AIM:To propose an alternative model of hepatic encephalopathy(HE) in mice,resembling the human features of the ***:Mice received two consecutive intraperitoneal injections of thioacetamide(TAA) at low dosage(300 mg/kg...
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AIM:To propose an alternative model of hepatic encephalopathy(HE) in mice,resembling the human features of the ***:Mice received two consecutive intraperitoneal injections of thioacetamide(TAA) at low dosage(300 mg/kg).Liver injury was assessed by serum transaminase levels(ALT) and liver histology(hematoxylin and eosin).Neutrophil infiltration was estimated by confocal liver intravital *** was evaluated using prolonged prothrombin and partial thromboplastin *** parameters were measured through tail *** levels were quantified in serum and brain ***(EEG) and psychomotor activity score were performed to show brain *** edema was evaluated using magnetic resonance ***:Mice submitted to the TAA regime developed massive liver injury,as shown by elevation of serum ALT levels and a high degree of liver *** intense hepatic neutrophil accumulation occurred in response to TAA-induced liver *** led to mice mortality and weight loss,which was associated with severe ***,TAA-treated mice presented with increased serum and cerebral levels of ammonia,in parallel with alterations in EEG spectrum and discrete brain edema,as shown by magnetic resonance *** agreement with this,neuropsychomotor abnormalities ensued 36 h after TAA,fulfilling several HE features observed in *** this context of liver injury and neurological dysfunction,we observed lung inflammation and alterations in blood pressure and heart rate that were indicative of multiple organ dysfunction ***:In summary,we describe a new murine model of hepatic encephalopathy comprising multiple features of the disease in humans,which may provide new insights for treatment.
Endoscopic ultrasonography is the most accurate procedure for the evaluation of subepithelial lesions. The finding of a homogeneous, hyperechoic, well-delimited lesion, originating from the third layer of the gastroin...
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Endoscopic ultrasonography is the most accurate procedure for the evaluation of subepithelial lesions. The finding of a homogeneous, hyperechoic, well-delimited lesion, originating from the third layer of the gastrointestinal tract(submucosa) suggests a benign tumor,generally lipoma. As other differential diagnoses have not been reported, echoendoscopists might not pursue a definitive pathological diagnosis or follow-up the patient. This case series aims to broaden the spectrum of differential diagnosis for duodenal hyperechoic third layer subepithelial lesions by providing four different and relevant pathologies with this echoendoscopic pattern.
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