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Theory and classification of mass extinction causation

National Science Review 2024年第1期11卷 16-36页

作者： thomas j.algeo jun Shen State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of Geosciences—Wuhan State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences—Wuhan Department of Geosciences University of Cincinnati

Theory regarding the causation of mass extinctions is in need of systematization, which is the focus of this contribution. Every mass extinction has both an ultimate cause, i.e. the trigger that leads to various climato-environmental changes, and one or more proximate cause(s), i.e. the specific climato-environmental changes that result in elevated biotic mortality. With regard to ultimate causes, strong cases can be made that bolide(i.e. meteor) impacts, large igneous province(LIP) eruptions and bioevolutionary events have each triggered one or more of the Phanerozoic Big Five mass extinctions, and that tectono-oceanic changes have triggered some second-order extinction events. Apart from bolide impacts, other astronomical triggers(*** flares, gamma bursts and supernova explosions) remain entirely in the realm of speculation. With regard to proximate mechanisms, most extinctions are related to either carbon-release or carbon-burial processes, the former being associated with climatic warming, ocean acidification, reduced marine productivity and lower carbonate δ13C values, and the latter with climatic cooling, increased marine productivity and higher carbonate δ13C values. Environmental parameters such as marine redox conditions and terrestrial weathering intensity do not show consistent relationships with carbon-cycle *** this context, mass extinction causation can be usefully classified using a matrix of ultimate and proximate factors. Among the Big Five mass extinctions, the end-Cretaceous biocrisis is an example of a bolide-triggered carbon-release event, the end-Permian and end-Triassic biocrises are examples of LIP-triggered carbon-release events, and the Late Ordovician and Late Devonian biocrises are examples of bioevolution-triggered carbon-burial events. Whereas the bolide-impact and LIP-eruption mechanisms appear to invariably cause carbon release, bioevolutionary triggers can result in variable carbon-cycle changes, e.g. carbon burial durin

关键词： biocrisis ultimate cause proximate cause bolide large igneous province bioevolutionary event

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Quantitative model evaluation of organic carbon oxidation hypotheses for the Ediacaran Shuram carbon isotopic excursion

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Science China Earth Sciences 2017年第12期60卷 2118-2127页

作者： SHI Wei LI Chao thomas j.algeo State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of Geosciences State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Department of Geology University of Cincinnati

The largest global carbon-cycle perturbation in Earth history was recorded in the Ediacaran—a persistent negative shift in the global marine dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) reservoir that lasted for ~25–50 million years, with a nadir of –12‰(i.e.,the Shuram Excursion, or SE). This event is considered to have been a result of full or partial oxidation of a large dissolved organic carbon(DOC) reservoir, which, if correct, provides evidence for massive DOC storage in the Ediacaran ocean owing to an intensive microbial carbon pump(MCP). However, this scenario was recently challenged by new hypotheses that relate the SE to oxidization of recycled continentally derived organic carbon or hydrocarbons from marine seeps. In order to test these competing hypotheses,this paper numerically simulates changes in global carbon cycle fluxes and isotopic compositions during the SE, revealing that:(1) given oxygen levels in the Ediacaran atmosphere-ocean of ≤40% PAL, the recycled continental organic carbon hypothesis and the full oxidation of oceanic DOC reservoir hypothesis are challenged by the atmospheric oxygen availability which would have been depleted in 4 and 6 million years, respectively;(2) the marine-seep hydrocarbon oxidation hypothesis is challenged by the exceedingly large hydrocarbon fluxes required to sustain the SE for >25 Myr; and(3) the heterogeneous(partial) DOC oxidation hypothesis is quantitatively able to account for the SE because the total amount of oxidants needed for partial oxidation(<50%)of the global DOC reservoir could have been met.

关键词： Carbon isotope Shuram Excursion Dissolved organic carbon Atmospheric oxygen Oceanic oxidation

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The redox structure of Ediacaran and early Cambrian oceans and its controls

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Science Bulletin 2020年第24期65卷 2141-2149,M0006页

作者： Chao Li Wei Shi Meng Cheng Chengsheng jin thomas j.algeo State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology Yunnan UniversityKunming 650091China State Key Laboratory of Geological Process and Mineral Resources China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Department of Geology University of CincinnatiCincinnati 0H45221USA

The rapid diversification of early animals during the Ediacaran(635–541 Ma) and early Cambrian(ca.541–509 Ma) has frequently been attributed to increasing oceanic oxygenation. However, the pattern of oceanic oxygenation and its relationship to early animal evolution remain in debate. In this review,we examine the redox structure of Ediacaran and early Cambrian oceans and its controls, offering new insights into contemporaneous oceanic oxygenation patterns and their role in the coevolution of environments and early animals. We review the development of marine redox models which, in combination with independent distal deep-ocean redox proxies, supports a highly redox-stratified shelf and an anoxia-dominated deep ocean during the Ediacaran and early Cambrian. Geochemical and modeling evidence indicates that the marine redox structure was likely controlled by low atmospheric O2 levels and low seawater vertical mixing rates on shelves at that time. Furthermore, theoretical analysis and increasing geochemical evidence, particularly from South China, show that limited sulfate availability was a primary control on the attenuation of mid-depth euxinia offshore, in contrast to the existing paradigm invoking decreased organic carbon fluxes distally. In light of our review, we infer that if oceanic oxygenation indeed triggered the rise of early animals, it must have done so through a shelf oxygenation which was probably driven by elevated oxidant availability. Our review calls for further studies on EdiacaranCambrian marine redox structure and its controls, particularly from regions outside of South China, in order to better understand the coevolutionary relationship between oceanic redox and early animals.

关键词： Redox stratification Oceanic oxygenation Euxinia Early animal Cambrian Explosion

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Microbial roles equivalent to geological agents of high temperature and pressure in deep Earth

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Science China Earth Sciences 2016年第11期59卷 2098-2104页

作者： XIE ShuCheng LIU Deng QIU Xuan HUANG XianYu thomas j.algeo State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of Geosciences Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution School of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Department of Geology University of Cincinnati

Microbes not only show sensitive responses to environmental changes but also play important roles in geochemical and geophysical systems. It is well known that microbes have caused major changes in surface environments and biogeochemical cycles through Earth history. Microbial processes can also induce the synthesis of certain minerals under Earth-surface conditions that previously were believed to form only under high temperatures and pressures in the deep Earth. For example, microbes can promote the conversion of smectite to illite, synthesis of authigenic plagioclase, precipitation of dolomite, and biotransformation of geolipids. These effects of microbes are due to their large surface/volume ratios, enzyme production, and abundant functional groups. Microbial catalyzation of chemical reactions proceeds through reaction-specific enzymes, a decrease in Gibbs' s free energy, and/or break through the dynamics reaction thresholds via their metabolisms and physiology. Microbes can lower the surface free energy of mineral nuclei via biophysical adsorption due to their large surface/volume ratios and abundant functional groups. The mineral precipitation and transformation processes induced by microbes are functionally equivalent to geological processes operating at high temperatures and pressures in the deep Earth, suggesting that microbial processes can serve as analogs to deep abiotic processes that are difficult to observe.

关键词： Geobiology Microbial functional groups Illitization Plagioclase Dolomite Geolipids

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Late Paleozoic–Mesozoic subduction and accretion of the Paleo-Pacific Plate: Insights from ophiolitic rocks in the Wandashan accretionary complex, NE China

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Geoscience Frontiers 2021年第6期12卷 171-191页

作者： Yong Liang Han Zheng Huan Li thomas j.algeo Xiao-Meng Sun School of Geosciences and Info-Physics Central South UniversityChangsha 410083China State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environment Geology School of Earth SciencesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources School of Earth SciencesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Department of Geology University of CincinnatiCincinnatiOH 42221-0013USA College of Earth Sciences Jilin UniversityChangchun 130061China

The Wandashan accretionary complex(AC),consisting of the Raohe and Yuejinshan complexes,is located on the continental margin of Northeast Asia and represents an excellent source of information about Paleo-Pacific subduction and ***,the protolith nature and tectonic evolution of the Wandashan AC are under *** contribution reports new geochronological,geochemical,and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic data for ophiolitic rocks from the Wandashan *** 169–166 Ma plagioclasites and homogeneous gabbros from the Raohe complex are OIBs while 228–214 Ma homogeneous gabbros are continental *** gabbros from the Yuejinshan complex formed at 280–278 Ma and~220 Ma and have similar characteristics with E-MORB and N-MORB,*** are BABBs and their primary magma was derived from a source region between EMI and EMII that was affected by continental crustal contamination as well as subduction-zone *** with previous studies,we suggest that the onset of subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate was in the Early ***,a back-arc basin,whose present suture is on the eastern margin of the jiamusi Massif,formed and widened during 280–232 Ma,after which the basin closed and BABBs were emplaced to form the Yuejinshan complex during 210–180 *** formation of VABs of the Raohe complex is coincident with the closure of the back-arc basin,and together with the 169–166 Ma OIBs,they constitute a major part of the Raohe *** accretionary process was completed during 133–131 *** together,the ophiolitic rocks indicating multistage magmatism in the Paleo-Wandashan region recorded the formation-closure process of back-arc basin and the accretionary process of the Wandashan AC,during the westward subduction of the Paleo-Pacific *** back-arc basin identified in our study sheds new lights on geodynamic evolution model of subduction and accretion of the Paleo-Pacific Plate on the continental margin of NE Asia.

关键词： Ophiolite Magma chemistry Tectonic evolution Back-arc basin Raohe complex Yuejinshan complex

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Salinity variation and hydrographic dynamics in the early Cambrian Nanhua Basin(South China)

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第6期66卷 1268-1278页

作者： Meng CHENG Zihu ZHANG Chengsheng jIN Wei WEI Haiyang WANG thomas j.algeo Chao LI State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation&Institute of Sedimentary Geology Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu 610059China State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China International Center for Sedimentary Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry Research Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu 610059China College of Resource Environment and Tourism Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyang 441053China School of Earth Science China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Department of Geology University of CincinnatiCincinnati 45221-0013USA

Despite intensive study of the early Cambrian Nanhua Basin(ECNB)in South China,its degree of connectedness to the open ocean remains uncertain,impeding analysis of contemporaneous oceanic redox evolution and its role in the Cambrian *** analyzed bulk-shale B/Ga,a newly proposed proxy for watermass salinity in ancient depositional systems,for three sections(Daotuo,Yuanjia,and Zhalagou)representing a range of water depths in the ECNB and spanning early Cambrian Stages 2 and *** B/Ga proxy records a salinity gradient in the basin,with increasing salinity from shallow-to deep-water areas,particularly during the deposition of black shales of the lower jiumenchong/Niutitang/Zhalagou *** gradient was probably due to the mixing of freshwater from adjacent landmasses with marine waters within a moderately restricted *** three study sections exhibit a monotonic rise in salinity over the~9-Myr study interval,reflecting increased watermass exchange with the open ocean due to regional tectonic and/or global sea-level *** improved watermass exchange may have weakened water-column stratification and reduced deep-water anoxia in the ECNB,contributing the enhanced oceanic oxygenation along with global environmental controls and further modulating the expression of the Cambrian Explosion recorded in Lower Cambrian sections of South *** study thus highlights the need for comprehensive analyses of hydrographic dynamics in marginal-marine settings that are used to explore co-evolutionary relationships between early animals and environmental oxygen levels.

关键词： B/Ga Boron Gallium Watermass restriction Cambrian Explosion Co-evolution

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早期地球海洋水化学分带的理论预测

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中国科学：地球科学 2015年第11期45卷 1829-1838页

作者：李超程猛 thomas j.algeo 谢树成中国地质大学生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室武汉430074 中国地质大学地球科学学院武汉430074 中国地质大学地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室武汉430074 Department of Geology University of Cincinnati

寒武纪早期及以前的地球海洋(>520 Ma;以下简称为"早期地球海洋")具有广泛缺氧分层和有限氧化剂供应等特点,其化学特征可与现代海洋陆架区沉积物孔隙水类比.依据相似的地球化学原理和对于早期地球海洋化学形成机制的理解,本文提出早期... 详细信息

寒武纪早期及以前的地球海洋(>520 Ma;以下简称为"早期地球海洋")具有广泛缺氧分层和有限氧化剂供应等特点,其化学特征可与现代海洋陆架区沉积物孔隙水类比.依据相似的地球化学原理和对于早期地球海洋化学形成机制的理解,本文提出早期地球海洋在陆架-斜坡浅水-中等水深区域在理想化条件下可能存在多个由不同氧化还原过程控制的动态化学分带,从近岸浅水到远洋深水依次发育:氧化带、NO3?-NO2?富集带、Mn2+-Fe2+富集带、硫化带、CH4富集带和深水Fe2+区.它们是大气自由氧对表层海水的氧化、化学跃变层之下反硝化作用、近岸区域锰铁氧化物还原作用、硫酸盐还原作用、产甲烷作用和深水热液Fe2+输入动态平衡后的结果.该化学分带模型细化了目前已有的古海洋水化学状态分类,对现有的古海洋"硫化楔"模型进行了扩展和补充,并较好解释了早期地球海洋不寻常的Mo-S-C同位素地球化学记录.该化学分带模型对未来早期地球海洋化学演化及元素生物地球化学循环研究具有指导意义.

关键词：元古代寒武纪早期海洋氧化还原化学缺氧硫化

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Long-lived Nb-Ta mineralization in Mufushan,NE Hunan,South China:Geological,geochemical,and geochronological constraints

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Geoscience Frontiers 2023年第1期14卷 310-326页

作者： Nuerkanati Madayipu Huan Li thomas j.algeo Safiyanu Muhammad Elatikpo Rub'son N'nahano Heritier Hou-Xiang Zhou Han Zheng Qian-Hong Wu Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring(Central South University) Ministry of EducationChangsha 410083China School of Geosciences and Info-Physics Central South UniversitySouth Lushan RoadChangsha 410083China State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources School of Earth ResourcesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environment Geology School of Earth SciencesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Department of Geology University of CincinnatiCincinnatiOH 45221-0013 USA Hunan Provincial Institute of Land and Resources Planning Changsha 410007China

The Mufushan Complex(MFSC),located in northeastern Hunan,is a significant producer of Nb-Ta-Li-Be rare metals in South *** present study examines the genetic relationship,material provenance,fluid evolution,and metallogeny of the co-developed ore-free pegmatite(OFP)and ore-bearing pegmatite(OBP)in granite-related pegmatite-type Nb-Ta rare-metal deposits in *** minerals(columbite-tantalite(coltan),zircon,and monazite)were chosen for *** coltan grains display both primary crystallization structures(crystal homogeneity,oscillatory zonings,and primary growth rims)resulting from equilibrium and disequilibrium reactions due to localized changes in the physicochemical conditions and environment,as well as later replacement structures(alteration rims,patches,irregular zonations,and complex zonations)from metasomatic replacement processes related to hydrothermal fluid *** coltan yielded two weighted mean^(206)Pb/^(238)U ages of 138.1±2.1 Ma and 125.3±2.0 Ma corresponding to magmatic and hydrothermal Nb-Ta mineralization *** the OFP,zircons also yielded two weighted mean^(206)Pb/^(238)U ages of 138.4±0.8 Ma and 131.5±0.7 Ma,whereas monazite gave a weighted mean U-Pb age 142.9±1.2 *** ages of 142-138 Ma and 131 Ma represent the early and late stages of OFP crystallization and barren pegmatites in the MFSC,*** Lu-Hf isotopic compositions link rare-metal metallogenesis to the Lengjiaxi Group,which was the source material to the Mufushan composite ***ε_(Hf)(t)values and TDM2 ages from the OFP(-7.6 to-3.6 and 1676-1418 Ma,respectively)and the OBP(-14.1 to+4.9 and 2976-1548 Ma,respectively)are akin to those of schists and metasandstones of the metasedimentary Lengjiaxi *** propose a long-lived(ca.13-Myr)event involving two metallogenic episodes of Nb-Ta mineralization in the Mufushan *** study demonstrates the potential of zircon,coltan,and monazite for fingerprinting minerals and classifying the m

关键词： Zircon Coltan Monazite Fluid evolution Pegmatite Rare-metal deposit

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A Five-stage Evolution of Earth's Phosphorus Cycle

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地质学报:英文版 2023年第5期97卷 1306-1317页

作者： jIAO Liangxuan Matthew SDODD thomas jalgeo LI Chao Key Laboratory of Deep-time Geography and Environment Reconstruction and Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu 610059China State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation&Institute of Sedimentary Geology Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu 610059China International Center for Sedimentary Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry Research Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu 610059China School of Earth Sciences University of Western AustraliaPerth 6009Australia State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Department of Geosciences University of CincinnatiCincinnatiOH 45221U.S.A.

Phosphorus(P)is a key biological nutrient and probably the ultimate limiter of marine productivity during Earth *** recent years,a wealth of new knowledge has revolutionized our understanding of the global P cycle,yet its longterm evolution remains incompletely *** this paper,we review the effects of three major controlling factors on the long-term evolution of the global P cycle,i.e.,tectonics,marine redox conditions,and bio-evolution,on the basis of which a five-stage model is proposed:StageⅠ(>~2.4 Ga),tectonic-lithogenic-controlled P cycling;StageⅡ(~2.4 Ga to 635Ma),low-efficiency biotic P cycling;StageⅢ(~635 Ma to 380 Ma),transitional biotic P cycling;StageⅣ(~380 Ma to near-modern),high-efficiency biotic P cycling;and Stage V(Anthropocene),human-influenced P *** model implies that the earlier-proposed Ediacaran reorganization of the marine P cycle may represent only the start of a-250-Myr-long transition of the Earth's P cycle(StageⅢ)between the low-efficiency biotic mode of the Proterozoic(StageⅡ)and the high-efficiency biotic mode of the Phanerozoic(StageⅣ).The development of biologically-driven,high-efficiency P cycling may have been a key factor for the increasing frequency and volume of phosphorite deposits since the late Neoproterozoic.

关键词： tectonics marine redox life evolution phosphorite Ediacaran Anthropocene

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微生物与地质温压的一些等效地质作用

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中国科学：地球科学 2016年第8期46卷 1087-1094页

作者：谢树成刘邓邱轩黄咸雨 thomas j.algeo 中国地质大学生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室关键带演化实验室地球科学学院武汉430074

微生物不仅能够灵敏地响应地质环境的变化,而且还可以通过多种途径参与各类地质地球化学作用过程.微生物通过元素的生物地球化学循环对各类地质环境起作用,这早已为人们所熟悉.微生物还可以在地表环境诱导形成一些深部高温高压环境才能... 详细信息

微生物不仅能够灵敏地响应地质环境的变化,而且还可以通过多种途径参与各类地质地球化学作用过程.微生物通过元素的生物地球化学循环对各类地质环境起作用,这早已为人们所熟悉.微生物还可以在地表环境诱导形成一些深部高温高压环境才能形成的矿物.一些微生物功能群能够在地表常温常压环境实现蒙皂石的伊利石化,形成长石类自生矿物,沉淀白云石,产生地质脂类等地质过程,这些过程在没有生物参与时需要一定的温压条件才能发生.微生物之所以具有这些特殊的地质作用,是因为它们拥有活性酶、具有比较大的比表面积及表面丰富的官能团.微生物可以通过这些具有催化能力的活性酶的作用,并通过代谢作用和生理过程等,降低一些热力学反应的吉布斯自由能,克服一些化学反应的动力学障碍.微生物还因具有较大的比表面积及表面丰富的官能团而能够通过物理吸附降低矿物晶核表面的自由能.微生物通过这些生物化学过程和生物物理过程达到与一定温压条件类似的化学过程和物理过程,从而使一些深部地质过程在地表常温常压环境得以实现.由此提出了微生物与一些地质温压具有等效地质作用的新思想.

关键词：地球生物学微生物功能群伊利石化长石白云石地质脂类

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