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大剂量阿托伐他汀与常规剂量辛伐他汀在心肌梗死二级预防中的比较——IDEAL研究：随机对照试验

美国医学会杂志（中文版） 2006年第1期25卷 3-10页

作者： terje r．pedersen Ole Faergeman John J. P. Kastelein Anders G．Olsson Matti J. Tikkanen Ingar Holme Mogens Lytken Larsen Fridrik S. Bendiksen Christina Lindahl Michael Szarek John Tsai 王淑敏（译）仝其广（译）胡大一（校） Centre for Preventive Medicine Ulleval University Hospital Oslo Norway Department of MedicineCardiology A Arhus University Hospital Arhus Denmark Academic Hospital Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands Department of Internal Medicine University Hospital Linkoping Sweden Department of Medicine Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki Finland Pfizer Sweden Taby Sweden Pfizer Inc New York NY Dr Bendiksen is in private practice in Hamar Norway. 不详

背景：证据显示，与临床常规降脂比较，对稳定性冠状动脉疾病患者施行强化降脂降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low—density lipoprotein cholesterol，LDL—C）可进一步获益。目的：比较2种降脂治疗策略对既往有心肌梗死（MyocardialInfarct... 详细信息

背景：证据显示，与临床常规降脂比较，对稳定性冠状动脉疾病患者施行强化降脂降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low—density lipoprotein cholesterol，LDL—C）可进一步获益。目的：比较2种降脂治疗策略对既往有心肌梗死（MyocardialInfarction，MI）病史患者心血管事件危险的影响。设计、地点及研究对象：IDEAL研究是一项前瞻性、随机、开放、盲法终点评价试验。试验于1999年3月至2005年3月在北欧190个心脏病急救单位和专家诊所进行，中位随访时间为4．8年。试验人选8888例有急性MI病史的患者，年龄≤80岁。干预：患者随机分配接受大剂量阿托伐他汀（80mg／d；n=4439）或常规剂量辛伐他汀（20mg／d；n=4449）治疗。主要终点：主要冠脉事件的发生定义为冠脉死亡、证实有非致命性急性MI或心脏骤停复苏。结果：治疗期间，辛伐他汀组平均LDL—C水平为104mg／dL（SE，0．3），阿托伐他汀组为81mg／dL（SE，0．3）。辛伐他汀组有463例（10．4％）患者发生了主要冠脉事件，阿托伐他汀组为411例（9．3％）（风险比[hazardratio，Hr]，0．89；95％CI，0．78—1．01；P=0．07）。两组发生非致命性MI者分别为321例（7．2％）和267例（6．0％）（Hr，0．83；95％CI，0．71—0．98；P=0．02）。但是另外两个一级终点组分的发生率两组末见显著差异。两组发生主要心血管事件者分别为608例和533例（Hr，0．87；95％CI，0．77—0．98；P=0．02）。辛伐他汀组发生任何一种冠脉事件的患者有1059例，阿托伐他汀组898例（Hr，0．84；95％CI，0．76—0．91；P〈0．001）。两组发生非心血管死亡者分别为156例（3．5％）和143例（3．2％）（Hr，0．92；95％CI，0．73—1．15；P=0．47）。各种原因所致死亡：辛伐他汀组374例（8．4％），阿托伐他汀组366例（8．2％）（Hr，0．98；95％CI，0．85—1．13；P=0．81）。阿托伐他汀组患者凶非严重性不良事件而停药的比例较高；因转氨酶升高分别导致43例（1．0％）和5例（0．1％）患者停药（P（0．001）。两组罕见严重肌病及横纹肌溶解。结论：研究表明，在既往有MI的患者，强化降低LDL—C并不能显著降低主要冠脉事件的一级终点，但是能降低其他复合二级终点及非致命性急性MI的危险。心血管死亡率或全因死亡率没有差异。强化降低LDL—C可使MI患者获益，而且不增加非心血管死亡率或其他严重不良反应。

关键词：随机对照试验阿托伐他汀辛伐他汀二级预防心肌梗死常规剂量大剂量低密度脂蛋白胆固醇心血管死亡率心血管事件

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Why ecosystem characteristics predicted from remotely sensed data are unbiased and biased at the same time-and how this affects applications

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Forest Ecosystems 2024年第1期11卷 24-31页

作者： Goran Ståhl terje Gobakken Svetlana Saarela Henrik J.Persson Magnus Ekstrom Sean P.Healey Zhiqiang Yang Johan Holmgren Eva Lindberg Kenneth Nystrom Emanuele Papucci Patrik Ulvdal Hans OleØrka Erik Næsset Zhengyang Hou Håkan Olsson ronald E.Mcroberts Department of Forest resource Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural resource Management Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research StationOgdenUTUSA The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing100083China Department of Forest resources University of MinnesotaSt.PaulMNUSA

remotely sensed data are frequently used for predicting and mapping ecosystem characteristics,and spatially explicit wall-to-wall information is sometimes proposed as the best possible source of information for ***,wall-to-wall information typically relies on model-based prediction,and several features of model-based prediction should be understood before extensively relying on this type of *** such feature is that model-based predictors can be considered both unbiased and biased at the same time,which has important implications in several areas of *** this discussion paper,we first describe the conventional model-unbiasedness paradigm that underpins most prediction techniques using remotely sensed(or other)auxiliary *** this point of view,model-based predictors are typically ***,we show that for specific domains,identified based on their true values,the same model-based predictors can be considered biased,and sometimes severely *** suggest distinguishing between conventional model-bias,defined in the statistical literature as the difference between the expected value of a predictor and the expected value of the quantity being predicted,and design-bias of model-based estimators,defined as the difference between the expected value of a model-based estimator and the true value of the quantity being *** show that model-based estimators(or predictors)are typically design-biased,and that there is a trend in the design-bias from overestimating small true values to underestimating large true ***,we give examples of applications where this is important to acknowledge and to potentially make adjustments to correct for the design-bias *** argue that relying entirely on conventional model-unbiasedness may lead to mistakes in several areas of application that use predictions from remotely sensed data.

关键词： Bias Model-based inference Design-based inference

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Detecting the presence of natural forests using airborne laser scanning data

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Forest Ecosystems 2023年第6期10卷 668-680页

作者： Marie-Claude Jutras-Perreault terje Gobakken Erik Næsset Hans OleØrka Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural resource Management Norwegian University of Life SciencesNMBUP.O.BoxNO-1432ÅsNorway

Centuries of forest exploitation have caused significant loss of natural forests in Europe,leading to a decline in populations for many *** prevent further loss in biodiversity,the Norwegian government has set a target of protecting 10%of the forested ***,recent data from the National Forest Inventory(NFI)reveals that less than 2%of Norway's forested area consists of natural *** identify forests with high conservation value,we used vertical and horizontal variables derived from airborne laser scanning(ALS)data,along with NFI plot *** study aimed to predict the presence of natural forests across three counties in southeastern Norway,using three different definitions:pristine,near-natural,and semi-natural *** forests are scarce,and their underrepresentation in field reference data can compromise the accuracy of the *** address this,we assessed the potential gain of including additional field data specifically targeting natural forests to achieve a better balance in the ***,we examined the impact of stratifying the data by dominant tree species on the performance of the *** results revealed that semi-natural forests were the most accurately predicted,followed by near-natural and pristine forests,with Matthews correlation coefficient values of 0.32,0.24,and 0.17,*** additional field data did not improve the ***,stratification by species improved the accuracy of predictions for near-natural and semi-natural forests,while reducing accuracy for pristine *** use of horizontal variables did not improve the *** study demonstrates the potential of ALS data in identifying forests with high conservation *** provides a basis for further research on the use of ALS data for the detection and conservation of natural forests,offering valuable insights to guide future forest preservation efforts.

关键词： Natural forest ALS Naturalness Vertical variables Horizontal variables Biodiversity Forest condition Ecosystem services

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Profit loss indicator:a novel maintenance indicator applied for integrated planning

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Advances in Manufacturing 2015年第2期3卷 139-150页

作者： Harald rФdseth terje Skarlo Per SchjФlberg Department of Production and Quality Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Technology SФr-TrФndelag University College

In production environment today, ＂silo think- ing＂ is a challenge where controlling an asset associated with several disciplines and departments can lead to a sub- optimal result. This requires a more integrated approach with an integrated planning （IPL） framework. In this framework novel maintenance key performance indicators （KPIs） are needed. The purpose of this article is to develop the novel maintenance KPI profit loss indicator （PLI）. This indicator is based on measuring both on the ＂hidden fac- tory＂ and waste in production, presenting it as a financial measure. The notion ＂hidden factory＂ is used as a meta- phor for measuring the time losses in industry through the maintenance KPI overall equipment effectiveness （OEE）. This indicator divides the time losses into availability losses, performance losses and quality losses. In addition, a financial measure for waste based on literature from Toyota production system （TPS） and waste treatment and disposal is also included in PLI. Through a case study in the saw mill industry PLI is demonstrated and evaluated. It is expected that this indicator will be demonstrated in several industry branches in the future.

关键词： Integrated planning (IPL) - Maintenanceperformance Key performance indicator (KPI) Hidden factory Waste Asset management

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Designing Clinical Studies That Take into Account Traditional East Asian Medicine's Systems and Methods-with Focus on Pattern Identification

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Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2014年第5期20卷 332-335页

作者： terje Alraek National research Center in Complementary and Alternative Medicine NAFKAM should be in brackets i.e.(NAFKAM)Department of Community MedicineFaculty of Health ScienceUiT the Arctic University of Norway9037 TromsφNorway University College of Health Sciences CK Institute of AcupunctureOsloNorway

This article is based on two presentations held at Chinese medicine conference in rothenburg （2013）, Germany and at the 19th Anniversary of Korean Institute of Oriental Medicine （KIOM） International Symposium of Current research Trends in Traditional Medicine - Pattern of Identification （2013）. In designing clinical studies, it is a research question that leads to appropriate study design. However, they are mostly diagnostic procedures and techniques that are the key points to reflect the application of systems and methods in all forms of medicine - traditional East Asian medicine （TEAM） is no exception. The challenges within TEAM based on research reflect in different systems of medicine/theories such as traditional Japanese acupuncture, traditional Korean acupuncture and traditional Chinese acupuncture. This diversitv of medical svstems and methods applied in East Asia seems to have beenfruitful within the different countries and traditional medicines have found their places within the respective countries health systems. The existing diversity, from a clinician＇s point of view, may be viewed as a treasure when dealing with patients in the ＇real world＇. On the other hand, this diversity seems to challenge the scientific mind worldwide, esoeciallv when it comes to research. Hence. there is a and between clinical practice and research.

关键词： clinical trials pattern identification research clinical knowledge

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Benefits of past inventory data as prior information for the current inventory

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Forest Ecosystems 2020年第2期7卷 263-273页

作者： Annika Kangas terje Gobakken Erik Næsset Bioeconomy and Environment Natural Resources Institute Luke(Finland)Yliopistokatu 680100 JoensuuFinland Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural resource Management Norwegian University of Life SciencesP.O.Box 5003NO-1432ÅsNorway.

Background:When auxiliary information in the form of airborne laser scanning(ALS)is used to assist in estimating the population parameters of interest,the benefits of prior information from previous inventories are not *** a simulation study,we compared three different approaches:1)using only current data,2)using nonupdated old data and current data in a composite estimator and 3)using updated old data and current data with a Kalman *** also tested three different estimators,namely i)Horwitz-Thompson for a case of no auxiliary information,ii)model-assisted estimation and iii)model-based *** compared these methods in terms of bias,precision and accuracy,as estimators utilizing prior information are not guaranteed to be ***:The largest standard errors were obtained when neither prior information nor auxiliary information were *** a growth model was not applied to update the old data,the resulting composite estimators were *** rMSEs were obtained using non-updated prior information in a composite *** the ALS data as auxiliary information produced smaller rMSE than using prior information from the old *** smallest rMSEs were obtained when both the auxiliary data and updated old data were *** growth updating the bias can be substantially reduced,although design-unbiasedness of the estimator cannot be ***:Prior information from old inventory data can be useful also when combined with highly accurate auxiliary information,when both data sources are efficiently *** benefits obtained from using the old data will increase if the past harvests can be detected without errors from changes in the auxiliary data instead of being predicted with models.

关键词： Data fusion Kalman filtering

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Nest distribution and nest habitat of the Tibetan Partridge(Perdix hodgsoniae)near Lhasa,Tibet

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Chinese Birds 2014年第1期5卷 31-39页

作者： Tsering Dorge Goran Hogstedt terje Lislevand Department of Biology University of BergenBox 78035020 BergenNorway Department of Biology Faculty of scienceTibet University University Museum of Bergen University of BergenBox 78005020 BergenNorway

Background: Little is hitherto known about the breeding ecology of the Tibetan Partridge(Perdix hodgsoniae)which is endemic to the Tibetan plateau. Here we describe nest densities, inter-nest distances and general nest site characteristics in this gallinaceous bird species and explore the possibilities that certain shrub and plant types are preferred as nest ***: A total of 56 nests were found over three breeding seasons near Lhasa, Tibet. Nest site characteristics were compared with random control plots and the proportions of specific plant species covering nests were compared with their estimated general occurrence in the study ***: Nest density in the two years with highest search effort was estimated at 1.43/km2 and 1.04/km2 but was clearly higher in the part of the study area facing north(1.86–2.35/km2) than that facing south(0.11–0.34/ km2). The average nearest neighbour distance of nests was about 300 m. Nests were situated in relatively lush vegetation and covered by a total of eight shrub species and three herbs. In contrast to previous reports, Caragana shrub did not constitute an important part of the nest habitat. The flowering, non-thorny bush Potentilla fruticosa was significantly over-represented as nest cover, while rhododendron nivale was similarly under-represented. Nest bush foliage covered a larger area of ground, and the shrub surrounding nests was generally denser, than in control samples. Also, nests were placed closer to paths and in areas with lower densities of Yak(Bos grunniens) dung than in control *** that soil temperatures were lower on nest sites than on control sites, micro-climate variables measured in this study did not differ between nest sites and control ***: Opportunity for nest concealment is probably an important quality of the nest habitat in Tibetan Partridges, yet it is unclear why the species should prefer P. fruticosa as nest cover. It is possible that nest sites are chose

关键词： Himalaya Nest site selection Phasianidae Potentilla fruticosa

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Traditio,nal East Asian Medicine:How to Understand and Approach Diagnostic Findings and Patterns in A Modern Scientific Framework?

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Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2014年第5期20卷 336-340页

作者： Stephen Birch terje Alraek University College of Health Sciences-Campus Kristiania OsloNorway National research Centre in Complementary and Alternative Medicine UiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsoNorway

research into the diagnostic methods and patterns of traditional East Asian medical （TEAM） systems of practice such as acupuncture and herbal medicine face certain challenges due to the nature of thinking in TEAM and the subjective basis of judgments made in practice. The TEAM-based diagnosis can take into account various findings and signs such as the appearance of the tongue, palpable qualities of the radial pulses, palpable qualities and findings on the abdomen, the complexion of the patient and so on. Both diagnostic findings and the patterns of diagnosis cannot be assumed to have objective bases or to be causally related to the complaints of the patient. However, the diagnoses of TEAM based acupuncture and herbal medicine have tended to look at pictures of the whole patient and rather than focus on a particular symptom, they have looked across a myriad of signs and symptoms to decide or identify the ＇pattern＇ of diagnosis according to the theory in question. Although open for selective and subjective biases each diagnosis pattern always comes with a prescribed treatment tailored to the pattern. Further, the same research requirements needed for the validation of the diagnoses are needed also for these clinical observations and judgments. Hence, it is necessary, albeit challenging for research on TEAM diagnoses to first address these issues before proceeding to more complex investigations such as the development of instruments for making diagnostic observations, instruments for forming diagnostic conclusions or studies investigating the physiological bases of the diagnostic patterns. Preliminary work has started and instruments have been made, but we suggest that any instrumentation must necessarily be first validated by matching of the calibrated or scaled observations or judgments to observations made and agreed upon by relevant experts. reliability of all observations and judgments are needed before any other tool, technology or more advanced approach can pro

关键词： research diagnosis diagnostic methods pattern identification reliability traditional East Asian medical systems

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Acupuncture Points Used in the Prophylaxis against recurrent Uncomplicated Cystitis, Patterns Identified and Their Possible relationship to Physiological Measurements

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Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2016年第7期22卷 510-517页

作者： terje Alraek Anders Baerheim Steven Birch The National research Center in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Department of Community Medicine Faculty of Health Science UiT The Arctic University of Norway University College of Health Sciences Institute of Acupuncture Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Department of Global Health and Primary Care University of Bergen

Objective： To explore the correlation between single acupoints used and the recurrence rate of cystitis among cystitis-prone women receiving acupuncture as a prophylactic treatment. Methods： In all, 58 cystitis-prone women were included in the analysis. Customised acupuncture treatments were given twice a week, over 4 weeks. The main effect parameter was the number of cystitis episodes during the 6-month observation time. residual urine was measured at baseline, 2, 4 and 6 months using portable ultrasound equipment. Sympathetic and vagotone nerve activities were measured by using skin conductance and respiratory sinus arrhythmia, respectively. results： The main acupoints used for patients with Kidney （Shen） qi/yang deficiency were Shenshu （BL23）, Taixi （KI3）, Zhongji （CV3）, Sanyinjiao （SP6） and Pangguangshu （BL2.8）, compared with Taichong （Lr3）, CV3, BL28, Yinlingquan （SP9） and SP6 for Liver （Gan） qi stagnation, and SP6, CV3, BL28, Zusanli （ST36） and SP9 for Spleen （Pi） qi/yang deficiency patients. The combination BL23 and KI3 were used in 16 women, 13 of which were Kidney pattern related patients. When used, the number of symptomatic episodes were reduced to a third compared with what occurred in the 42 women where this combination was not used （3/16 vs. 28/42, P〈0.05）. BL23 application correlated to a significant reduction in residual urine measured a few days after treatment. Patients with the pattern of Spleen qi/yang deficiency had an initial increase in residual urine after treatments. Conclusion： Treating Kidney pattern related patients with the combination of BL23 and KI3 resulted in far better outcome than other points/combination of points for other Chinese medicine diagnoses. The acupoint SP6 may be less indicated than previously assumed when treating cvstitis-Drone women DroDhvlacticalIv.

关键词： acupuncture point recurrent urinary tract infection Chinese medicine pattern identification,syndrome differentiation women

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Is the ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) two species? Genetic analysis reveals within-species divergence associated with plain and spotted morphotype frequencies

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Integrative Zoology 2016年第2期11卷 162-172页

作者： María QUINTELA Elin Annie DANIELSEN Lua LOPEZ rodolfo BArrEIrO terje SVÅSAND Halvor KNUTSEN Anne Berit SKIFTESVIK Kevin A.GLOVEr Institute of Marine research BergenNorway Grupo de investigación BIOCOST University of A CoruñaSpain Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis Department of BiologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway University of Agder KristiansandNorway Austevoll research Station StorebøNorway

The ballan wrasse(Labrus bergylta)is a marine fish belonging to the family Labridae characterized by 2 main morphotypes that occur in sympatry:spotty and *** studies have revealed differences in their life-history traits,such as growth and maturation;however,the genetic relationship between forms is presently *** 20 recently developed microsatellite markers,we conducted a genetic analysis of 41 and 48 spotty and plain ballan wrasse collected in Galicia(northwest Spain).The 2 morphotypes displayed highly significant genetic differences to each other(F_(ST)=0.018,Pr degree of genetic differentiation(F_(ST)=0.025,PrUCTUrE clustering approach with no priors at K=*** this case,the frequency of spotty and plain morphotypes was significantly different(χ^(2)=9.46,P=0.002).It is concluded that there is significant genetic heterogeneity within this species,which appears to be highly associated with the spotty and plain forms,but not completely explained by *** the previously demonstrated biological differences between morphotypes,and the present genetic analyses,we speculate about the convenience of a taxonomic re-evaluation of this species.

关键词： ballan wrasse color morphotypes Labrus bergylta microsatellites speciation

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