weaker than observations. The CMIP6 models show weaknesses in capturing the climate mean drought characteristics in drylands, particularly with the occurrence and duration largely underestimated in the hyperarid Afro-Asian areas. Nonetheless, the drought-associated meteorological anomalies, including reduced precipitation, warmer temperatures, higher evaporative demand, and increased water deficit conditions, are reasonably reproduced. The simulated magnitude of precipitation(water deficit) associated with dryland droughts is overestimated by 28%(24%) compared to observations. The observed increasing trends in drought fractional area,occurrence, and corresponding meteorological anomalies during 1980–2014 are reasonably reproduced. Still, the increase in drought characteristics, associated precipitation and water deficit are obviously underestimated after the late 1990s,especially for mild and moderate droughts, indicative of a weaker response of dryland drought changes to global warming in CMIP6 models. Our results suggest that it is imperative to employ bias correction approaches in drought-related studies over drylands by using CMIP6 o

关键词： droughts hydrothermal conditions drylands CMIP6 model evaluation

温室气体、气溶胶和太平洋年代际振荡对亚洲高山区降水变化的共同作用

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科学通报 2024年第10期69卷 1253-1256页

作者：江洁周天军中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室北京100029 中国科学院大学地球与行星科学学院北京100049

以青藏高原为主体的亚洲高山区孕育并滋养了亚洲多条重要的河流.亚洲高山区是气候变化的敏感区,同时也是生态环境的脆弱区.在全球增温背景下,亚洲高山区水循环发生了前所未有的变化,面临冰川退缩、积雪减少、多年冻土消融等问题.亚洲高... 详细信息

以青藏高原为主体的亚洲高山区孕育并滋养了亚洲多条重要的河流.亚洲高山区是气候变化的敏感区,同时也是生态环境的脆弱区.在全球增温背景下,亚洲高山区水循环发生了前所未有的变化,面临冰川退缩、积雪减少、多年冻土消融等问题.亚洲高山区陆地水储量的变化具有明显的空间异质性,这与过去几十年该地区降水的“双核型”变化有关[1].多源观测资料分析表明,20世纪70年代以来亚洲高山区北部降水增多,而包括喜马拉雅山脉在内的高原东南部地区降水则减少[1,2].

关键词：温室气体山区降水喜马拉雅山脉冰川退缩多年冻土水循环空间异质性生态环境

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2023: Weather and Climate Extremes Hitting the Globe with Emerging Features

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第6期41卷 1001-1016页

作者： Wenxia ZHANG Robin CLARK tianjun zhou Laurent LI Chao LI Juan RIVERA Lixia ZHANG Kexin GUI Tingyu ZHANG Lan LI Rongyun PAN Yongjun CHEN Shijie TANG Xin HUANG Shuai HU State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Met Office Hadley Centre Exeter EX13PBUK University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique CNRSSorbonne UniversitéEcole Normale SupérieureEcole PolytechniqueParis 75230France Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Hamburg 20146Germany Instituto Argentino de Nivología Glaciología Y Ciencias Ambientales(IANIGLA)CCT CONICETMendoza CP 5500Argentina Shanghai Typhoon Institute China Meteorological AdministrationShanghai 200030China Asia-Pacific Typhoon Collaborative Research Center Shanghai 201306China

Globally,2023 was the warmest observed year on record since at least 1850 and,according to proxy evidence,possibly of the past 100000 *** in recent years,the record warmth has again been accompanied with yet more extreme weather and climate events throughout the ***,we provide an overview of those of 2023,with details and key background causes to help build upon our understanding of the roles of internal climate variability and anthropogenic climate *** also highlight emerging features associated with some of these extreme *** extremes are occurring earlier in the year,and increasingly simultaneously in differing parts of the world(e.g.,the concurrent hot extremes in the Northern Hemisphere in July 2023).Intense cyclones are exacerbating precipitation extremes(e.g.,the North China flooding in July and the Libya flooding in September).Droughts in some regions(e.g.,California and the Horn of Africa)have transitioned into flood *** extremes also show increasing interactions with ecosystems via wildfires(e.g.,those in Hawaii in August and in Canada from spring to autumn 2023)and sandstorms(e.g.,those in Mongolia in April 2023).Finally,we also consider the challenges to research that these emerging characteristics present for the strategy and practice of adaptation.

关键词： weather and climate extremes temperature extremes extreme precipitation drought wildfires

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火山气溶胶影响气候的研究现状与未来

科学通报 2024年第2期69卷 230-252页

作者：周天军左萌满文敏中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室北京100029 中国科学院大学北京100049

火山喷发主要通过改变大气成分进而影响气候异常,火山喷发后在平流层形成的硫酸盐气溶胶是影响气候变化的重要自然外强迫因子.本文在概述火山喷发影响气候的基本原理和研究方法基础上,围绕着过去2500年主要火山事件的记录重建,火山喷发... 详细信息

火山喷发主要通过改变大气成分进而影响气候异常,火山喷发后在平流层形成的硫酸盐气溶胶是影响气候变化的重要自然外强迫因子.本文在概述火山喷发影响气候的基本原理和研究方法基础上,围绕着过去2500年主要火山事件的记录重建,火山喷发对全球气候、厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Niño-southern oscillation,ENSO)、东亚和中国气候的影响,火山喷发对年代际气候预测和未来气候预估的影响、火山空气污染及其人体健康影响等问题,总结了近年来的主要进展,探讨了亟待加强的研究方向.主要结论如下:(1)较为可靠的火山气溶胶强迫资料重建已延伸至过去2500年,全球范围内能够造成有效辐射强迫减少1 W m−2以上的大型火山喷发的平均周期为43±7.5年;记录重建的难点在于如何利用冰芯中的硫酸盐记录来重建火山强度、持续时间和空间分布等.(2)火山气溶胶的全球气候影响,包括令全球平均温度降低和冬季北半球中高纬地区升温,使全球平均降水减少,季风环流减弱,季风降水减少;火山喷发后平流层水汽的增加能够部分抵消火山气溶胶的冷却作用;火山喷发还能够影响海表高度、海温和海洋环流的年代际变化,通过影响生态系统碳循环造成大气中CO_(2)浓度降低.(3)热带火山喷发后太平洋会出现El Niño型海温响应,热带和北半球高纬度火山喷发对El Niño型海温异常形成的驱动作用强于南半球火山,海温初始位相能够影响火山喷发对ENSO的影响.(4)火山气溶胶能够导致东亚地区气温下降,出现极端低温,并使东亚夏季风环流减弱,中国东部降水总体减少,但呈现出空间分布上的不均匀性.(5)考虑火山气溶胶的影响能够提升年代际气候预测技巧,强迫气候系统内部变率模态的位相变化,潜在的火山喷发能够导致预估的未来百年全球平均温度低于预期、全球季风区降水减少.(6)火山喷发能够引起火山空气污染,进而对人体健康产生影响.(7)未来需要加强的研究工作,包括历史时期火山记录的重建和器测资料时期火山气溶胶等资料的卫星反演、火山影响全球和区域气候的物理学机理研究、“平流层化学-气溶胶-气候”耦合模式的研发、火山气候影响研究的多学科交叉国际合作,需要重视现代小型火山喷发的气候影响问题,以及火山喷发对年代际气候变率模态和年代际气候预测的作用问题.

关键词：火山气溶胶重建和气候模拟温度降水厄尔尼诺-南方涛动气候预测和预估

Will the Globe Encounter the Warmest Winter after the Hottest Summer in 2023?

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第4期41卷 581-586页

作者： Fei ZHENG Shuai HU Jiehua MA Lin WANG Kexin LI Bo WU Qing BAO Jingbei PENG Chaofan LI Haifeng ZONG Yao YAO Baoqiang TIAN Hong CHEN Xianmei LANG Fangxing FAN Xiao DONG Yanling ZHAN Tao ZHU tianjun zhou Jiang ZHU International Center for Climate and Environment Science(ICCES) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics(LASG) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre(NZC) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Center for Monsoon System Research(CMSR) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China CAS Key Lab of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia(RCE-TEA) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China

In the boreal summer and autumn of 2023,the globe experienced an extremely hot period across both oceans and *** consecutive record-breaking mean surface temperature has caused many to speculate upon how the global temperature will evolve in the coming 2023/24 boreal *** this report,as shown in the multi-model ensemble mean(MME)prediction released by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences,a medium-to-strong eastern Pacific El Niño event will reach its mature phase in the following 2−3 months,which tends to excite an anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific and the Pacific-North American teleconnection,thus serving to modulate the winter climate in East Asia and North *** some uncertainty due to unpredictable internal atmospheric variability,the global mean surface temperature(GMST)in the 2023/24 winter will likely be the warmest in recorded history as a consequence of both the El Niño event and the long-term global warming ***,the middle and low latitudes of Eurasia are expected to experience an anomalously warm winter,and the surface air temperature anomaly in China will likely exceed 2.4 standard deviations above climatology and subsequently be recorded as the warmest winter since ***,the necessary early warnings are still reliable in the timely updated mediumterm numerical weather forecasts and sub-seasonal-to-seasonal prediction.

关键词： winter climate El Niño seasonal forecast GMST

Negligible Warming Caused by Nord Stream Methane Leaks

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2023年第4期40卷 549-552页

作者： Xiaolong CHEN tianjun zhou State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Unanticipated sabotage of two underwater pipelines in the Baltic Sea(Nord Stream 1 and 2)happened on 26September *** quantities of natural gas,primarily methane,were released into the atmosphere,which lasted for about one *** a more powerful greenhouse gas than CO_(2),the potential climatic impact of methane is a global *** multiple methods and datasets,a recent study reported a relatively accurate magnitude of the leaked methane at 0.22±0.03 million tons(Mt),which was lower than the initial estimate in the immediate aftermath of the *** an energy conservation framework used in IPCC AR6,we derived a negligible increase in global surface air temperature of 1.8×10^(-5)℃ in a 20-year time horizon caused by the methane leaks with an upper limit of 0.25 *** the resultant warming from this methane leak incident was minor,future carbon release from additional Earth system feedbacks,such as thawing permafrost,and its impact on the methane mitigation pathways of the Paris Agreement,warrants investigation.

关键词： Nord Stream methane leak global warming potential climatic impact

气候变化影响中国东北地区降水侵蚀力的高分辨率区域模式预估

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大气科学 2024年第2期48卷 480-496页

作者：辛羽婷张文霞邹立维周天军赵勇成都信息工程大学大气科学学院成都610225 中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室北京100029 中国科学院大学地球与行星科学学院北京100049 吉林省吉林市气象局吉林132000

土壤侵蚀是生态环境和农业生产的重要影响因子。我国东三省土地面积79.33万平方公里,占我国国土面积的9.3%,是重要的商品粮基地,同时也是世界四大黑土区之一。在气候变化背景下,我国东北地区的土壤侵蚀情况及其未来风险,目前仍不清楚。... 详细信息

土壤侵蚀是生态环境和农业生产的重要影响因子。我国东三省土地面积79.33万平方公里,占我国国土面积的9.3%,是重要的商品粮基地,同时也是世界四大黑土区之一。在气候变化背景下,我国东北地区的土壤侵蚀情况及其未来风险,目前仍不清楚。影响土壤侵蚀力的重要因素之一是降水侵蚀力(R-factor),其与强降水有关。本研究利用CN05.1和APHRODITE观测降水资料揭示了我国东北地区降水侵蚀力的观测特征。在气候平均态上,东北地区东南部降水侵蚀力最强。降水侵蚀力存在明显的年循环,以夏季为主导,占全年总侵蚀的80%以上。在观测分析基础上,对RegCM4动力降尺度模式进行了评估和订正,并预估了未来不同共享社会经济路径(SSP1-2.6和SSP5-8.5)下中国东北地区降水侵蚀力的变化。随着未来增温,到21世纪末,两种排放情景下东北地区平均的降水侵蚀力分别增加9.90%和26.70%。高排放情景下将面临更严重的降水侵蚀风险,SSP5-8.5情景下降水侵蚀力的增强幅度约为SSP1-2.6情景下变化的2.7倍,同时77.69%的区域面积上降水侵蚀力将更强。因此,采取切实有效的减排措施,走可持续发展路径,对于减缓我国东北地区黑土地的土壤侵蚀风险,进而保障粮食安全,具有重要意义。

关键词：降水侵蚀动力降尺度气候变化偏差订正

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Understanding Differences in Event Attribution Results Arising from Modeling Strategy

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2022年第1期36卷 49-60页

作者： Wenxia ZHANG Liwen REN tianjun zhou State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049

While there is high confidence that human activities have increased the likelihood and severity of hot extreme events over many parts of the world,there is notable spread in quantitative estimates of anthropogenic influence even on a single *** better understand the uncertainty of attribution results,here we compare different event attribution methods using the 2015 July-August record-breaking heat event in northwestern China as a case *** address the anthropogenic influence on the likelihood of the extreme event,we employ attribution runs with two modeling strategies—atmosphere-only and coupled simulations—with different *** atmosphere-only attribution runs,given the observed sea surface boundary conditions and external forcings in 2015,it is estimated that anthropogenic forcing has increased the likelihood of hot extremes such as that observed in 2015 in the target region,by approximately 27 and 12 times in MIROC5 and HadGEM3-A-N216,*** Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5(CMIP5)fully coupled attribution runs,given the external forcing at the 1961-2015 level and regardless of sea surface boundary conditions,there is a 21-fold increase in the likelihood of similar heat events due to anthropogenic *** differences in quantitative attribution results can arise from modeling strategies,which are tightly linked to different conditioning in ***,different ocean boundary conditions,external forcings,and air-sea coupling processes contribute to different attribution results between the two modeling *** each modeling strategy,model uncertainty affects quantitative attribution *** comparison of different attribution methods provides a better understanding of the uncertainty of attribution results,which is useful in synthesizing and interpreting attribution results.

关键词： event attribution anthropogenic influence uncertainty modeling strategy

Long-term changes in the effect of drought stress on ecosystems across global drylands

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第1期66卷 146-160页

作者： Xiaojing YU Lixia ZHANG tianjun zhou Xing ZHANG LASG Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China

Droughts are one of the climate extremes that occur frequently in drylands,constraining the terrestrial carbon uptake and water cycle *** about the long-term changes in the effect of drought stress on dryland ecosystems under global warming are still insufficient so *** we comprehensively investigate long-term changes in droughts and the effect of drought stresses on ecosystems across global drylands for 1982–2015,and further reveal changes in the configurations of the key meteorological and ecological factors of droughts,by using observation and reanalysis ***,the spatial patterns of intensity,occurrence,duration and severity of all drought categories across global drylands are highly consistent with each *** with severe droughts,drylands witness insufficient precipitation(-12.4 mm mon^(-1)area-averaged over global drylands),warmer temperature(0.6℃),water deficit(-19.0 mm mon^(-1)),higher atmospheric aridity(0.06 k Pa),lower soil moisture(-0.03 m^(3)m^(-3)),suppressed vegetation growth and declined carbon uptake(-0.13 g C m^(-2)d^(-1)).The affected area,occurrence,duration and severity for mild to severe droughts in drylands and the anomalies of meteorological and ecological factors for all drought categories have increased significantly during ***,when droughts occur,the precipitation deficit is weakened at a rate of 3.7–9.6 mm mon^(-1)(30 yr)^(-1),the higher temperature(atmospheric aridity)is further intensified at 0.71–0.87-1(30 yr)^(-1)(39–47 Pa(30 yr)^(-1)),the water(soil moisture)deficit is relieved at 1.7–5.1 mm mon^(-1)(30yr)^(-1)(4.1×10^(-3)–7.4×10^(-3)m^(3)m^(-3)(30 yr)^(-1)),and the suppressed vegetation growth is generally alleviated at 0.98×10^(-2)–1.2×10^(-2)(30 yr)^(-1).Since the 2000s,the increasing trend in the suppressed vegetation growth during droughts tends to stagnate over about 50%of the dryland *** checking the probability density function,the configurations of the key

关键词： Global drylands Droughts Drought stress for ecosystem Global warming