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Propofol w.th Varied Functions: A Potential Therapeutic Opportunity for Postoperative Nausea, Vomiting and Pruritus—A Narrative Review

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Open Journal of Anesthesiology 2024年第2期14卷 13-24页

作者： thomas w. anabah Fidelis Bayor David Z. Kolbila Terence Kunfire Dakurah Sylvanus Kampo Juventus B. Ziem Anaesthesia Unit Habana Medical Services Tamale Ghana Department of Anaesthesiology Lawra Municipal Hospital Ghana Health Service Lawra Ghana Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology School of Medicine University for Development Studies Tamale Ghana Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care School of Medical Sciences C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences Navrongo Ghana Department of Medical Microbiology School of Medical Sciences C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences Navrongo Ghana

Background: Despite the advances in anesthetics and non-pharmacological techniques, the prevalence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in all patients remains high. It is one of the most common distressing symptoms that cause dissatisfaction among patients after anesthesia and surgery. A sub-hypnotic dose of propofol has been show. to reduce morphine-induced postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pruritus. This review.article w.ll provide sufficient know.edge on the role of propofol in minimizing opioid-induced postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pruritus by providing detailed information on propofol antiemetic and antipruritic effects, as w.ll as discussions based on empirically available data. Method: w. conducted a narrative review.of the literature published betw.en 1990 and 2023 from a range of databases;PubMed, BioMed Central, Biosis Preview., Nature, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Springer-Link, and Elsevier. Discussion and Conclusion: The literatures review.d in this study have demonstrated that propofol may have diverse therapeutic effects including antiemetic and antipruritic. The antiemetic effect of propofol may be an effective therapeutic approach for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. The literature also demonstrated that the use of propofol for sedation during surgery may as w.ll ameliorates opioids induced postoperative pruritus, w.ich may be beneficial to surgical patients. Also, it w.s demonstrated that prophylactic use of propofol may be an effective w.y of preventing nausea and vomiting and pruritus during opioid use.

关键词： Propofol Nausea Vomiting Antiemetic Antipruritic Surgery

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A different view. sensory drive in the polarized-light realm

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Current Zoology 2018年第4期64卷 513-523页

作者： thomas w. CRONIN Department of Biological Sciences University of Maryland Baltimore MD 21250 USA

Sensory drive, the concept that sensory systems primarily evolve under the influence of environmen tal features and that animal signals are evolutionarily shaped and tuned by these previously existing sensory systems, has been thoroughly studied regarding visual signals across many animals. Much of this w.rk has focused on spectral aspects of vision and signals. Here, I review.w.rk on polarized light signals of animals and relate these to w.at is know. of polarization visual systems, polarized light aspects of visual scenes, and polarizationrelated behavior （e.g., orientation, habitatfinding, contrast enhancement）. Other than the broad patterns of scattered polarized light in the sky, most po larization in both terrestrial and aquatic environments results from either reflection or scattering in the horizontal plane. w.th overhead illumination, horizontal features such as the surfaces of many leaves or of air： w.ter interfaces reflect horizontal polarization, and w.ter scatters horizontally polar ized light under most conditions. Several animal species have been demonstrated to use horizontally polarized light fields or features in critical aspects of their biology. Significantly, most biological sig nals are also horizontally polarized. Here, I present relevant polarizationrelated behavior and discuss the hypothesis that sensory drive has evolutionarily influenced the structure of polarization signals. The paper also considers the evolutionary origin of circular polarization vision and circularly polar ized signals. It appears that this class of signals did not evolve under the influence of sensory drive. The study of signals based on polarized light is becoming a mature field of research.

关键词： animal communication polarized light sensory drive vision visual signal

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Tuning beneficial calcineurin phosphatase activation to counterα-synuclein toxicity in a yeast model of Parkinson’s disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第1期20卷 199-200页

作者： Srishti Chaw.a Mikael Molin thomas Nystrom Institute for Biomedicine Sahlgrenska AcademyCentre for Ageing and Health-AgeCapUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden Department of Life Sciences Chalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden

Calcineurin(CN)is a calcium-and calmodulindependent serine/threonine that has been studied in many model organisms including yeast,filamentous fungi,plants,and *** biological functions range from ion homeostasis and virulence in low.r eukaryotes to T-cell activation in humans by human nuclear factors of activated *** is a heterodimeric protein consisting of a catalytic subunit,calcineurin A(Cna1p),w.ich contains an active site w.th a dinuclear metal center,and a regulatory Ca^(2+) binding subunit called calcineurin B(Cnb1p)required to activate *** calcineurin B subunit has been highly conserved through evolution:For example,the mammalian calcineurin B show. 54%identity w.th calcineurin B from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

关键词： activation dinuclear conserved

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Microglia:a promising therapeutic target in spinal cord injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第2期20卷 454-463页

作者： Xiaow.i Zha Guoli Zheng thomas Skutella Karl Kiening Andreas Unterberg Alexander Younsi Department of Neurosurgery Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany Department of Neuroanatomy Institute for Anatomy and Cell BiologyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany

Microglia are present throughout the central nervous system and are vital in neural repair,nutrition,phagocytosis,immunological regulation,and maintaining neuronal *** a healthy spinal cord,microglia are accountable for immune surveillance,how.ver,w.en a spinal cord injury occurs,the microenvironment drastically changes,leading to glial scars and failed axonal *** this context,microglia vary their gene and protein expression during activation,and proliferation in reaction to the injury,influencing injury responses both favorably and unfavorably.A dynamic and multifaceted injury response is mediated by microglia,w.ich interact directly w.th neurons,astrocytes,oligodendrocytes,and neural stem/progenitor *** a clear understanding of their essential nature and origin,the mechanisms of action and new.functions of microglia in spinal cord injury require extensive *** review.summarizes current studies on microglial genesis,physiological function,and pathological state,highlights their crucial roles in spinal cord injury,and proposes microglia as a therapeutic target.

关键词： astrocytes cytokines functional recovery immune regulation M1/M2 activation macrophages microglia neuroinflammation spinal cord injury therapy

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Identification and initial characterization of the 3＇ end of gene transcripts encoding putative members of the pheromone receptor subfamily in Lepidoptera

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Insect Science 2012年第1期19卷 64-74页

作者： Stephen F. Garczynski Kevin w. w.nner thomas R. Unruh USDA-ARS Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory Wapato Washington Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Montana State University Bozeman Montana USA

Semiochemicals, including pheromones and kairomones, used in pest man- agement programs reduce the need for chemical insecticides, and understanding their interactions w.th their membrane receptors may help make them more effective in the field. Identification of odorant receptors in the Lepidoptera has mainly been achieved us- ing bioinformatics to search DNA sequences generated by genome or expressed sequence tag （EST） sequencing projects. This study reports a rapid method to identify members of the pheromone receptor subfamily in Lepidoptera. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers w.re designed against a conserved amino acid sequence in the carboxyl terminus of know. lepidopteran pheromone receptors, and the primers w.re used in a 3＇ rapid amplifica- tion of complementary DNA （cDNA） ends procedure. Polymerase chain reaction products generated from seven different lepidopteran species w.re TA cloned and sequenced. The cDNA sequences of 25 transcripts w.re determined to encode potential members of the pheromone receptor subfamily. These cDNAs ranged from 238 to 642 bp and encoded 49-54 amino acids of the carboxyl terminus. Analysis of the 3＇ untranslated region reveals that most of the transcripts contain multiple polyadenylation signal sequences, and in the case ofManduca sexta, an alternate polyadenylation signal appears to be used in transcript processing. The 3＇ untranslated region w.s also useful in determining unique receptors en- coded by transcripts having highly similar nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Overall, this technique provides a complementary method of pheromone receptor identification in EST sequencing projects, or can be used as a stand-alone method in conjunction w.th 5＇ rapid amplification of cDNA ends procedures.

关键词： degenerate primer PCR odorant receptor pheromone receptor polyadeny- lation signals 3' untranslated region

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Felsenstein＇s ＂one-allele model＂ of speciation： The role of philopatry in the initial stages of host plant mediated reproductive isolation in Enchenopa binotata

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Current Zoology 2013年第5期59卷 658-666页

作者： Frank w. STEARNS Kelley J. TILMON thomas K. w.OD Department of Biology Biology-Psychology Building University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA Department of Plant Science Plant Science Building South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007 USA Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology 250 Townsend Hall University of Delaware Newark DE 19716 USA

The study of speciation genetics is primarily concerned w.th identifying the genetic traits that allow.divergent selec- tion to overcome the homogenizing effects of gene flow. Felsenstein review.d this race betw.en gene flow.and selection, con- cluding that speciation w.th gene flow.w.s unlikely under a ＂tw.-allele model＂（w.ere tw. traits w.re necessary for reproductive isolation） but that divergence could occur quite easily under a ＂one-allele model.＂ Despite this finding, much of the sympatric speciation research involving phytophagous insects has relied on a tw.-trait model, w.ere insects evolve both preferences for and increased performance on novel host plants. Philopatry （a tendency to remain w.ere one w.s born） is know. to occur in phyto- phagous insects and is a single trait isolation mechanism. How.ver, it is traditionally invoked as simply augmenting reproductive isolation. Species in the Enchenopa binotata complex are believed to have speciated in sympatry. They exhibit host plant prefe- rences, host specific performance advantages and strong philopatry. w. experimentally shifted E. binotata to evolutionarily novel host plants. Previous research has demonstrated that the experimental population of insects possesses genetic variation in prefe- rence and performance to the novel host. The degree of philopatry at mating and egg-laying w.s assayed for the first four years under full choice conditions. Host plant preference and performance w.s assayed after eight years. Philopatry w.s an immediate and strong isolating mechanism, w.ile preference for and performance on the novel host lagged. w. therefore suggest that philo- patry may be a more important mechanism in the early stages of a host shift than previously believed [Current Zoology 59 （5）： 658-666, 2013].

关键词： Philopatry Enchenopa Ecological Speciation Sympatric Speciation

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Sleep as a w.ndow.to understand and regulate Alzheimer's disease:emerging roles of thalamic reticular nucleus

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第6期20卷 1711-1712页

作者： Haoqi Sun Shiqian Shen Robert J.thomas M.Brandon w.stover Can Zhang Department of Neurology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA Center for Translational Pain Research Department of AnesthesiaCritical Care and Pain MedicineMassachusetis General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep MedicineDepartment of MedicineBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA Genetics and Aging Research Unit McCance Center for Brain HealthMass General Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseaseDepartment of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA

Introduction:Alzheimer 's disease(AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder and the primary cause of dementia. Considerable evidence supports the “amyloid hypothesis,” stating that the pathogenesis of AD is primarily caused by the deposition of amyloid-β(Aβ), w.ich drives tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration in the brain. The amyloid hypothesis is strengthened by the significant and moderate benefit of lecanemab, a humanized antibody through an anti-amyloid mechanism,show.ng slow.d clinical decline(van Dyck et al.,2023). The recent positive results of anti-amyloid trials have brought back focus on the amyloid hypothesis through biochemical, genetic, and pharmacological approaches(Zhang, 2023).

关键词： Alzheimer inflammation hypothesis

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From w.llard straight to w.ll Street

From Willard straight to Wall Street

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作者： thomas w. Jones.

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Migratory flight of insect pests w.thin a year-round distribution: European corn borer as a case study

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2018年第7期17卷 1485-1505页

作者： thomas w.Sappington Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit Agricultural Research ServiceUSDA

Insect migratory flight differs fundamentally from most other kinds of flight behavior, in that it is non-appetitive. The adult is not searching for anything, and migratory flight is not terminated by encounters w.th potential resources. Many insect pests of agricultural crops are long-distance migrants, moving from low.r latitudes w.ere they overw.nter to higher latitudes in the spring to exploit superabundant, but seasonally ephemeral, host crops. The migratory nature of these pests is somew.at easy to recognize because of their sudden appearance in areas w.ere they had been absent only a day or tw. earlier. Many other serious pests survive hostile w.nter conditions by diapausing, and therefore do not require migration to move betw.en overw.ntering and breeding ranges. Yet there is evidence of migratory behavior engaged in by several pest species that inhabit high latitudes year-round. In these cases, the consequences of migratory flight are not immediately noticeable at the population level, because migration takes place for the most part w.thin their larger year-round distribution. Nevertheless, the potential population-level consequences can be quite important in the contexts of pest management and insect resistance management. As a case study, I review.the evidence for migratory flight behavior by individual European corn borer adults, and discuss the importance of understanding it. The kind of migratory behavior posited for pest species inhabiting a permanent distribution may be more common than w. realize.

关键词： migration dispersal flight movement ecology European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis

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An alternative model for fetal loss disorders associated w.th mare reproductive loss syndrome

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Animal Nutrition 2020年第2期6卷 217-224页

作者： thomas w.Sw.rczek Department of Veterinary Science University of KentuckyLexingtonKY40356United States

Fertile chicken eggs w.re used as an alternative model for large animals to evaluate suspect toxic dietary ingredients for fetal loss disorders associated w.th mare reproductive loss syndrome(MRLS) and fetal losses in other ***,ammonia,and sulfate may react w.th proteinaceous compounds to enable the formation of abiotic pathogenic nanoparticles w.ich w.re constant findings in pathognomonic placental lesions associated w.th non-infectious fetal losses of previously unknow. etiology in mares,chickens and other *** pathogenic nanoparticles may be produced naturally by toxic elements associated w.th air pollution that affect pasture forages or crops,uninte ntionally by reactions of these elements in protein-mineral mixes in dietary rations,or endogenously w.thin tissues of fetuses and adult *** nanoparticles may form niduses in small vessels and predispose animals to a host of secondary opportunistic diseases affecting the reproductive,respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of *** new.y recognized abiotic pathogenic micro and nanoparticles are associated w.th *** discovery of the pathogenic nanoparticles led to the identification of nitrate,ammonium,and sulfur,in the form of sulfate,that seemingly enable the formation of the pathogenic nanoparticles in embryonic and fetal tissues.

关键词： Fetal loss High-protein diet Nitrate toxicity Sulfate toxicity Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria Pathogenic nanoparticle

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