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Levant Drought Occurrence, Lebanon Case

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2024年第1期14卷 118-127页

作者： Ihab Jomaa Mariam Choker Nisrine El Haj Marie therese Abi Saab Matteo Funaro Simone Mereu Department of Irrigation and AgroMeteorology (DIAM) of the Lebanese Agriculture research Institute (LArI) Tal Amara Lebanon Climate and Water Unit Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute Fanar Lebanon CMCC—Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici IAFES Division Sassari Italy

rainfall data is probably one of the longest-recorded climatic parameters in Lebanon. On the central coast of Lebanon, the Beirut weather station started collecting rainfall data in 1876. However, the recorded data is not available at one data provider source. Published data is found in historical documents but it reaches the early 1970s and then appears a data gap till 1990. Still the data is available, but it might be found to be saved privately. This study investigated the SPI variability on annual time scale between the years 1876 and 2021. The SPI was computed using r-stat software to compare every year between 1876 and 2021. The majority (about 70% of the years) of the years are near normal in the precipitation rate. The standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) demonstrated a normal distribution of years. Dry and wet years constitute about 15% of the total 146 years (1876-2021). Extremely dry years might appear in two consecutive years between 50 to 60 years count. After 1991, there were no wet years it was only near normal and few dry years. The last 30 years showed a trend of increasing drought years without any occurrence of wet years. This study demonstrated the importance of keeping records of at least rainfall data and it must be recorded on a daily basis or intensity on time. It is highly important on a managerial basis and for water security reasons to understand the drought event occurrence and investigate the changes in rainfall rates. Climate change scenarios always forecast a decrease in rainfall rates which will not appear without such studies.

关键词： Climate Change standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) Beirut rainfall Gag-es

From Solar System to Exoplanets:What can we learn from Planetary Spectroscopy?

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research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2022年第12期22卷 1-14页

作者： therese Encrenaz LESIA Paris Observatory-PSL UniversitéCNRSSorbonne UniversitéUniversitéde ParisParisFrance

The purpose of this paper is to address the question:Using our knowledge of infrared planetary spectroscopy,what can we learn about the atmospheres of exoplanets?In a first part,a simplified classification of exoplanets,assuming thermochemical equilibrium,is presented,based on their masses and their equilibrium temperatures,in order to propose some possible estimations about their atmospheric *** the second part,infrared spectra of planets are discussed,in order to see what lessons can be drawn for exoplanetary *** the last part,we consider the solar system as it would appear from a star located in the ecliptic *** first appears that the solar system(except in a few specific cases)would not be seen as a multiple system,because,contrary to many exoplanetary systems,the planets are too far from the Sun and the inclinations of their orbits with respect to the ecliptic plane are too *** transit synthetic spectra of solar system planets are used to discuss the relative merits of transmission and direct emission spectroscopy for probing exoplanetary atmospheres.

关键词： planets and satellites:atmospheres planets and satellites:composition (stars:)planetary systems

Blast disruption using 3D grids/perforated plates for vehicle protection

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Defence Technology(防务技术) 2023年第7期25卷 60-68页

作者： therese Schunck Dominique Eckenfels Laurent Sinniger French-German research Institute of Saint-Louis ISL5 Rue Du General Cassagnou68300Saint-LouisFrance

In this work, blast disruption and mitigation using 3D grids/perforated plates were tested for underbelly and side protection of vehicles. Two vehicle simulants were used: a small-scale one for side vehicle protection assessment and a true-to-scale simulant for underbelly protection testing. The deformation of target plates was assessed. These were either unprotected or protected by three different types of disruptors. The first disruptor was made of a sandwich structure of two perforated plates filled with a thin aluminum structure allowing the air to pass through. The two other disruptors were made of pieces of cast metallic foam. Two different kinds of foams were used: one with large cells and the second one with small cells. Beforehand, the mitigation efficiency of the disruptors was evaluated using an explosivedriven shock tube(EDST). The experiments showed that blast disruption/mitigation by 3D grid/perforated plate structures was not suitable for vehicle side protection. However, 3D grids/perforated structures proved to be relatively effective for underbelly protection compared to an equivalent mass of steel.

关键词： Blast Mitigation Perforated plates 3D grids Vehicle protection

Usability perceptions and beliefs about smart thermostats by chi-square test, signal detection theory, and fuzzy detection theory in regions of Mexico

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Frontiers in Energy 2019年第3期13卷 522-538页

作者： Pedro PONCE therese PEFFEr Arturo MOLINA Tecnologico de Monterrey calle del puente 222 MexicoMexico CityNon-US/Non-Canadian 64849Mexico California Institute for Energy and Environment University of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCA 94720USA

It is well known that smart thermostats (STs) have become key devices in the implementation of smart homes;thus, they are considered as primary elements for the control of electrical energy consumption in households. Moreover, energy consumption is drastically affected when the end users select unsuitable STs or when they do not use the STs correctly. Furthermore, in future, Mexico will face serious electrical energy challenges that can be considerably resolved if the end users operate the STs in a correct manner. Hence, it is important to carry out an in-depth study and analysis on thermostats, by focusing on social aspects that influence the technological use and performance of the thermostats. This paper proposes the use of a signal detection theory (SDT), fuzzy detection theory (FDT), and chi-square (CS) test in order to understand the perceptions and beliefs of end users about the use of STs in Mexico. This paper extensively shows the perceptions and beliefs about the selected thermostats in Mexico. Besides, it presents an in-depth discussion on the cognitive perceptions and beliefs of end users. Moreover, it shows why the expectations of the end users about STs are not met. It also promotes the technological and social development of STs such that they are relatively more accepted in complex electrical grids such as smart grids.

关键词： thermostats perceptions beliefs signal detection theory (SDT) fuzzy signal detection theory (FSDT) chi-square (CS) test

Modeling analytics in COVID-19: prediction, prevention, control, and evaluation

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Journal of Management Analytics 2021年第3期8卷 424-442页

作者： Yang Lu therese L.Williams Department of Information Systems and Operations Management University of Central OklahomaEdmondOKUSA

The outbreak of COVID-19 has attracted attention from all around the *** and institutions have adopted ways to fight COVID-19, but itsprevalence is still strong. The SIr model has important reference value for thenovel coronavirus epidemic, offering both preventive measures and the ability topredict future trends. Based on an analysis of the classical epidemiological SIrmodel along with key parameters, this paper aims to analyze the patterns ofCOVID-19, to discuss potential anti-COVID-19 measures, and to explain whywe need to conduct appropriate measures against COVID-19. The use of theSIr model can play an important role in public health emergencies. Among theparameters of the SIr model, the contact ratio and the reproduction ratio arethe factors that have the potential to mitigate the consequences of ***-COVID-19 measures include wearing a mask, washing one’s hands,keeping social distance, and staying at home if possible.

关键词： COVID-19 epidemiological compartment model SIr model the contact ratio the reproduction ratio social distancing

review on Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation of GPON and EPON

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Journal of Electronic Science and Technology 2020年第4期18卷 297-307页

作者： Theresal Thangappan Brintha therese Adi Suvarnamma Gadda Sai Swapna School of Electronics and Communication Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology(Chennai Campus)Chennai 632014 School of Electronics and Communication Engineering Vels UniversityChennai 600117 School of Electronics and Communication Engineering Government Polytechnic CollegeAdhoni 518301

The passive optical network(PON)technology has been drastically improved in recent *** spite of using the optical technology,the utilization of the entire bandwidth is a very challenging *** main categories of PON are the Ethernet passive optical network(EPON)and gigabit passive optical network(GPON).These two networks use the dynamic bandwidth allocation(DBA)algorithm to attain the maximum usage of bandwidth,which is provided in the network dynamically according to the need of the customers with the support of the service level agreement(SLA).This paper will provide a clear review about the DBA algorithm of both technologies as well as the comparison。

关键词： Dynamic bandwidth allocation(DBA) Ethernet passive optical network(EPON) gigabit passive optical network(GPON)

Abundance of volatile organic compounds in white ash phloem and emerald ash borer larval frass does not attract Tetrastichus planipennisi in a Y-tube olfactometer

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Insect Science 2016年第5期23卷 712-719页

作者： Yigen Chen Michael D. Ulyshen therese M. Poland Department of Entomology Michigan State University 288 Farm Lane Natural Science Building Room 243 East Lansing MI 48824 Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USDA Forest Service 320 Green Street Athens GA 30602 USDA Forest Service 3101 Technology Blvd. Suite F Lansing M148910 USA

Many natural enemies employ plant- and/or herbivore-derived signals for host/prey location. The larval parasitoid Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang （Hymenoptera： Eulophidae） is 1 of 3 biocontrol agents currently being released in an effort to control the emerald ash borer （EAB）, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire （Coloeptera： Burprestidae） in North America. To enhance its efficiency, allelochemicals that attract it need to be assessed. In this study, ash phloem volatile organic compounds （VOCs） of black, green, and white ash, and EAB larval frass were compared. Foraging behavior of T. planipennisi females in response to VOCs of white ash or frass from EAB larvae feeding on white ash phloem was tested using a Y-tube olfactometer. results indicated that the 3 ash species had similar VOC profiles. EAB larval frass generally contained greater levels of VOCs than phloem. Factor analysis indicated that the 11 VOCs could be broadly divided into 2 groups, with c^-bisabolol, fl-caryophyllene, （E）-2-hexenal, （Z）-3-hexenal, limonene, methyl benzoate, methyl indole-3-acetic acid, methyl jasmonate, methyl salicylate as the first group and the rest （i.e., methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate） as a second. Abundance of VOCs in white ash phloem tissue and frass, nevertheless, did not attract T. planipennisi females. The concealed feeding of EAB larvae might explain the selection for detectable and reliable virbrational signals, instead of undetectable and relatively unreliable VOC cues from phloem and frass, in short-range foraging by T. planipennisi. Alternatively, it is possible that T. planipennisi is not amenable to the Y-tube olfactometer assay employed.

关键词： Agrilus planipennis biological control Fraxinus invasive species semiochemical

Wildfire yields a distinct turnover of the beetle community in a semi-natural pine forest in northern Sweden

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Ecological Processes 2020年第1期9卷 505-516页

作者： Emelie Fredriksson roger Mugerwa Pettersson Jörgen Naalisvaara therese Löfroth Wildlife Fishand Environmental studiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSkogsmarksgränd 1790183 UmeåSweden County Administrative Board of Norrbotten Stationsgatan 597238 LuleåSweden

Background:Fires have been an important natural disturbance and pervasive evolutionary force in the boreal ***,fire suppression has made forest fires rare in the managed landscapes in Fennoscandia,causing significant habitat loss for saproxylic species such as polypores and *** better understand how the beetle community changes(species turnover)after a wildfire in a landscape with intense fire suppression,we monitored beetles with flight intercept traps the first 3 years as well as 12 years after a large wildfire in a national park in northern Sweden(a control/unburnt area was set up for the last year of sampling).results:Species composition changed significantly among all studied years with a continuous turnover of species following the *** indicator species analysis showed that year 1 post-fire was mostly associated with cambium consumers and also the pyrophilous species Batrisodes *** 2 was the most abundant and species-rich year,with Tomicus piniperda as the most important indicator *** indicator species year 3 were mostly secondary successional species,fungivores,and predators and were characterized by lower species *** 12 had higher diversity compared with year 3 but lower species richness and abundance.A control area was established during year 12 post-fire,and our analyses showed that the control area and burned area differed in species composition suggesting that the beetle community needs longer than 12 years to recover even after a lowintensive ground ***:The wildfire area hosted several red-listed and fire-dependent species suggesting that after a century of landscape-level fire suppression in a semi-natural area,the reintroduction of fire benefits rare and pyrophilous species and still impacts species composition after 12 *** study implies that fire has long-lasting effects on high latitudes and that prescribed burning has the potential to benefit biodiversity over decades in these

关键词： Assemblage Boreal Coleoptera Species composition Conservation Disturbance Diversity Fire suppression Insects Protected area Saproxylic

Management and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Lebanon:results from the International Diabetes Management Practices Study Wave 6

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World Journal of Diabetes 2019年第4期10卷 249-259页

作者： Hala Ahmadieh Marie-therese Sawaya Sami T Azar Department of Medicine Beirut Arab University Medical Affairs Department Sanofi-aventis Lebanon Department of Internal Medicine Division of Endocrinology American University of Beirut-Medical Center

BACKGrOUND Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide public health problem associated with significant complications. There is lack of data on the quality of care of patients with diabetes, specifically among the non-Western countries. Efforts have been made in Lebanon to better study the characteristics of patients with diabetes mellitus in order to improve glycemic control and prevent late-term *** To investigate control and therapeutic management of patients with diabetes mellitus in the current medical practice in *** Wave 6 of the International Diabetes Management Practice Study in Lebanon is an international and multicenter study involving selected *** Only 1 patient with type 1 diabetes and 595 patients with type 2 diabetes were included in Wave 6. Average age was around 60 years, with a mean body mass index of 30. The mean fasting serum glucose was 159.42 mg/dL, and the mean glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1 c) level was 7.98 with around 30% achieving an HbA1 c target of re patients were on oral anti-diabetic *** of diabetic complications has improved over the years. A large percentage is diagnosed with hypertension and dyslipidemia, the majority ofwhom were treated but only a small percentage were *** Diabetes, with its associated dyslipidemia and hypertension, is still not very well controlled. Screening for diabetes complications has improved over the *** need to have more proper care, and physicians need to follow diabetes guidelines, and to have a larger number of patients who have appropriate treatment of diabetes, hypertension and lipids.

关键词： Diabetes complications Dyslipidemia Hypertension Blood pressure control Glycemic control