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Hydrothermal carbonization of livestock mortality for the reduction of pathogens and microbially-derived DNA

frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2017年第3期11卷 107-114页

作者： thomas.f. ducey Jessica C. Collins Kyoung S. Ro Bryan L. Woodbury D. Dee Griffin Coastal Plains Soil Water and Plant Research Center Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Florence SC 29501 USA South Carolina Governor's School for Science and Mathematics Hartsville SC 29550 USA U.S. Meat Animal Research Center Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Clay Center NE 68933 USA University of Nebraska-Lincoln Great Plains Veterinary Education Center Lincoln NE 68588 USA

Hydrothermal carbonization （HTC）, utilizing high temperature and pressure, has the potential to treat agricultural waste via inactivating pathogens, antibiotic resistance genes （ARG）, and contaminants of emerging concern （CEC） in a environmental and economical manner. Livestock mortality is one facet of agricultural waste that can pose a threat to the surrounding environment. While several methods are utilized to treat livestock mortality, there remains a paucity of data on the elimination of microbially- derived DNA in these treatment practices. This DNA, most notably ARGs, if it survives treatment can be reintroduced in agricultural environments where it could potentially be passed to pathogens, posing a risk to animal and human populations. HTC treatments have been successfully utilized for the treatment of CECs, however very little is understood on how ARGs survive HTC treatment. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap by examining the survivability ofmicrobially-derived DNA in the HTC treatment of livestock mortality. We examined three treatment temperatures （100℃, 150℃, and 200℃） at autogenic pressures at three treatment times （30, 60, and 240 min）. We examined the amplification of a plasmid-bome reporter gene carried by Escherichia coli DH 10B introduced to both beef bone and tissue. Results indicate that while all three temperatures, at all treatment times, were suitable for complete pathogen kill, only temperatures of 150℃ and 200℃ were sufficient for eliminating microbial DNA. These results serve as the basis for future potential HTC treatment recommendations for livestock mortality when considering the elimination of pathogens and ARGs.

关键词： High-temperature carbonization Microbial DNA Livestock mortality

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Urease activity and nitrogen dynamics in highly weathered soils with designer biochars under corn cultivation

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Biochar 2020年第3期2卷 343-356页

作者： Gilbert C.Sigua Jeff M.Novak Don W.Watts William T.Myers thomas.f.ducey Kenneth C.Stone United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research ServiceCoastal Plains SoilWaterand Plant Research Center2611 West Lucas StreetFlorenceSC 29501USA

The application of designer biochar has the potential to impact soil enzyme activity and soil nitrogen ***,very little is known about the mechanisms responsible for biochar-enzyme-nitrogen interaction in highly weathered *** objective of our 3-year(2016-2018)field experiment was to evaluate the effectiveness of designer biochars(DB)in enhancing urease activity(UA),total nitrogen(TN),total inorganic nitrogen(TIN),and nitrogen uptake(NU)at different growth stages(GS)of corn in a highly weathered soil of southeastern Coastal Plain region,*** treatments have consisted of the control,100%pine chips(100PC),100%poultry litter(100PL),2:1 blend of PC and PL(PCPL),100%raw switchgrass(Panicum vaginatum,L;100RSG),and 2:1 blend of PC and RSG(PCRSG).All the designer biochar treatments were applied at the rate of 30,000 kg ha^(−1)to a Goldsboro loamy sand in *** activity,TN,TIN,and NU varied remarkably with DB(p≤0.0001)at different GS(p≤0.0001)of *** treated with 100PL had the greatest UA(28.18μg N g^(−1)h^(−1)),TN(0.087%),and TIN(14.53 mg kg^(−1))while the least UA,TN,and TIN of 20.55μg N g^(−1)h^(−1),0.063%,and 5.42 mg kg^(−1),respectively,were observed from the *** three-year TN average increase over the control was in the order:100PL(36.8%)>100RSG(25.8%)>PCRSG(25.3%)>PCPL(23.9%)>100PC(7.1%).The greatest NU of corn of 140.4 kg N ha^(−1)was from soils treated with 100PL while the least amount of NU was from ***,our results showed promising significance for the treatment of highly weathered soils since the application of DB did enhance UA and improve TN and TIN in the soils.

关键词： Goldsboro sandy loam Coastal plain Corn Urease activity Highly weathered soil Nitrogen Designer biochars Total inorganic nitrogen

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Biochar compost blends facilitate switchgrass growth in mine soils by reducing Cd and Zn bioavailability

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Biochar 2019年第1期1卷 97-114页

作者： Jeffrey M.Novak James A.Ippolito Donald W.Watts Gilbert C.Sigua thomas.f.ducey Mark G.Johnson Coastal Plains Soil Water and Plant Research CenterUnited States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceFlorenceSC 29501USA Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80523USA National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory United States Environmental Protection AgencyCorvallisOR 97331USA

Biochars have the potential to reclaim mine-impacted soils;however,their variable physico-chemical properties incite specu-lation about their successful remediation *** investigation examined the capability of biochars produced from three different feedstocks along with a compost blend to improve switchgrass growth conditions in a mine-impacted soil by examining influences on soil pH,grass metal contents,and soil-extractable metal ***(Cd)-and zinc(Zn)-contaminated mine soil was collected from a site near Webb City,Missouri,USA-a location within the Tri-State Min-ing *** a full factorial design,soil was treated with a 0%,2.5%,and 5%(w/w)compost mixture(wood chips+beef cattle manure),and 0%,2.5%and 5%of each biochar pyrolyzed from beef cattle manure,poultry litter,and lodgepole pine ***(Panicum virgatum,‘Cave-In-Rock’variety)was grown in a greenhouse for 50 days and the mass of shoots(above-ground biomass)and roots was assessed,while soil pH,deionized H_(2)O-and 0.01 M CaCl_(2)-extractable Cd and Zn concentrations were *** litter biochar and compost had the greatest ability to raise soil pH(from 4.40 to 6.61),beef cattle manure biochar and compost moderately raised pH(from 4.4 to 5.92),and lodgepole pine biochar and compost weakly raised pH(from 4.40 to 5.05).Soils treated with beef cattle manure biochar,poultry litter biochar signifi-cantly reduced deionized H_(2)O-and 0.01 M CaCl_(2)-extractable Cd and Zn concentrations,while lodgepole pine biochar-treated soils showed mixed *** shoot and root masses were greatest in soil treated with compost in combination with either beef cattle manure biochar or poultry litter *** treated with 5%beef cattle manure biochar+5%compost had greater reductions in total Cd and Zn concentrations measured in switchgrass shoots and roots compared to the other two *** three biochars and compost mixtures applied to heavy metal,mine-im

关键词： Biochar Heavy metals Metal sorption Tri-State Mine soil Remediation Switchgrass

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What diameter?What height?Influence of measures of average tree size on area-based allometric volume relationships

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forest Ecosystems 2024年第1期11卷 100-109页

作者： Yilin Wang John A.Kershaw Mark J.ducey Yuan Sun James B.McCarter Integrated forest Mensuration and Systems Analysis Laboratory Faculty of Forestry and Environmental ManagementUniversity of New BrunswickFrederictonNBCanada Department of Natural Resources and the Environment University of New HampshireDurhamNHUSA College of forestry Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China Scientific Programmer RayonierYuleeFLUSA

Volume is an important attribute used in many forest management *** from 83 fixed-area plots located in central New Brunswick,Canada,are used to examine how different measures of stand-level diameter and height influence volume prediction using a stand-level variant of Honer's(1967)volume *** density was included in the models(Volume=f(Diameter,Height,Density))choice of diameter measure was more important than choice of height *** density was not included(Volume=f(Diameter,Height)),the opposite was *** models with density included,moment-based estimators of stand diameter and height performed better than all other *** models without density,largest tree estimators of stand diameter and height performed better than other *** overall best equation used quadratic mean diameter,Lorey's height,and density(root mean square error=5.26 m^3·ha^(-1);1.9%relative error).The best equation without density used mean diameter of the largest trees needed to calculate a stand density index of 400 and the mean height of the tallest 400 trees per ha(root mean square error=32.08 m^(3)·ha^(-1);11.8%relative error).The results of this study have some important implications for height subsampling and LiDAR-derived forest inventory analyses.

关键词： Allometric relationships Stand structure Volume estimation Stand-level attributes

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Microbial response to designer biochar and compost treatments for mining impacted soils

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Biochar 2021年第3期3卷 299-314页

作者： thomas.f.ducey Jeffrey M.Novak Gilbert C.Sigua James A.Ippolito Hannah C.Rushmiller Donald W.Watts Kristin M.Trippe Kurt A.Spokas Kenneth C.Stone Mark G.Johnson Coastal Plains Soil Waterand Plant Research CenterAgricultural Research Service-USDAFlorenceSCUSA Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA National forage Seed Production Research Center Agricultural Research Service-USDACorvallisORUSA Soil and Water Management Research Unit Agricultural Research Service-USDASt.PaulMNUSA National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory US Environmental Protection AgencyCorvallisORUSA

The Oronogo-Duenweg mining belt is a designated United States Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site due to lead-contaminated soil and groundwater by former mining and smelting *** that have undergone remediation-in which the O,A,and B horizons have been removed alongside the lead contamination-have an exposed C horizon and are incalcitrant to revegetation *** also continue to contain quantifiable Cd and Zn *** improve soil conditions and encourage successful site revegetation,our study employed three biochars,sourced from different feedstocks(poultry litter,beef cattle manure,and lodgepole pine),at two rates of application(2.5%,and 5%),coupled with compost(0%,2.5%and 5%application rates).Two plant species-switchgrass(Panicum virgatum)and buffalograss(Bouteloua dactyloides)-were grown in the amended *** of soils with poultry litter biochar applied at 5%resulted in the greatest reduction of soil bioavailable Cd and ***-ground biomass yields were greatest with beef cattle manure biochar applied at 2.5%with 5%compost,or with 5%biochar at 2.5%and 5%compost *** microbial biomass was achieved with 5%poultry litter biochar and 5%compost,and microbial communities in soils amended with poultry litter biochar distinctly clustered away from all other soil ***,poultry litter biochar amended soils had the highest enzyme activity rates forβ-glucosidase,N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase,and *** results suggest that soil reclamation using biochar and compost can improve mine-impacted soil biogeophysical characteristics,and potentially improve future remediation efforts.

关键词： Biochar Compost Microbial response Mine soil reclamation Plant growth

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